ASTM C948-81(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Dry and Wet Bulk Density, Water Absorption, and Apparent Porosity of Thin Sections of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Standard Test Method for Dry and Wet Bulk Density, Water Absorption, and Apparent Porosity of Thin Sections of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Concrete
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Material properties determined by this test method are useful for quality control of glass-fiber reinforced concrete, ascertaining compliance with governing specifications, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determinations of dry and wet bulk density, water absorption, and apparent porosity of thin sections of glass-fiber reinforced concrete.
Note 1: This test method does not involve a determination of absolute specific gravity. Therefore, such pore space as may be present in the specimen that is not emptied during the specified drying or is not filled with water during the specified immersion is considered “impermeable” and is not differentiated from the solid portion of the specimen for the calculations, especially those for percent voids.
Depending upon the pore size distribution and the pore entry radii of the specimen and on the purposes for which the test results are desired, the procedures of this method may be adequate, or they may be insufficiently rigorous. In the event that it is desired to fill more of the pores than will be filled by immersion, various techniques involving the use of vacuum treatment or increased pressure may be used. If a rigorous measure of total pore space is desired, this can only be obtained by determining absolute specific gravity by first reducing the sample to discrete particles, each of which is sufficiently small so that no impermeable space can exist within any of the particles.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C948 − 81 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Dry and Wet Bulk Density, Water Absorption, and Apparent
Porosity of Thin Sections of Glass-Fiber Reinforced
1
Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Apparatus
1.1 This test method covers the determinations of dry and 3.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.025 % of the mass of the
specimen, suitable for determining the mass of the specimen in
wet bulk density, water absorption, and apparent porosity of
thin sections of glass-fiber reinforced concrete. water as well as in air.
3.2 Container, suitable for immersing the specimen and
NOTE 1—This test method does not involve a determination of absolute
specific gravity. Therefore, such pore space as may be present in the
suitable wire for suspending the specimen in water.
specimen that is not emptied during the specified drying or is not filled
with water during the specified immersion is considered “impermeable”
4. Sampling
and is not differentiated from the solid portion of the specimen for the
4.1 Sampling method shall be in accordance with governing
calculations, especially those for percent voids.
Depending upon the pore size distribution and the pore entry radii of specifications.
the specimen and on the purposes for which the test results are desired, the
procedures of this method may be adequate, or they may be insufficiently 5. Test Specimen
rigorous. In the event that it is desired to fill more of the pores than will
5.1 Whenever possible, the sample shall consist of indi-
be filled by immersion, various techniques involving the use of vacuum
vidual portions of glass-fiber reinforced concrete, each to be
treatment or increased pressure may be used. If a rigorous measure of total
pore space is desired, this can only be obtained by determining absolute tested separately. The individual portions may be pieces of any
specific gravity by first reducing the sample to discrete particles, each of
desired shape or size, except that the volume of each portion
which is sufficiently small so that no impermeable space can exist within 3
shall be not less than 25 cm (or 50 g nominal mass glass-fiber
any of the particles.
reinforced concrete, approximately 1.7 oz, and shall not be
3
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
greater than 650 cm or 1300 g nominal glass-fiber reinforced
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
concrete, approximately 46 oz); and each portion shall be free
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
of observable cracks, fissures, or shattered edges.
and are not considered standard.
6. Procedure
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6.1 Immersed Mass and Saturated Surface—Dry Mass After
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Immersion:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
6.1.1 Immerse the specimen in water at approximately 21°C
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(70°F) for not less than 24 h and until two successive
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determinations of mass of the surface-dried specimens at
intervals of 2 h show an increase in mass of less than 0.5 % of
2. Significance and Use
the heavier mass. Determine the mass of the specimen sus-
2.1 Material properties determined by this test method are
pended in water to the nearest 0.01 g (0.00034 oz). Designate
useful for quality control of glass-fiber reinforced concrete,
this mass as A.
ascertaining compliance with governing specifications, and
NOTE 2—Take care during this operation to ensure that air bubbles do
research and development.
not adhere to the surface of the specimen.
6.1.2 Remove the specimen from the water and quickly
surface dry the specimen by removing surface moisture with a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C27 on Precast
towel. Immediately determine the mass in air to the nearest
Concrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.40 on Glass
Fiber Reinforced Concrete. 0.01 g. Designate this saturated surface-dry mass as B.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally
6.2 Oven-Dry Mass—Dry the specimen in an oven at a
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C948 – 81(2009). DOI:
10.1520/C0948-81R16. temperature of 100 to 110°C (212 to 230°F) for not less than 24
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C948 − 81 (Reapproved 2009) C948 − 81 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Dry and Wet Bulk Density, Water Absorption, and Apparent
Porosity of Thin Sections of Glass-Fiber Reinforced
1
Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determinations of dry and wet bulk density, water absorption, and apparent porosity of thin
sections of glass-fiber reinforced concrete.
NOTE 1—This test method does not involve a determination of absolute specific gravity. Therefore, such pore space as may be present in the specimen
that is not emptied during the specified drying or is not filled with water during the specified immersion is considered “impermeable” and is not
differentiated from the solid portion of the specimen for the calculations, especially those for percent voids.
Depending upon the pore size distribution and the pore entry radii of the specimen and on the purposes for which the test results are desired, the
procedures of this method may be adequate, or they may be insufficiently rigorous. In the event that it is desired to fill more of the pores than will be
filled by immersion, various techniques involving the use of vacuum treatment or increased pressure may be used. If a rigorous measure of total pore
space is desired, this can only be obtained by determining absolute specific gravity by first reducing the sample to discrete particles, each of which is
sufficiently small so that no impermeable space can exist within any of the particles.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 Material properties determined by this test method are useful for quality control of glass-fiber reinforced concrete,
ascertaining compliance with governing specifications, and research and development.
3. Apparatus
3.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.025 % of the mass of the specimen, suitable for determining the mass of the specimen in water as
well as in air.
3.2 Container, suitable for immersing the specimen and suitable wire for suspending the specimen in water.
4. Sampling
4.1 Sampling method shall be in accordance with governing specifications.
5. Test Specimen
5.1 Whenever possible, the sample shall consist of individual portions of glass-fiber reinforced concrete, each to be tested
separately. The individual portions may be pieces of any desired shape or size, except that the volume of each portion shall be not
3
less than 25 cm (or 50 g nominal mass glass-fiber reinforced concrete, approximately 1.7 oz, and shall not be greater than 650
3
cm or 1300 g nominal glass-fiber reinforced concrete, approximately 46 oz); and each portion shall be free of observable cracks,
fissures, or shattered edges.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C27 on Precast Concrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.40 on Glass Fiber
Reinforced Concrete.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009April 1, 2016. Published May 2009May 2016. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20012009 as
C948 – 81(2001).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/C0948-81R09.10.1520/C0948-81R16.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C948 − 81 (2016)
6. Procedure
6.1 Immersed Mass and Saturated Surface—Dry Mass After Immersion:
6.1.1 Immerse the specimen in water at approximately 21°C (70°F) for not less than 24 h and until two successive
determinations of mass of the surface-dried specimens at intervals of 2 h show an increase in mass of less than 0.5 % of the heavier
mass. Determine the mass of the specimen suspended in water to the nearest 0.01 g (0.00034 oz). Designate this mass as A.
NOTE 2—Take care during thi
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