ASTM D2413-16

Standard Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with a Liquid Dielectric

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity—Knowledge of these properties is important in the design of electrical equipment such as cables, transformers, insulators, and so forth. The numerical product of these two properties of a dielectric system is proportional to the energy loss converted to heat, and is called its loss index (see Terminology D1711). The energy loss reduces the efficiency of electrical equipment. The heat produced tends to chemically degrade the dielectric material and may even lead to thermal runaway. Test results of impregnated specimens can disclose significant differences between combinations of papers and oils that appear similar when the papers and the oils are tested separately. Dissipation factor, particularly at elevated temperatures, is often changed significantly by the presence of a small quantity of impurities in either the liquid or the paper. This practice is useful in the comparison of materials and in evaluating the effects of different papers on a given liquid. Judicious analysis of results with respect to time, temperature, and field strength are useful in predicting the performance and capabilities of systems using the paper and the liquid. For additional information on the significance of dissipation factor and relative permittivity, see Test Methods D150.  
5.2 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies:  
5.2.1 A comprehensive discussion of the significance of the dielectric strength test as applied to solid, semi-solid, and liquid materials is given in Appendix X1 of Test Method D149. Other factors peculiar to high-quality composite insulations, such as oil-impregnated papers, are considered in the following:  
5.2.2 In tests involving high electrical stresses, immersion of critical parts of a test circuit in oil is a widely used technique for inhibiting corona. However, it has limitations that must be recognized w...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of insulating paper and board impregnated with a liquid dielectric. Where this practice states only “paper,” the same procedure shall apply to board.  
1.2 This practice has been found practicable for papers having nominal thickness of 0.05 mm (2 mil) and above. It has been used successfully for insulating board as thick as 6 mm (1/4 in.) when care is taken to ensure the specimen geometry necessary for valid measurement of dielectric properties. Suitable geometry depends on the electrode system used. Rigid solid opposing electrodes require flat specimens that have essentially parallel surfaces.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2016
• ICS: 29.035.10 - Paper and board insulating materials
• Technical Committee: D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
• Drafting Committee: D09.01 - Electrical Insulating Products

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2413 − 16
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with
1
a Liquid Dielectric
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2413; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope cal Insulating Liquids
D1711Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of insulating paper
D1816Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
and board impregnated with a liquid dielectric. Where this
Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes
practice states only “paper,” the same procedure shall apply to
D1933Specification for Nitrogen Gas as an Electrical Insu-
board.
lating Material
1.2 This practice has been found practicable for papers
D3394Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical
havingnominalthicknessof0.05mm(2mil)andabove.Ithas
Insulating Board
been used successfully for insulating board as thick as 6 mm
D3426Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
1
( ⁄4 in.) when care is taken to ensure the specimen geometry
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
necessary for valid measurement of dielectric properties. Suit-
Using Impulse Waves
able geometry depends on the electrode system used. Rigid
solid opposing electrodes require flat specimens that have
3. Terminology
essentially parallel surfaces.
3.1 Definitions—Use Terminology D1711 for definitions of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
terms used in this practice and associated with electrical or
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
electronic materials.
standard.
4. Summary of Practice
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The paper is heated and vacuum dried and the liquid
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
dielectric degassed. The paper may be dried in loose form or
D117Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications
assembled between electrodes. The liquid dielectric may be
for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
heated and degassed prior to introducing it into the chamber
D149Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
containing the dried paper or it may be degassed as it is
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
introduced into the evacuated chamber containing the dried
at Commercial Power Frequencies
paper.Asufficient length of time is allowed for the impregnat-
D150Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-
ingprocessdependingontheapparentdensityofthepaperand
tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
method of impregnation. The impregnated specimens are
D202Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated
subsequently tested for various selected electrical properties.
Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
D257Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of
5. Significance and Use
Insulating Materials
5.1 Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity
D924Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
—Knowledge of these properties is important in the design of
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
electrical equipment such as cables, transformers, insulators,
and so forth. The numerical product of these two properties of
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical
a dielectric system is proportional to the energy loss converted
and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
to heat, and is called its loss index (see Terminology D1711).
D09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products.
The energy loss reduces the efficiency of electrical equipment.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
The heat produced tends to chemically degrade the dielectric
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2413–99(2009).
DOI: 10.1520/D2413-16.
material and may even lead to thermal runaway.Test results of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
impregnated specimens can disclose significant differences
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
between combinations of papers and oils that appear similar
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. when the papers and the oils are tested separately. Dissipation
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2413 − 16
factor, particularly at elevated temperatures, is often changed have a connection, through a suitable vapor trap, to a v
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2413 − 99 (Reapproved 2009) D2413 − 16
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with
1
a Liquid Dielectric
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2413; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of insulating paper and board impregnated with a liquid dielectric. Where this practice
states only “paper,” the same procedure shall apply to board.
1.2 This practice has been found practicable for papers having nominal thickness of 0.05 mm (2 mil) and above. It has been
1
used successfully for insulating board as thick as 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) when care is taken to ensure the specimen geometry necessary for
valid measurement of dielectric properties. Suitable geometry depends on the electrode system used. Rigid solid opposing
electrodes require flat specimens that have essentially parallel surfaces.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at
Commercial Power Frequencies
D150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
D202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
D257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
D924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical
Insulating Liquids
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
D1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes
D1933 Specification for Nitrogen Gas as an Electrical Insulating Material
D3394 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board
D3426 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Using
Impulse Waves
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Use Terminology D1711 for definitions of terms used in this practice and associated with electrical or
electronic materials.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 The paper is heated and vacuum dried and the liquid dielectric degassed. The paper may be dried in loose form or assembled
between electrodes. The liquid dielectric may be heated and degassed prior to introducing it into the chamber containing the dried
paper or it may be degassed as it is introduced into the evacuated chamber containing the dried paper. A sufficient length of time
is allowed for the impregnating process depending on the apparent density of the paper and method of impregnation. The
impregnated specimens are subsequently tested for various selected electrical properties.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D09.01
on Electrical Insulating Products.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009Nov. 1, 2016. Published February 2010November 2016. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20052009
as D2413 – 99 (2005).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D2413-99R09.10.1520/D2413-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2413 − 16
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity —Knowledge of these properties is important in the design of electrical
equipment such as cables, transformers, insulators, etc. and so forth. The numerical product of these two properties of a dielectric
system is proportional to the energy loss converted to heat, and is called its loss index (see Terminology D1711). The energy loss
reduces the efficiency of electrical equipment. The heat prod
...