ASTM E1816-18
(Practice)Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods
Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods described provide indirect measurement of the thickness of sections of materials not exceeding temperatures of 1200°F [650°C]. Measurements are made from one side of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.
5.2 Ultrasonic thickness measurements are used extensively on basic shapes and products of many materials, on precision machined parts, and to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion.
5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applications can be found in the cited references (1,2).6
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at temperatures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].
1.2 This practice is applicable to any electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and from which back reflections can be obtained and resolved.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: E1816 − 18
Standard Practice for
Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic
1
Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi-
als
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Trans-
Testing
ducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at tempera-
E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
tures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].
E797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultra-
1.2 This practice is applicable to any electrically conductive
sonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
or ferromagnetic material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and
E1774 Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
from which back reflections can be obtained and resolved.
(EMATs)
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1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- 2.2 ASNT Standards:
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; cations and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother. ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon- cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
formance with the standard. 2.3 Aerospace Industries Association Standard:
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4
Test Personnel
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5
2.4 International Standards Organization (ISO):
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ISO 9712 Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 Definitions: Related terminology is defined inTerminol-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ogy E1316.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.1 bulk wave—an ultrasonic wave, either longitudinal or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
shear horizontal mode, used in nondestructive testing to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
interrogate the volume of a material.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.2 butterfly (double elongated racetrack) coil—an EMAT
2
coil consisting of two coils wound on an elongated racetrack
2.1 ASTM Standards:
shape, placed side by side, and connected so the current on the
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
conductors in the middle section flows in only one direction.
Contact Testing
3.2.3 electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT)—an
electromagnetic device for converting electrical energy into
1
acoustical energy in the presence of a magnetic field.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method.
3
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approved AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1816 - 12. DOI: 10.1520/ 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
E1816-18. Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
5
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
the ASTM website. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1816 − 12 E1816 − 18
Standard Practice for
Ultrasonic Testing Using Measuring thickness by Pulse-
Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)
1
TechniquesMethods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for specific ultrasonic
examination applications. Recommendations are given for specific applications for using EMAT techniques to detect flaws through
both surface and volumetric examinations as well as to measure thickness.
1.1 These procedures recommend technical details and This practice provides guidelines for the reliable and reproducible
ultrasonic detection of flaws and thickness measurements using electromagnetic acoustic transducers for both the pulsing and
receiving of ultrasonic waves. The EMAT techniques described herein can be used as a basis for assessing the serviceability of
various components nondestructively, as well as for process control in manufacturing. measuring the thickness of materials using
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at temperatures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].
1.3 These procedures cover noncontact techniques for coupling ultrasonic energy into materials through the use of
electromagnetic fields. Surface, Lamb, longitudinal, and shear wave modes are discussed.
1.4 These procedures are intended to describe specific EMAT applications. These procedures are intended for applications in
which the user has determined that the use of EMAT techniques can offer substantial benefits over conventional piezoelectric
search units. It is not intended that EMAT techniques should be used in applications in which conventional techniques and
applications offer superior benefits (refer to Guide E1774).
1.2 These procedures areThis practice is applicable to any material in which acoustic waves can be introduced electromag-
netically. This includes any material that is either electrically conductive or ferromagnetic.electrically conductive or ferromagnetic
material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and from which back
reflections can be obtained and resolved.
1.6 The procedures outlined in this practice address proven EMAT techniques for specific applications; they do not purport to
address the only variation or all variations of EMAT techniques to address the given applications. Latitude in application
techniques is offered where options are considered appropriate.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values
given in parentheses are for information only.stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be
used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012July 1, 2018. Published November 2012July 2018. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
E1816 - 07.E1816 - 12. DOI: 10.1520/E1816-12.10.1520/E1816-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information,
...
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