ASTM A746-99

Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravity sewer pipe centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This specification may be used for pipe with other types of joints, as may be agreed upon at the time of purchase.  
1.2 This specification covers trench load design procedures for both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximum depth of cover tables are included for both types of linings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-1999
• ICS: 23.040.10 - Iron and steel pipes
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.12 - Pipes and Tubes

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM A746-03 - Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2003
• Referred By: ASTM G218-19 - Standard Guide for External Corrosion Protection of Ductile Iron Pipe Utilizing Polyethylene Encasement Supplemented by Cathodic Protection
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1999

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A 746 – 99
Standard Specification for
Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravity 3.1 Symbols:Symbols:
sewer pipe centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This speci- 3.1.1 A—outside radius of pipe,
fication may be used for pipe with other types of joints, as may
D
ft 5
be agreed upon at the time of purchase.
1.2 This specification covers trench load design procedures
D
for both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximum in metres 5
S D
depth of cover tables are included for both types of linings.
2 2
3.1.2 a—conversion factor, lb/ft to psi = 144 (kN/m to kPa
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
=1)
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3.1.3 B—1.5 ft (0.457 m)
information only.
3.1.4 b—Effective pipe length: 36 in. (0.914 m)
3.1.5 C—surface load factor, Table 1
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.6 D—outside diameter, in., Table 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6 6
2 3.1.7 E—modulus of elasticity, 24 3 10 psi (165.5 3 10
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
kPa)
E 23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of
2 3.1.8 E8—modulus of soil reaction, psi, Table 3
Metallic Materials
3.1.9 F—impact factor, 1.5
2.2 ANSI/AWWA Standards:
3.1.10 f—design bending stress, 48 000 psi (331 3 10
C104/A21.4 Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe
kPa)
and Fittings for Water
3.1.11 H—depth of cover, ft (m)
C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pres-
3.1.12 K — bending moment coefficient, Table 3
b
sure Pipe and Fittings
3 3.1.13 K — deflection coefficient, Table 3
x
C150/A21.50 Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe
3.1.14 P—wheel load, 16 000 lb (7257 kg)
C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their
3.1.15 P — earth load, psi (kPa)
e
Appurtenances
3.1.16 P — truck load, psi (kPa)
t
2.3 ASCE Standards:
3.1.17 P — trench load, psi (kPa) = P + P
v e t
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, No.
3.1.18 R—reduction factor which takes into account the fact
37, (WCPF Manual of Practice No. 9). “Design and
4 that the part of the pipe directly below the wheels is aided in
Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers”
carrying the truck load by adjacent parts of the pipe that receive
2.4 AASHTO Standard:
little or no load from the wheels, Table 4
AASHTO T-99 Standard Method of Test for the Moisture-
3.1.19 t—net thickness, in. (mm)
Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) Rammer
3.1.20 t —minimum manufacturing thickness, in., t + 0.08,
and a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop
(in mm, t + 2.0)
3 3
3.1.21 w—soil weight, 120 lb/ft (18.85 kN/m )
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-4 on Iron 3.1.22 DX—design deflection, in. (mm),
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.12 on Pipes and
@DX 5 0.03 D#,or @~DX 5 0.05 D! for flexible linings#
Tubes.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published November 1999. Originally
4. General Requirements
published as A 746 – 77. Last previous edition A 746 – 95.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4.1 The pipe shall be ductile iron in accordance with Section
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
9.
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Available from the American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th St.,
New York, NY 10017.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
A 746–99
TABLE 1 Surface Load Factors for Single Truck on Unpaved Road
Pipe Size—in.
Depth
of Cover 3468 10 12 14 16 18
ft
Surface Load Factor—C
2.5 0.0589 0.0713 0.1020 0.1328 0.1615 0.1901 0.2178 0.2443 0.2698
3 0.0437 0.0530 0.0759 0.0990 0.1207 0.1424 0.1637 0.1843 0.2044
4 0.0265 0.0321 0.0460 0.0602 0.0736 0.0871 0.1005 0.1136 0.1265
5 0.0176 0.0213 0.0306 0.0401 0.0490 0.0581 0.0672 0.0761 0.0849
6 0.0125 0.0151 0.0217 0.0284 0.0348 0.0413 0.0478 0.0542 0.0606
7 0.0093 0.0113 0.0162 0.0212 0.0260 0.0308 0.0357 0.0405 0.0453
8 0.0072 0.0087 0.0125 0.0164 0.0201 0.0238 0.0276 0.0313 0.0350
9 0.0057 0.0069 0.0099 0.0130 0.0160 0.0190 0.0219 0.0249 0.0279
10 0.0046 0.0056 0.0081 0.0106 0.0130 0.0154 0.0179 0.0203 0.0227
12 0.0032 0.0039 0.0056 0.0074 0.0091 0.0108 0.0125 0.0142 0.0159
14 0.0024 0.0029 0.0042 0.0055 0.0067 0.0080 0.0092 0.0105 0.0117
16 0.0018 0.0022 0.0032 0.0042 0.0051 0.0061 0.0071 0.0080 0.0090
20 0.0012 0.0014 0.0020 0.0027 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0052 0.0058
24 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0036 0.0040
28 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.0030
32 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023
Pipe Size—in.
Depth
of Cover 20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 64
ft
Surface Load Factor—C
2.5 0.2941 0.3390 0.3962 0.4437 0.4813 0.5115 0.5366 0.5488 0.5592
3 0.2237 0.2602 0.3085 0.3507 0.3857 0.4153 0.4412 0.4543 0.4657
4 0.1391 0.1635 0.1972 0.2284 0.2559 0.2808 0.3040 0.3164 0.3277
5 0.0936 0.1106 0.1347 0.1576 0.1786 0.1982 0.2173 0.2278 0.2377
6 0.0669 0.0793 0.0970 0.1143 0.1304 0.1458 0.1612 0.1698 0.1781
7 0.0500 0.0594 0.0730 0.0863 0.0988 0.1111 0.1235 0.1306 0.1374
8 0.0387 0.0461 0.0567 0.0672 0.0773 0.0871 0.0973 0.1031 0.1088
9 0.0309 0.0367 0.0453 0.0538 0.0620 0.0700 0.0784 0.0833 0.0880
10 0.0251 0.0299 0.0370 0.0440 0.0507 0.0574 0.0644 0.0685 0.0725
12 0.0176 0.0210 0.0259 0.0309 0.0357 0.0405 0.0456 0.0486 0.0515
14 0.0130 0.0155 0.0192 0.0229 0.0265 0.0301 0.0339 0.0362 0.0384
16 0.0100 0.0119 0.0147 0.0176 0.0204 0.0232 0.0262 0.0279 0.0297
20 0.0064 0.0076 0.0095 0.0113 0.0131 0.0149 0.0169 0.0181 0.0192
24 0.0045 0.0053 0.0066 0.0079 0.0091 0.0104 0.0118 0.0126 0.0134
28 0.0033 0.0039 0.0049 0.0058 0.0067 0.0077 0.0087 0.0093 0.0099
32 0.0025 0.0030 0.0037 0.0044 0.0052 0.0059 0.0067 0.0071 0.0076
4.2 Push-on joints shall comply with all applicable require- 5.2 Thickness— Minus thickness tolerances of pipe shall
ments of ANSI/AWWA C 111/A21.11. not exceed those shown in Table 5.
Pipe with other types of joints shall comply with the joint
NOTE 1—An additional minus tolerance of 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall be
dimensions and weights agreed upon at the time of purchase,
permitted along the barrel of the pipe for a distance not to exceed 12 in.
but in all other respects shall fulfill the requirements of this
(305 mm).
specification.
5.3 Weight— The weight of any single pipe shall not be less
4.3 Unless otherwise specified, pipe shall have a nominal
than the tabulated weight by more than 6 % for pipe 12 in. or
length of 18 or 20 ft (5.5 or 6.1 m). A maximum of 20 % of the
smaller in diameter, or by more than 5 % for pipe larger than
total number of pipe of each size specified in an order may be
12 in. in diameter.
furnished as much as 24 in. (610 mm) shorter than the nominal
laying length, and an additional 10 % may be furnished as
6. Coating and Lining
much as 6 in. (152 mm) shorter than the nominal laying length.
6.1 Outside Coating—The outside coating for use under
5. Tolerances or Permitted Variations
normal conditions shall be an asphaltic coating approximately
5.1 Dimensions—The spigot end, bell, and socket of the 1 mil (0.025 mm) thick. The coating shall be applied to the
pipe and the accessories shall be gaged with suitable gages at outside of all pipe, unless otherwise specified. The finished
sufficiently frequent intervals to assure that the dimensions coating shall be continuous and smooth, neither brittle when
comply with the requirements of this specification. The small- cold, nor sticky when exposed to the sun, and shall be strongly
est inside diameter (ID) of the sockets and the outside diameter adherent to the pipe.
(OD) of the spigot ends shall be tested with circular gauges. 6.2 Cement-Mortar Linings—Unless otherwise specified,
Other socket dimensions shall be gauged as may be appropri- the lining shall be cement-mortar in accordance with ANSI/
ate. AWWA C 104/A21.4.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
A 746–99
TABLE 2 Nominal Thicknesses for Standard Pressure Classes of Ductile-Iron Pipe
Outside Diameter, in. Pressure Class
Size, in.
(mm)
150 200 250 300 350
Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)
A
3 3.96 (100.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
4 4.80 (121.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
6 6.90 (175.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
8 9.05 (229.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
10 11.10 (281.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.26 (6.6)
12 13.20 (335.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1)
14 15.30 (388.6) . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1) 0.30 (7.6) 0.31 (7.9)
16 17.40 (442.0) . . . . . . 0.30 (7.6) 0.32 (8.1) 0.34 (8.6)
18 19.50 (495.3) . . . . . . 0.31 (7.9) 0.34 (8.6) 0.36 (9.1)
20 21.60 (548.6) . . . . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.36 (9.1) 0.38 (9.7)
24 25.80 (655.3) . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.37 (9.4) 0.40 (10.2) 0.43 (10.9)
30 32.00 (812.8) 0.34 (8.6) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.45 (11.4) 0.49 (12.4)
36 38.30 (972.8) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.47 (11.9) 0.51 (12.9) 0.56 (14.2)
42 44.50 (1130.3) 0.41 (10.4) 0.47 (11.9) 0.52 (13.2) 0.57 (14.5) 0.63 (16.0)
48 50.80 (1290.3) 0.46 (11.7) 0.52 (13.2) 0.58 (14.7) 0.64 (16.3) 0.70 (17.8)
54 57.56 (1450.3) 0.51 (12.9) 0.58 (14.7) 0.65 (16.5) 0.72 (18.3) 0.79 (20.1)
60 61.61 (1564.9) 0.54 (13.7) 0.61 (15.5) 0.68 (17.3) 0.76 (19.3) 0.83 (21.1)
64 65.67 (1668.0) 0.56 (14.2) 0.64 (16.3) 0.72 (18.3) 0.80 (20.3) 0.87 (22.1)
A
Calculated thicknesses for these sizes and pressure ratings are less than those shown above. Presently these are the lowest nominal thicknesses available in these
sizes.
NOTE 2—Service allowance equals 0.08 in. (2.0 mm) for all sizes of
6.3 Special Linings—For severely aggressive wastes, other
ductile-iron pipe.
types of linings may be available. Such special linings shall be
specified in the invitation for bids and on the purchase order. 7.2.5 Compare the net thicknesses from 7.2.3 and 7.2.4 and
select the larger of the two. This will be the net thickness, t.
7. Pipe Design
7.2.6 Add the service allowance of 0.08 in. (2.0 mm) to the
7.1 This section covers the design of ductile iron pipe for net thickness, t. The resulting thickness is the minimum
manufacturing thickness, t .
trench loads.
7.2 Determining the Total Calculated Thickness and Stan- 7.2.7 Add the casting tolerance from Table 5 to the mini-
mum manufacturing thickness, t . The resulting thickness is the
dard Thickness:
7.2.1 Determine the trench load, P . Table 6 gives the trench total calculated thickness.
v
7.2.8 In specifying and ordering pipe, use the total calcu-
load, including the earth load, P , plus the truck load, P , for 2.5
e t
to 32 ft (0.76 to 9.75 m) of cover. lated thickness from Sec. 7.2.7 to select a standard pressure-
class thicknesses from Table 2. When the calculated thickness
7.2.2 Determine the standard laying condition from the
descriptions in Table 3 and select the appropriate table for is between two nominal thicknesses, select the larger of the
two. When specifying and ordering pipe, use the pressure-class
diameter-thickness ratios from Tables 7-11. Each table lists
diameter-thickness ratios calculated for both bending and listed in Table 2 for this nominal thickness.
deflection over a range of trench loads.
NOTE 3—On specific projects, manufacturers may be willing to furnish
7.2.3 For bending-stress design, enter the column headed“
pipe with thicknesses that fall between standard classes.
Bending-Stress Design” in the appropriate table of Tables 7-11,
7.2.9 The appropriate standard pressure class may also be
and locate the tabulated trench load P nearest to the calculated
v
determined by using the Design Equations in Sec. 7.4.
P nearest to the calculated P from Sec. 7.2.1. (If the calcu-
v v
7.3 Design Example—Calculate the thickness for 30-in.
lated P is halfway between two tabulated values, use the larger
v
cement-lined ductile iron pipe bedded in loose soil for a
P value.) Select the corresponding D/t value for this P . Divide
v v
minimum depth of 4 in. (100 mm), backfill lightly consolidated
the pipe’s outside diameter D (Table 2) by the D/T value to
to the top of pipe, Laying Condition Type 3, under 10 ft (3 m)
obtain net thickness t.
of cover.
7.2.4 For deflection design, enter the column headed“ De-
Earth load, Table 6, P = 8.3 psi
e
flection Design” in the appropriate table of Tables 7-11, and
Truck load, Table 6, P = 0.7 psi
t
locate the tabulated trench load P nearest to the calculated P
v v
Trench load, P = P + P = 9.0 psi
v e t
from Sec. 7.2.1. (If the calculated P is less than the minimum
v
7.3.1 Entering P of 9.0 psi in Table 9, the bending stress
v
P listed in the table, design for trench load is not controlled by
v
design requires D/t of 163.
deflection and this determination need not be completed.) If the
Net thickness, t, for bending stress 5 D/~D/t! 5 32.00/163 5 0.20
calculated P is halfway between two tabulated values, use the
v
larger P value. Select the corresponding D/t value for this P .
v 1 v
Divide the pipe’s outside diameter (Table 2) by the D/t value
to obtain minimum manufacturing thickness t . Deduct 0.08 in. 7.3.2 Reentering P of 9.0 psi in Table 9, the deflection
v
(2.0 mm) service allowance to obtain the thickness t. design requires D/t of 136.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
A 746–99
A
TABLE 3 Design Values for Standard Laying Conditions
Bedding
B
Laying Condition Description E8 psi K K
b x
Angle, °
C D
Flat-bottom trench loose backfill. 150 30 0.235 0.108
C
Flat-bottom trench Backfill lightly consolidated to centerline 300 45 0.210 0.105
of pipe.
E
Pipe bedded in 4-in. (102 mm) min loose soil Backfill 400 60 0.189 0.103
lightly consolidated to top of pipe.
Pipe bedded in sand, gravel, or crushed stone to depth of 500 90 0.157 0.096
⁄8 pipe diameter, 4-in. (102 mm) min. Backfill compacted
to top of pipe. (Approximately 80 percent Standard
Proctor, A
...