ASTM D5527-00(2011)

Standard Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Sonic anemometer/thermometers are used to measure turbulent components of the atmosphere except for confined areas and very close to the ground. These practices apply to the use of these instruments for field measurement of the wind, sonic temperature, and atmospheric turbulence components. The quasi-instantaneous velocity component measurements are averaged over user-selected sampling times to define mean along-axis wind components, mean wind speed and direction, and the variances or covariances, or both, of individual components or component combinations. Covariances are used for eddy correlation studies and for computation of boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes. The sonic anemometer/thermometer provides the data required to characterize the state of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer.
The sonic anemometer/thermometer array shall have a sufficiently high structural rigidity and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain an internal alignment to within ±0.1°. System electronics must remain stable over its operating temperature range; the time counter oscillator instability must not exceed 0.01 % of frequency. Consult with the manufacturer for an internal alignment verification procedure.  
The calculations and transformations provided in these practices apply to orthogonal arrays. References are also provided for common types of non-orthogonal arrays.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of temperature by the use of ancillary temperature devices.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2011
• ICS: 07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
• Technical Committee: D22 - Air Quality
• Drafting Committee: D22.11 - Meteorology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5527-00(2007) - Standard Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6011-96(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Sonic Anemometer/Thermometer
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5527 − 00 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Practices for
Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic
1
Means
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5527; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-,
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology D1356 for common
two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic
terminology.
temperature by means of commercially available sonic
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time mea-
3.2.1 acceptance angle (6α, deg)— the angular distance,
surement technique.These practices apply to the measurement
centered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the
of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using
following conditions are met: (a) wind components are unam-
instrumentsmountedonstationarytowers.Thesepracticesalso
biguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers is
apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to
unobstructed or remains within the angular range for which
sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of
transducer shadow corrections are defined.
temperature by the use of ancillary temperature devices.
3.2.2 acoustic pathlength (d, (m))—the distance between
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
transducer transmitter-receiver pairs.
standard.
3.2.3 sampling period(s)—the record length or time interval
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
over which data collection occurs.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.4 sampling rate (Hz)—the rate at which data collection
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
occurs, usually presented in samples per second or Hertz.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.5 sonic anemometer/thermometer—an instrument con-
sisting of a transducer array containing paired sets of acoustic
2. Referenced Documents
transmitters and receivers, a system clock, and microprocessor
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
circuitrytomeasureintervalsoftimebetweentransmissionand
D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
reception of sound pulses.
Atmospheres
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The fundamental measurement unit is
D3631Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
transittime.Withtransittimeandaknownacousticpathlength,
Pressure
velocity or speed of sound, or both, can be calculated.
D4230Test Method of Measuring Humidity with Cooled-
Instrument output is a series of quasi-instantaneous velocity
Surface Condensation (Dew-Point) Hygrometer
componentreadingsalongeachaxisorspeedofsound,orboth.
E337Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
The speed of sound and velocity components may be used to
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
compute sonic temperature (T ), to describe the mean wind
s
peratures)
field, or to compute fluxes, variances, and turbulence intensi-
IEEE/ASTM SI-10American National Standard for Use of
ties.
theInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModernMetric
3.2.6 sonic temperature (T ), (K))— an equivalent tempera-
s
System
ture that accounts for the effects of temperature and moisture
on acoustic wavefront propagation through the atmosphere.
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Sonic temperature is related to the
Quality and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.11 on Meteorology.
velocity of sound c, absolute temperature T, vapor pressure of
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally
3
water e, and absolute pressure P by (1).
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5527–00 (2007).
DOI: 10.1520/D5527-00R11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the ASTM website. these practices.
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D5527 − 00 (2011)
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c 5 403T 110.32e/P 5 403T (1) 4.4 For the sonic thermometer, the speed of sound solution
~ !
s
is obtained and converted to a sonic temperature.
(Guidance concerning measurement of P and e are con-
4.5 Variances,
...