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ASTM F3519-21

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Establishing a Reporting Structure for Exoskeleton Analysis

Standard Guide for Establishing a Reporting Structure for Exoskeleton Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide describes a template of written considerations that should be provided by the manufacturer to the purchaser related to the documenting of exoskeleton analysis. Adherence to this guide allows analysis results of varied exoskeleton manufacturers to be compared by a purchaser with respect to their end user needs.  
3.2 Not every element of this guide may be applicable to all exoskeleton components or configurations. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to determine which portions of this guide are applicable to their exoskeletons for analysis reporting.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a structure for exoskeleton manufacturers to document their analysis. Furthermore, this guide should be used in conjunction with Practice F3474, Guide F3518, Standard Guide for The Application of Ergonomics to Prevent Injury During Exoskeleton Use2 and other future documents.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Jun-2021
ICS
11.180.10 - Aids and adaptation for moving
25.040.30 - Industrial robots. Manipulators
Technical Committee
F48 - Exoskeletons and Exosuits
Drafting Committee
F48.02 - Human Factors and Ergonomics
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F3519-21 - Standard Guide for Establishing a Reporting Structure for Exoskeleton Analysis
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3519 − 21
Standard Guide for
Establishing a Reporting Structure for Exoskeleton
1
Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3519; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope purchaser related to the documenting of exoskeleton analysis.
Adherence to this guide allows analysis results of varied
1.1 This guide provides a structure for exoskeleton manu-
exoskeleton manufacturers to be compared by a purchaser with
facturers to document their analysis. Furthermore, this guide
respect to their end user needs.
should be used in conjunction with Practice F3474, Guide
F3518, Standard Guide for The Application of Ergonomics to
3.2 Not every element of this guide may be applicable to all
2
Prevent Injury During Exoskeleton Use and other future
exoskeleton components or configurations. It is the manufac-
documents.
turer’s responsibility to determine which portions of this guide
are applicable to their exoskeletons for analysis reporting.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.1 Definitions:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1.1 analysis requestor (sometimes called analysis
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
sponsor), n—person or organization selecting the analysis and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
defining the conditions under which they are performed.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
F3200 – 18a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.1.2 analysis supervisor, n—person responsible for setting
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
up the apparatus, instrumentation, directing, and reporting
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
results of the analysis according to the analysis requestor or
2. Referenced Documents
analysis sponsor. F3200 – 18a
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Report Structure
F3200 Terminology for DriverlessAutomatic Guided Indus-
trial Vehicles
5.1 The main role of the report structure is to provide the
F3474 Practice for Establishing Exoskeleton Functional Er-
reader with an outline of the report.The report structure should
gonomic Parameters and Test Metrics
generally focus on the motivation and the reason for the report.
F3518 Guide for Quantitative Measures for Establishing
A common structure of a report includes these subsections:
Exoskeleton Functional Ergonomic Parameters and Test
scope,significanceanduse,procedure,interpretationofresults,
Metrics
and conclusion.
5.1.1 Scope—This subsection highlights the motivation of
3. Significance and Use
the report.
3.1 This guide describes a template of written consider-
5.1.2 Significance and Use—This subsection highlights de-
ations that should be provided by the manufacturer to the
tails on why the report is being written.
5.1.3 Procedure—This subsection provides an overview of
the tested conditions, test procedures, and equipment and
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F48 on Exoskeletons
statistical analysis tools used.
and Exosuits and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F48.02 on Human
Factors and Ergonomics.
5.1.4 Interpretation of Results—The main findings of the
Current edition approved June 15, 2021. Published July 2021. DOI: 10.1520/
report are reported in this subsection. In this subsection, results
F3519-21.
2
Standard under development. are interpreted and inferences are drawn.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.5 Conclusion—This subsection provides the reader with
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the main conclusions drawn from the report according to the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. interpretation of the findings.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3519 − 21
6. Scope Parameters 9.3 Design—In this subsection, the treatments and measures
of the experiment are described.
6.1 Include in this section information relating to the pur-
9.3.1 Treatment—A treatment is a combinat
...

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5.1 The significance of the information to be recorded in a test report allows for exoskeleton safety and performance to be contextualized with the exoskeleton configuration. Exoskeleton tests can also be replicated across similar or different exoskeletons by using this practice to record the exoskeleton test configuration in a standardized way.  
5.2 Limitations of the practice are that not all exoskeletons have the same capabilities or configuration parameters. For example, for capabilities, an exoskeleton that moves the legs with electromyography during rehabilitation may behave differently in repeated use over time or within different gait courses (for example, straight or curved). For configuration, an exoskeleton that moves the legs with electromyography during rehabilitation may have varying signal gain/amplification settings.
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1.1 This practice describes a means to record the exoskeleton configuration when testing. This practice provides a method for recording exoskeleton hardware and software control parameters.  
1.2 This practice: contextualizes the exoskeleton configuration during a test, including the identification and adjustment of main configuration parameters and the addition of other equipment (for example, cameras, markers) used during tests; provides a basis for comparison of the test circumstances across different exoskeletons or tests, or both (for example, varying power or spring settings, prior exoskeleton use, maximum control settings); and allows a test to be recreated.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Obstacles can vary greatly in, for example: length, width, height, quantity, geometry, and for a variety of industries. Fig. 2 shows examples of various obstacles.  
FIG. 2 Example Obstacles in: (a) Road Construction; (b) Warehouse; (c) Manufacturing: Floor; (d) Manufacturing: Overhead; (e) Military Obstacle Course  
5.2 Exoskeletons are being used in the industrial/occupational, military, response, medical, and recreational sectors to enhance safety and effectiveness of the user to perform tasks. Many tasks involve avoiding obstacles, and may include for example, upper, lower, or full body movement in order to complete the task. As there are infinite obstacles and ways that obstacle courses can be designed, this test method addresses obstacle avoidance while walking through a standard set of obstacles. Dependent upon the task, it may require people to traverse various environmental conditions (for example, ground) and avoid obstacles while wearing an exoskeleton. For example, an exoskeleton may be used to help during construction or in medical facilities where workers in exoskeletons avoid obstacles with and without carrying loads as part of their daily activities. In military, manufacturing, and response areas, exoskeleton users may for example, step over or under, side-step between, or walk around obstacles, or combinations thereof, to perform the task at hand. Variations to obstacle avoidance may include, for example, increased user speed/momentum, load handling, and distractions that may change user performance when avoiding obstacles. The testing results of exoskeletons shall describe, in a statistically significant way (see guidance in Appendix X1), how reliably the exoskeleton is able to support tasks within the specified types of environments, confinements, and terrains, and thus provide sufficiently high levels of confidence to determine the applicability of the exoskeleton.  
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1.1 Purpose:  
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method, as a part of a suite of exoskeleton use test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate an exoskeleton’s (see Terminology F3323) safety (see 1.4) or performance, or both, when avoiding obstacles.  
1.1.2 Exoskeletons shall possess a certain set of allowable exoskeleton user movement capabilities, including user-motion adaptability, to suit operations such as: industrial/occupational, military, response, medical, or recreational.  
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Standard Practice for Recording the Exoskeleton User Information

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significance of the information to be recorded in a test report allows for exoskeleton safety and performance to be contextualized with the exoskeleton user. Exoskeleton test results can be compared across users to determine exoskeleton usefulness, exoskeleton capability for particular users or groups of users, and standardized reporting of user information allows organizations to better replicate tests.  
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Note 1: The measurements in these references may not consider measurements of the user when dressed in appropriate clothing (for example, shoes – see 6.3.12 – 6.3.14) that will be worn when using an exoskeleton.  
5.3.1 2012 Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR II6) of U.S. Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics,  
5.3.2 United States Air Force Research Laboratory Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR7) Final Report,  
5.3.3 Tables D6240/D6240M,  
5.3.4 Tables D8077/D8077M,  
5.3.5 Tables D7878/D7878M,  
5.3.6 Tables D6960/D6960M,  
5.3.7 Terminology D5219,  
5.3.8 Tables D8241/D8241M,  
5.3.9 Practice E3003,  
5.3.10 Practice F1731, and  
5.3.11 ISO 7250-1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a means to record the exoskeleton user information when testing. The practice provides a method for recording exoskeleton user: general information, measurements, activity level, experience with exoskeletons, prior injuries, and other pertinent information that may impact exoskeleton testing.  
1.2 This practice is intended to be used with other exoskeleton test methods and practices to provide a clear representation of the exoskeleton user being tested; provides a basis for comparison of the test circumstances across different exoskeletons, users, tests, or all three; and allows a test to be recreated.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Exoskeletons are being used in the industrial/occupational, military, response, medical, and recreational sectors to enhance safety and effectiveness of the user to perform tasks. Traversing gaps is a component of many tasks that someone would do with an exoskeleton. For example, an exoskeleton may be used to help a worker in building construction where gaps in ground surfaces are prevalent. In the military, and other similar environments, soldiers using exoskeletons may traverse gaps along paths carrying loads. Fig. 1 shows examples of gaps typically found in various environments in which persons using exoskeletons may be required to step over gaps. The testing results of exoskeletons shall describe, in a statistically significant way, how reliably the exoskeleton is able to support tasks within the specified types of environments, confinements, and terrains, and thus provide sufficiently high levels of confidence to determine the applicability of the exoskeleton to a given task.  
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Standard Practice for Recording the Exoskeleton Fit to the User

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significance of the information to be recorded in a test report allows for exoskeleton safety and performance to be contextualized with the exoskeleton fit to the user. Exoskeleton tests can also be replicated across similar or different exoskeletons by using this practice to record the exoskeleton fit to the user for a test in a standardized way.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a means to record the exoskeleton fit to the user when testing. The practice provides a method for recording exoskeleton: alignment to the user, component distances from the body, sizing, and subjective comfort using a standard recording method.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Beams and beams with platforms can vary greatly in, for example: length, width, height, quantity, geometry, surface coatings, and for a variety of industries. Fig. 2 shows examples of various beams and beams with platforms.
FIG. 2 Example Beams: (a) Steel Construction Beams; (b) Steel Construction Beam to a Platform; (c) Log Construction Beam; (d) Playground Log Beam; (e) Log Beam across Water; and (f) Balance Beam used for Gymnastics  
5.2 Exoskeletons are being used in the industrial/occupational, military, response, medical, and recreational sectors to enhance safety and effectiveness of the user to perform tasks. Traversing beams are used in many tasks performed and may include, for example, upper, lower, or full body movement in order to complete the task. Dependent upon the task, it may require people to traverse various ground and beam surfaces while wearing an exoskeleton. For example, an exoskeleton may be used to help during construction tasks where workers in exoskeletons traverse beams or beams and platforms with and without carrying loads, indoors or outdoors, as part of their daily activities. The testing results of exoskeletons shall describe, in a statistically significant way (see guidance in Appendix X1), how reliably the exoskeleton is able to support tasks within the specified types of environments, confinements, and terrains, and thus provide sufficiently high levels of confidence to determine the applicability of the exoskeleton.  
5.3 This test method addresses exoskeleton safety and performance requirements expressed by manufacturing, emergency responders, military, or other organizations requesting this test. The safety and performance data captured within this test method are indicative of the test exoskeleton’s and the exoskeleton user’s capabilities. Having available direct information from tested exoskeleton(s) with associated performance data to guide procurement and deployment decisions is essential to exoskeleton purchasers an...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose:  
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method, as a part of a suite of exoskeleton use test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate an exoskeleton’s (see Terminology F3323) safety (see 1.4) or performance, or both, when traversing beams.  
1.1.2 Exoskeletons shall possess a certain set of allowable exoskeleton user movement capabilities, including user-motion adaptability, to suit operations such as: industrial/occupational, military, response, medical, or recreational.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hurdle designs can vary greatly in, for example: hurdle geometry, surface coatings, and coverings for a variety of industries. Fig. 1 shows examples of various hurdles.  
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SCOPE
1.1 Purpose:  
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method, as a part of a suite of exoskeleton use test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate an exoskeleton’s (see Terminology F3323) safety (see 1.4) or performance, or both, for traversing hurdles.  
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Standard Test Method for Evaluating Exoskeleton Fall Risk due to Stumbling

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There is strong evidence that exoskeletons can physically augment and assist users. They are typically designed and optimized with specific tasks in mind and initially tested in controlled lab or field settings. However, in the real world exoskeletons encounter less structured environments and situations (for example, hospital rooms, factory floors, construction sites, or even personal homes). In order to accelerate the adoption of exoskeletons in society, understanding their safety in the presence of perturbations is helpful. The testing results of the exoskeleton shall describe the extent to which the exoskeleton improves, inhibits, or maintains a user’s ability to recover from stumbles, thus providing exoskeleton wearers and prescribers (for example, patients, clinicians, industry leaders, factory workers) with additional information about device performance and expectations.  
5.2 The standard test apparatus and setup (see Section 6) is specified to be easily fabricated and implemented in gait or motion analysis laboratories. Variants of the apparatus, control algorithm, and test setup are acceptable to allow implementation in various lab settings with ranging experimental capabilities. The standard test setup and apparatus can also be used to support training and establish proficiency of exoskeleton users, as well as provide manufacturers with information about the performance of their exoskeleton(s) for tasks.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose:  
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to evaluate the extent to which an exoskeleton (see Section 3) improves, inhibits, or maintains (that is, does not affect) a user’s ability to recover from a stumble perturbation.  
1.1.2 Exoskeletons are designed to assist specific tasks and initially tested in controlled lab or controlled field settings. However, in the real world exoskeletons encounter less structured environments and situations (for example, hospital rooms, factory floors, construction sites). Even without exoskeletons people will stumble (that is, trip) or scuff their foot. It would be helpful to understand how wearing an exoskeleton affects a person’s ability to recover from a stumble perturbation. Is one’s ability to recover hampered, enhanced, or unaltered when using an exoskeleton? This test method specifies test setup, procedure, and recording to standardize testing exoskeleton user stumble recovery.  
1.2 Performing Location—This test method shall be performed in a testing laboratory where the specified apparatus and environmental conditions are available and implemented.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are not precise mathematical conversions to inch-pound units. They are close approximate equivalents for the purpose of specifying material dimensions or quantities that are readily available to avoid excessive fabrication costs of test apparatuses while maintaining repeatability and reproducibility of the test method results. These values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3474-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Establishing Exoskeleton Functional Ergonomic Parameters and Test Metrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice describes what measure should be performed during the near (hours/days), mid (days/weeks), and far (months/years) stages of exoskeleton evaluation (Fig. 1). The functional conditions and metrics with respect to each task method are assessed from the body area(s) impacted by the exoskeleton (for example, upper body, lower body, or both). These may be within as well as distant to the body areas impacted by the exoskeleton (for example, an upper body exoskeleton may have impacts on the trunk and spine). Desired effects as well as unintended encumbrances to the user’s body are important considerations. The evaluation will occur within the context relevant to the end-use application of the exoskeleton’s implementation. This practice pertains to the industry, military, medical, first responders, and recreational domains, but other domains may arise in the future and will need to be considered. Each domain is unique unto itself; however, the task methods and metrics collected may be unique or overlap across any number of user domains.
FIG. 1 Exoskeleton Assessment Decision Tree  
2.2 Task methods and their metrics are either administered in a laboratory environment, field environment, or both laboratory and field environments. Where not otherwise specified, patient functional outcome measures and pain are key metrics that should be considered for testing performed in the medical domain. Exoskeleton producers or researchers, or both, may also want to consider different types of imaging such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear medicine imaging. Additionally, exoskeleton producers or researchers, or both, may also wish to carry out neuroimaging such as, but not limited to, structural and functional and diffusion MRI, magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), or near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to understand the cognitive and neurophysiol...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a recommended approach and a set of options for assessing one or more specific ergonomic parameters with respect to human users of exoskeletons.  
1.2 This practice provides functional ergonomic criteria to consider for the design, production, and evaluation of exoskeletons within the domains of industry, military, medical, first responders, and recreational. When designing exoskeletons, natural unassisted human kinematics and kinetics, as well as the resulting strain and fatigue experienced by the user should be salient design parameters. Any changes in the natural unassisted human kinematics and kinetics may impact the exoskeleton’s effectiveness in augmenting user performance. Therefore, the defining principle of this practice is to establish objective measures that can be selected from to assess human kinematics and kinetics, as well as the resulting strain and fatigue experienced by the user within the task context of the exoskeleton’s end use application.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3392-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Exoskeleton Wearing, Care, and Maintenance Instructions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the minimum information to be provided by the manufacturer to the end user related to the wearing, care, and maintenance of an exoskeleton. Adherence to this practice allows written information to be provided with the exoskeleton to purchasers.  
4.2 Not every element of this practice may be applicable to all exoskeleton components or configurations. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to determine which portions of this practice, and the corresponding requirements, are applicable to their exoskeletons. For informational requirements that are not applicable because of the nature of the product and intended use, the manufacturer shall indicate and describe those portions or requirements that are not applicable.  
4.3 All information related to wearing, decontamination, care, and maintenance shall be written in a manner so that the end user can readily understand the details. To emphasize important limitations, bold lettering and explicit warning terminology (for example, signal words such as ‘danger,’ ‘warning,’ and ‘caution’ (described in ANSI Z535.4)) shall be used. Where possible, pictograms and illustrations may be used to convey specific instructions. In addition, the use of symbols, such as those provided in the care of textile products in Guide D5489, are appropriate for indicating specific care procedures used in cleaning an exoskeleton where applicable.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the required minimum information to be conveyed by the manufacturers to buyers or end users for the wearing, care, and maintenance of exoskeletons.  
1.1.1 This practice does not cover specific instructions for how to select and when to use exoskeletons or design requirements.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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