ASTM F1720-96(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a Heated Manikin
Standard Test Method for Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a Heated Manikin
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation value of a sleeping bag. It measures the resistance to dry heat transfer from a constant skin temperature manikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static test that generates reproducible results, but the manikin cannot simulate real life sleeping conditions relating to some human and environmental factors, examples of which are listed in the introduction.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleeping bag, as tested, and for the specified thermal and environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement past the manikin.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation:F1720–96 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Sleeping bags are used by people in outdoor environments to insulate them from the cold (that is,
reduce their body heat loss to the environment). Sleeping bags often are used with ground pads and
clothing inside tents that provide additional protection from the environment. The amount of
insulation needed in a sleeping bag depends upon the air temperature and a number of other
environmental factors (for example, wind speed, radiant temperature, moisture in the air), human
factors(forexample,aperson’smetabolicheatproductionthatisaffectedbygender,age,fitnesslevel,
bodytype,size,position,andmovement),andphysicalfactors(forexample,amountofbodycoverage
and the quality of the insulating materials). The insulation value, expressed in clo units, then can be
used for sleeping bags and sleeping bag systems.
1. Scope of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation
3. Terminology
value of a sleeping bag. It measures the resistance to dry heat
3.1 Definitions:
transfer from a constant skin temperature manikin to a rela-
3.1.1 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to
tively cold environment. This is a static test that generates
0.155°C·m /W.
reproducible results, but the manikin cannot simulate real life
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Aheavymen’sbusinesssuitprovides1
sleeping conditions relating to some human and environmental
clo of insulation.
factors, examples of which are listed in the introduction.
3.1.2 dry heat loss, n—heat transferred from the body
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleep-
surface to a cooler environment by means of conduction,
ing bag, as tested, and for the specified thermal and environ-
convection, and radiation.
mental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air
3.1.3 manikin, n—a life-size model of the human body with
movement past the manikin.
a surface temperature similar to that of a human being.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 sleeping bag, n—a structure made of down, synthetic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fiberfill, shell fabrics, or other materials, or a combination
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
thereof, that is designed for people to use for thermal protec-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion when sleeping (for example, outdoors, tent, cabin).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.5 thermal insulation, n—any material that increases the
2. Referenced Documents resistance to dry heat loss.
2 3.1.6 total insulation (I ), n—the resistance to dry heat loss
2.1 ASTM Standards: T
from the manikin that includes the resistance provided by the
F 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation
sleeping bag and the air layer around the manikin.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Total insulation values (I ) are mea-
T
sured directly with a manikin. They can be used to compare
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
different sleeping bags, as long as each test is conducted using
Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.22 on
the same experimental procedures and test conditions.
Camping Softgoods.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originally
4. Summary of Test Method
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as F 1720 - 96.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.1 A nude, heated manikin is placed inside a sleeping bag
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in a cold environmental chamber.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1720–96 (2004)
4.2 The power needed to maintain a constant body tempera- for power control, then devices that are capable of averaging
ture is measured. over the control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-
4.3 The total thermal insulation of the sleeping bag (includ-
hour metres) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt
ing the resistance of the external air layer) is calculated based metres). Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipment
on the skin temperature and surface area of the manikin, the air
must be within 62 % of the reading for the average power for
temperature, and the power level.
the test period. Since there are a variety of devices and
techniques used for power measurement, do not provide
5. Significance and Use
specific calibration procedures. Develop and document an
5.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare
appropriate power calibration procedure.
the insulation provided by sleeping bags. It can be used for
6.3 Equipment Measuring the Manikin’s Skin
material and design evaluations.
Temperature—The mean skin temperature may be measured
5.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing
with point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.
(see Test Method D 1291) and sleeping bags is complex and
6.3.1 Point Sensors—Point sensors may be thermocouples,
dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not
resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-
practical in a test method of this scope to establish details
lent sensors. Ensure that they are no more than 3-mm thick and
sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the
are well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to the
instructions in this test method may lead to significantly
manikin’s surface. Bond lead wires to the surface or pass
different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the
through the interior of the manikin, or both. Distribute the
theory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion measure-
sensors so that each one represents the same surface area or
ment, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which
area-weight each sensor temperature when calculating the
departures from the instructions given in this test method are
mean skin temperature for the body. A minimum of 15 point
significant.Standardizationofthemethodreduces,butdoesnot
sensors are required. It is recommended that a sensor be placed
eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any depar-
on the head, chest, back, abdomen, buttocks, and both the right
tures should be reported with the results.
and left upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot.
6. Apparatus 6.3.2 Distributed Sensors—If distributed sensors are used
3 (for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must be
6.1 Manikin —Use a supine manikin that is formed in the
distributed over the surface so that all areas are equally
shape and size of an adult male or female and is capable of
weighted. If several such sensors are used to measure the
being heated to either a constant temperature of 32 to 33°C or
temperature of different parts of the body, then their respective
a constant mean skin temperature of 32 to 33°C, with a skin
temperatures should be area-weighted when calculating the
temperature distribution similar to that of a human being.
mean skin temperature. Distributed sensors must be small in
6.1.1 Size and Shape—Construct the manikin to simulate
diameter (that is, less than 1 mm) and firmly bonded to the
the body of a human being, that is, construct a head, chest/
manikin surface at all points.
back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet. Total
surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m , and height shall be 180 6 6.4 Controlled Environmental Chamber—Placethemanikin
in a chamber at least 3 by 2 by 2.6 m in dimension that can
10 cm. Any departures from this description should be re-
ported. provide uniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.
6.1.2 Surface Temperature—Construct the manikin so as to
6.4.1 Spatial Variations—Do not exceed the following: air
maintain a constant temperature distribution over the entire
temperature 61.0°C, relative humidity 65 %, and air velocity
nude body surface with no local hot or cold spots. Ensure that
650 % of the mean value. In addition, the mean radiant
the mean skin temperature of the manikin is 32 to 33°C. It is
temperature shall not be more than 1.0°C different from the
recommended that the average temperature of the hands and
mean air temperature. Verify the spatial uniformity at least
feet be lower (26 to 29°C). Do not allow local deviations from
annually or after any significant modifications are made to the
the mean skin temperature to exceed 63°C, except in the
chamber. Verify spatial uniformity by recording values for the
extremities. Evaluate temperature uniformity of the nude
conditions stated above at 0.6 m (the midline elevation of the
manikin at least once annually using an infrared thermal
manikin on the cot) and 1.1 m above the floor at the location
imaging system, a surface (contact) temperature probe, or
occupied by the manikin. Use sensing devices specified below
equivalent method. This procedure also should be repeated
when measuring the environmental conditions.
after repairs or alterations are completed that could affect
6.4.2 Temporal Variations—Do not exceed the following:
temperature uniformity, for example, replacing a heating ele-
air temperature 60.5°C, mean radiant temperature 60.5°C,
ment.
relat
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