ASTM E2616-09(2014)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action and Non-Risk Considerations
Standard Guide for Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action and Non-Risk Considerations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use within a RBCA process or other risk-based framework for protection of human health and the environment that is based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and receptors.
4.2 This guide is intended to identify the factors that should be considered in the selection and implementation of an appropriate remedial action to address COCs present in environmental media at the site at concentrations above the remedial action levels. The specific process used to select the remedial action will vary widely from site to site. However, in all cases, the selected remedial action should be both a protective remedial action (that is, achieves the risk-based remedial action objectives) and an acceptable remedial action (that is, satisfies the non-risk remedial action objectives).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of appropriate remedial actions at sites where a release of chemicals (for example, vapor-phase, dissolved-phase, or non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL)) into the environment has occurred. This overall remedy selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1. The guide is intended to be applied within a risk-based corrective action (RBCA) framework.
1.5.1 Development of risk-based remedial action objectives that includes identification of complete exposure pathways and numeric remedial action levels (Section 5).
1.5.2 Development of non-risk remedial action objectives based on resource protection and other non-risk considerations. Resource protection objectives typically include numeric remedial action levels while other non-risk criteria are typically non-numeric and may include: remediation timeframe, implementability, cost effectiveness, regulatory compliance, property use requirements, liability control, and community concern (Section 5).
1.5.3 Evaluation of protectiveness to identify protective remedial actions that will be effective and timely for each risk-based remedial action objective for the site (Section 6).
1.5.4 Evaluation of the retained remedies using the non-risk remedial action objectives to identify acceptable remedial actions that satisfy the minimum level for each non-risk criterion (Section 7).
1.5.5 Remedial action selection to select the acceptable remedial action to be implemented at the site (Section 8).
1.5.6 Remedy design and implementation to ensure that the selected remedy is effectively implemented at the site and satisfies the remedial action objectives (Section 9).
1.6 This guide is intended for use in the selection of final remedial actions. This guide may also be used in the selection of interim measures provided that risk-based remedial action objectives and non-risk remedial action objectives are available for the evaluation of these interim measures.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This guide is not intended to specifically address contractor health and safety issues. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to ensure that Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulatory requirements are met,and appropriate industry practices are consulted for guidance.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2616 − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Guide for
Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action
and Non-Risk Considerations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 Each risk-based remedial action objective for an expo-
sure pathway will typically include numeric remedial action
1.1 This guide covers the selection of appropriate remedial
levels for each chemical of concern (COC). Remedial action
actions at sites where a release of chemicals (for example,
levels may also be developed for non-risk remedial action
vapor-phase, dissolved-phase, or non-aqueous phase liquids
objectives such as resource protection standards. The non-risk
(NAPL)) into the environment has occurred. This overall
remedial action levels may include thickness or mobility
remedy selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1. The guide is
criteria for NAPL. The selected remedy must be effective and
intended to be applied within a risk-based corrective action
timely for each remedial action objective based on the consid-
(RBCA) framework.
eration of the associated exposure pathway or resource protec-
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to facilitate the selection of
tion standard.
acceptable remedial actions and to minimize bad decisions
1.5 Tofacilitatetheselectionofacceptableremedialactions,
leading to the selection of remedial actions that do not satisfy
this guide establishes a process for remedy selection (Fig. 2)
both the risk-based remedial action objectives and the non-risk
that involves:
remedial action objectives.
1.5.1 Development of risk-based remedial action objectives
1.3 This guide is intended to be applied at sites that require
thatincludesidentificationofcompleteexposurepathwaysand
a remedial action to address unacceptable human heath or
numeric remedial action levels (Section 5).
ecological risks, other regulatory requirements, and/or other
1.5.2 Development of non-risk remedial action objectives
unacceptable site conditions. Prior to use of this guide, a site
basedonresourceprotectionandothernon-riskconsiderations.
assessment should be completed resulting in: (1) the establish-
Resource protection objectives typically include numeric re-
ment of remedial action objectives, (2) a determination that a
medial action levels while other non-risk criteria are typically
remedial action is required to achieve the remedial action
non-numeric and may include: remediation timeframe,
objectives, (3) an identification of site areas requiring a
implementability, cost effectiveness, regulatory compliance,
remedial action, and (4) a conceptual site model that reflects
property use requirements, liability control, and community
the results of the site assessment. The risk-based remedial
concern (Section 5).
action objectives are assumed to have been established using
1.5.3 Evaluation of protectiveness to identify protective
RBCAor another risk-based assessment method that results in
remedial actions that will be effective and timely for each
the identification of appropriate remedial action objectives
risk-based remedial action objective for the site (Section 6).
based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and
potential receptors. Remedial action objectives may be estab-
1.5.4 Evaluation of the retained remedies using the non-risk
lished using Guide E1739, Guide E2081, and/or Guide E2205.
remedial action objectives to identify acceptable remedial
In addition, applicable federal, state, and local regulations,
actions that satisfy the minimum level for each non-risk
statutes, and policies should be followed and should form the
criterion (Section 7).
basis for determining risk-based and non-risk remedial action
1.5.5 Remedial action selection to select the acceptable
objectives. The remedial action objectives may include re-
remedial action to be implemented at the site (Section 8).
source protection standards and the prevention of aesthetic or
1.5.6 Remedy design and implementation to ensure that the
nuisanceimpactsinadditiontoprotectionofhumanhealthand
selected remedy is effectively implemented at the site and
the environment.
satisfies the remedial action objectives (Section 9).
1.6 This guide is intended for use in the selection of final
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
remedial actions. This guide may also be used in the selection
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
of interim measures provided that risk-based remedial action
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originally
objectivesandnon-riskremedialactionobjectivesareavailable
approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2616–09. DOI:
10.1520/E2616-09R14. for the evaluation of these interim measures.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2616 − 09 (2014)
FIG. 1 Remedy Selection Process
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 1.8 This guide is not intended to specifically address con-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this tractor health and safety issues. It is the responsibility of the
standard. user of this guide to ensure that Occupational Safety and
E2616 − 09 (2014)
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart
E2616 − 09 (2014)
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart (continued)
E2616 − 09 (2014)
Health Administration (OSHA) regulatory requirements are subsurface geology, geochemistry, soil properties and
met,and appropriate industry practices are consulted for guid- structures, hydrology and surface characteristics), land and
ance.
resource use, and potential receptors, and generates informa-
tion to develop a conceptual site model to support risk-based
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the decision making.The results of the site assessment are used to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- (1) establish remedial action objectives, (2) determine whether
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a remedial action is required to achieve the remedial action
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
objectives, (3) identify site areas requiring a remedial action,
and (4)developaconceptualsitemodelthatreflectstheresults
2. Referenced Documents
of the site assessment. The site assessment may be conducted
using Practice D6235 or Guide E1912.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D6235Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Va-
3.1.3 complete exposure pathway—The route a COC takes
dose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous
from the source area(s) to a human or ecological receptor. A
Waste Contaminated Sites
complete exposure pathway describes a mechanism by which
D7294Guide for Collecting Treatment Process Design Data
an individual or population is or could be exposed to COCs
at a Contaminated Site—A Site Contaminated With
originating from the site. Each exposure pathway is associated
Chemicals of Interest
withasource,apointofexposure,andanexposureroute.Ifthe
E1689Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for
exposure point is not at the source, a transport/exposure
Contaminated Sites
mechanism is included.
E1739Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at
Petroleum Release Sites
3.1.4 conceptual site model—The integrated representation
E1912Guide forAccelerated Site Characterization for Con-
of the physical and environmental context, the complete and
firmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases (Withdrawn
potentially complete exposure pathways and the potential fate
2013)
and transport of chemicals(s) of concern at a site. The site
E1943Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural
conceptual model should include both the current understand-
Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites
ing of the site and the understanding of the potential future
E2081Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action
conditions and uses for the site. It provides a method to
E2091Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,
conduct the exposure pathway evaluation, inventory the expo-
Including Institutional and Engineering Controls
sure pathways evaluated, and determine the status of the
E2205Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protec-
exposure pathways as incomplete, potentially complete, or
tion of Ecological Resources
complete.
E2435Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to
Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected
3.1.5 risk-based remedial action objectives—Aset of objec-
Properties
tivesbasedonprotectionofhumanhealthandtheenvironment
E2531Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Models
developed for the site that identifies the COCs, affected
and Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-Phase
environmental media, complete exposure pathways, and risk-
Liquids Released to the Subsurface
based remedial action levels.
3.1.6 non-risk remedial action objectives—A set of objec-
3. Terminology
tives based on non-risk considerations for current and future
3.1 Conceptual Model Terms:
site management. These objectives may include action levels
3.1.1 site—The area(s) defined by the likely physical distri-
based on aesthetic criteria or other resource protection stan-
bution of the COCs from a source area. A site could be an
dards with non-risk remedial action levels. In addition, these
entirepropertyorfacility,adefinedareaorportionofafacility
objectives not directly based on COC concentrations such as:
or property, or multiple facilities or properties. One facility
remediation timeframe, implementability, cost effectiveness,
maycontainmultiplesites.Multiplesitesatonefacilitymaybe
regulatory compliance, property use requirements, liability
addressed individually or as a group.
control, and community concern.
3.1.2 site assessment—The characterization of a site to
determinewhetherareleasehasoccurred,theconcentrationsof
3.1.7 remedial action levels—Concentrations of COCs in
the COCs in environmental media, and the distribution of the
the source media and/or receptor media below which remedial
COCs. The site assessment collects data on soil, groundwater,
actions are not required in order to satisfy the remedial action
air,andsurfacewater quality; site characteristics (forexample,
objectives. Non-risk remedial action levels may include re-
source protection standards not linked to a complete exposure
pathway (that is, the application of drinking water standards to
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
water resources not currently used for drinking water). Non-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
risk remedial action levels may also include thickness or
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
mobility criteria for NAPL.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. 3.2 Types of Remedial Action Technologies:
E2616 − 09 (2014)
3.2.1 removal—A remedial action technology to take envi- 3.4.12 NAVFAC—Naval Facilities Engineering Command
ronmental media away from the site to another location for
3.4.13 OSHA—OccupationalHealthandSafetyAdministra-
storage, processing, or disposal in accordance with all appli-
tion
cable requirements.
3.4.14 RBCA—risk-based corrective action
3.2.2 decontamination—A remedial action technology
based on permanent and irreversible treatment processes to an 4. Significance and Use
environmental medium so that the threat of release of COCs at
4.1 ThisguideisintendedforusewithinaRBCAprocessor
concentrations above the remedial action levels is eliminated.
otherrisk-basedframeworkforprotectionofhumanhealthand
3.2.3 activity and use limitation (AUL)—A remedial action the environment that is based on an evaluation of sources,
technology that relies on institutional controls (ICs) or engi- exposure pathways, and receptors.
neeringcontrols(ECs)(collectively,ICsandECsareknownas
4.2 This guide is intended to identify the factors that should
“activity and use limitations”) to prevent exposure to COCs
be considered in the selection and implementation of an
present in environmental media at concentrations above the
appropriate remedial action to address COCs present in envi-
remedial action levels. An AUL technology can be used to
ronmental media at the site at concentrations above the
eliminateacompleteorpotentiallycompleteexposurepathway
remedial action levels. The specific process used to select the
by eliminating the receptor or by preventing transport of the
remedial action will vary widely from site to site. However, in
COCs to the receptor. AUL measures must be combined with
all cases, the selected remedial action should be both a
appropriate maintenance, monitoring, and any necessary fur-
protective remedial action (that is, achieves the risk-based
ther remedial action to satisfy the remedial action objectives
remedial action objectives) and an acceptable remedial action
and be protective of human health and the environment.
(that is, satisfies the non-risk remedial action objectives).
3.3 Remedy Selection:
5. Remedial Action Objectives
3.3.1 remedial action—One or more technologies imple-
mented at a site to address environmental media containing
5.1 Conceptual Model—Aconceptualmodelisanimportant
COCs at concentrations exceeding the remedial action levels tool that is utilized in the risk-based remedy selection process.
defined for the site. A remedial action for a site may involve
The conceptual model provides a systematic method for use of
removal, decontamination, and/orAULtechnologies including site information based on current and potential future site-
monitoring.
specific land use considerations. The conceptual model should
identify source areas; complete, potentially complete, and
3.3.2 potential remedial action—Apotentialremedialaction
incomplete exposure pathways; and human and ecological
is any remedial action evaluated for implementation at the site
receptors. In addition, the conceptual model should identify
as part of the risk-based remedy selection process.
type and concentration of COCs, affected environmental
3.3.3
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2616 − 09 E2616 − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Guide for
Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action
and Non-Risk Considerations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the selection of appropriate remedial actions at sites where a release of chemicals (for example,
vapor-phase, dissolved-phase, or non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL)) into the environment has occurred. This overall remedy
selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1. The guide is intended to be applied within a risk-based corrective action (RBCA)
framework.
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions and to minimize bad decisions leading
to the selection of remedial actions that do not satisfy both the risk-based remedial action objectives and the non-risk remedial
action objectives.
1.3 This guide is intended to be applied at sites that require a remedial action to address unacceptable human heath or ecological
risks, other regulatory requirements, and/or other unacceptable site conditions. Prior to use of this guide, a site assessment should
be completed resulting in: (1) the establishment of remedial action objectives, (2) a determination that a remedial action is required
to achieve the remedial action objectives, (3) an identification of site areas requiring a remedial action, and (4) a conceptual site
model that reflects the results of the site assessment. The risk-based remedial action objectives are assumed to have been
established using RBCA or another risk-based assessment method that results in the identification of appropriate remedial action
objectives based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and potential receptors. Remedial action objectives may be
established using Guide E1739, Guide E2081, and/or Guide E2205. In addition, applicable federal, state, and local regulations,
statutes, and policies should be followed and should form the basis for determining risk-based and non-risk remedial action
objectives. The remedial action objectives may include resource protection standards and the prevention of aesthetic or nuisance
impacts in addition to protection of human health and the environment.
1.4 Each risk-based remedial action objective for an exposure pathway will typically include numeric remedial action levels for
each chemical of concern (COC). Remedial action levels may also be developed for non-risk remedial action objectives such as
resource protection standards. The non-risk remedial action levels may include thickness or mobility criteria for NAPL. The
selected remedy must be effective and timely for each remedial action objective based on the consideration of the associated
exposure pathway or resource protection standard.
1.5 To facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions, this guide establishes a process for remedy selection (Fig. 2) that
involves:
1.5.1 Development of risk-based remedial action objectives that includes identification of complete exposure pathways and
numeric remedial action levels (Section 5).
1.5.2 Development of non-risk remedial action objectives based on resource protection and other non-risk considerations.
Resource protection objectives typically include numeric remedial action levels while other non-risk criteria are typically
non-numeric and may include: remediation timeframe, implementability, cost effectiveness, regulatory compliance, property use
requirements, liability control, and community concern (Section 5).
1.5.3 Evaluation of protectiveness to identify protective remedial actions that will be effective and timely for each risk-based
remedial action objective for the site (Section 6).
1.5.4 Evaluation of the retained remedies using the non-risk remedial action objectives to identify acceptable remedial actions
that satisfy the minimum level for each non-risk criterion (Section 7).
1.5.5 Remedial action selection to select the acceptable remedial action to be implemented at the site (Section 8).
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009Dec. 1, 2014. Published October 2009January 2015. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as
E2616–09. DOI: 10.1520/E2616-09.10.1520/E2616-09R14.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2616 − 09 (2014)
FIG. 1 Remedy Selection Process
1.5.6 Remedy design and implementation to ensure that the selected remedy is effectively implemented at the site and satisfies
the remedial action objectives (Section 9).
1.6 This guide is intended for use in the selection of final remedial actions. This guide may also be used in the selection of
interim measures provided that risk-based remedial action objectives and non-risk remedial action objectives are available for the
evaluation of these interim measures.
E2616 − 09 (2014)
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart
E2616 − 09 (2014)
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart (continued)
E2616 − 09 (2014)
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This guide is not intended to specifically address contractor health and safety issues. It is the responsibility of the user of
this guide to ensure that Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulatory requirements are met,and appropriate
industry practices are consulted for guidance.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D6235 Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste
Contaminated Sites
D7294 Guide for Collecting Treatment Process Design Data at a Contaminated Site—A Site Contaminated With Chemicals of
Interest
E1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites
E1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites
E1912 Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases (Withdrawn 2013)
E1943 Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites
E2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action
E2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations, Including Institutional and Engineering Controls
E2205 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protection of Ecological Resources
E2435 Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties
E2531 Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Models and Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids
Released to the Subsurface
3. Terminology
3.1 Conceptual Model Terms:
3.1.1 site—The area(s) defined by the likely physical distribution of the COCs from a source area. A site could be an entire
property or facility, a defined area or portion of a facility or property, or multiple facilities or properties. One facility may contain
multiple sites. Multiple sites at one facility may be addressed individually or as a group.
3.1.2 site assessment—The characterization of a site to determine whether a release has occurred, the concentrations of the
COCs in environmental media, and the distribution of the COCs. The site assessment collects data on soil, groundwater, air, and
surface water quality; site characteristics (for example, subsurface geology, geochemistry, soil properties and structures, hydrology
and surface characteristics), land and resource use, and potential receptors, and generates information to develop a conceptual site
model to support risk-based decision making. The results of the site assessment are used to (1) establish remedial action objectives,
(2) determine whether a remedial action is required to achieve the remedial action objectives, (3) identify site areas requiring a
remedial action, and (4) develop a conceptual site model that reflects the results of the site assessment. The site assessment may
be conducted using Practice D6235 or Guide E1912.
3.1.3 complete exposure pathway—The route a COC takes from the source area(s) to a human or ecological receptor. A complete
exposure pathway describes a mechanism by which an individual or population is or could be exposed to COCs originating from
the site. Each exposure pathway is associated with a source, a point of exposure, and an exposure route. If the exposure point is
not at the source, a transport/exposure mechanism is included.
3.1.4 conceptual site model—The integrated representation of the physical and environmental context, the complete and
potentially complete exposure pathways and the potential fate and transport of chemicals(s) of concern at a site. The site conceptual
model should include both the current understanding of the site and the understanding of the potential future conditions and uses
for the site. It provides a method to conduct the exposure pathway evaluation, inventory the exposure pathways evaluated, and
determine the status of the exposure pathways as incomplete, potentially complete, or complete.
3.1.5 risk-based remedial action objectives—A set of objectives based on protection of human health and the environment
developed for the site that identifies the COCs, affected environmental media, complete exposure pathways, and risk-based
remedial action levels.
3.1.6 non-risk remedial action objectives—A set of objectives based on non-risk considerations for current and future site
management. These objectives may include action levels based on aesthetic criteria or other resource protection standards with
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
E2616 − 09 (2014)
non-risk remedial action levels. In addition, these objectives not directly based on COC concentrations such as: remediation
timeframe, implementability, cost effectiveness, regulatory compliance, property use requirements, liability control, and
community concern.
3.1.7 remedial action levels—Concentrations of COCs in the source media and/or receptor media below which remedial actions
are not required in order to satisfy the remedial action objectives. Non-risk remedial action levels may include resource protection
standards not linked to a complete exposure pathway (that is, the application of drinking water standards to water resources not
currently used for drinking water). Non-risk remedial action levels may also include thickness or mobility criteria for NAPL.
3.2 Types of Remedial Action Technologies:
3.2.1 removal—A remedial action technology to take environmental media away from the site to another location for storage,
processing, or disposal in accordance with all applicable requirements.
3.2.2 decontamination—A remedial action technology based on permanent and irreversible treatment processes to an
environmental medium so that the threat of release of COCs at concentrations above the remedial action levels is eliminated.
3.2.3 activity and use limitation (AUL)—A remedial action technology that relies on institutional controls (ICs) or engineering
controls (ECs) (collectively, ICs and ECs are known as “activity and use limitations”) to prevent exposure to COCs present in
environmental media at concentrations above the remedial action levels. An AUL technology can be used to eliminate a complete
or potentially complete exposure pathway by eliminating the receptor or by preventing transport of the COCs to the receptor. AUL
measures must be combined with appropriate maintenance, monitoring, and any necessary further remedial action to satisfy the
remedial action objectives and be protective of human health and the environment.
3.3 Remedy Selection:
3.3.1 remedial action—One or more technologies implemented at a site to address environmental media containing COCs at
concentrations exceeding the remedial action levels defined for the site. A remedial action for a site may involve removal,
decontamination, and/or AUL technologies including monitoring.
3.3.2 potential remedial action—A potential remedial action is any remedial action evaluated for implementation at the site as
part of the risk-based remedy selection process.
3.3.3 protective remedial action—A protective remedial action can achieve all of the risk-based remedial action objectives
through timely removal, decontamination, and/or implementation of AULs for environmental media containing COC concentra-
tions above the risk-based remedial action levels.
3.3.4 acceptable remedial action—An acceptable remedial action is able to achieve all of the risk-based and non-risk remedial
action objectives.
3.4 Acronyms:
3.4.1 AUL—activity and use limitation
3.4.2 CMS—corrective measures study
3.4.3 COC—chemical of concern
3.4.4 EC—engineering control
3.4.5 ETCAP—Environmental Technology Cost Savings Analysis Project
3.4.6 FRTR—Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
3.4.7 FS—feasibility study
3.4.8 GWRTAC—Ground Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center
3.4.9 IC—institutional control
3.4.10 ITRC—Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council
3.4.11 NAPL—non-aqueous phase liquids
3.4.12 NAVFAC—Naval Facilities Engineering Command
3.4.13 OSHA—Occupational Health and Safety Administration
3.4.14 RBCA—risk-based corrective action
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.