ASTM D4964-96(2008)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
Standard Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for testing loop tension and elongation of elastic fabrics is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of elastic fabrics because the test method is used in the trade for acceptance testing.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the parties should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
This test method specifies the use of the CRE-type tensile testing machine. Users of this test method are cautioned that loop tension test data obtained using this method are not comparable to tension test data obtained using Test Method D 1775 because of the differences in testing machines. Test Method D 1775 uses a CRL-type tensile testing machine.
The loop tension and extension relationship of an elastic fabric is an important criterion for judging the suitability of the fabric for various end uses, such as: foundation garments, brassieres, and swimsuits.
Data from loop tension-recovery curves can be compared only if the tension testing machine, rate-of-extension, maximum loading (or extension), and specimen specifications are comparable. Since different m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tension and elongation of wide or narrow elastic fabrics made from natural or man-made elastomers, either alone or in combination with other textile yarns, when tested with a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine.
Note 1—For determination of similar testing using the constant-rate-of-load (CRL) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method D 1775.
1.2 The use of this test method requires the selection of, or mutual agreement upon, loop tension(s) and elongation(s) at which the test results will be determined.
1.3 Laundering procedures require mutual agreement on the selection of temperature and number of washing cycles and drying cycles to be used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4964–96 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-
of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4964; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Minor editorial changes were made throughout in October 2008.
1. Scope D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Wide
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tension and
Elastic Fabrics
elongation of wide or narrow elastic fabrics made from natural
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
or man-made elastomers, either alone or in combination with
other textile yarns, when tested with a constant-rate-of-
3. Terminology
extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine.
3.1 Definitions:
NOTE 1—For determination of similar testing using the constant-rate-
3.1.1 constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine
of-load (CRL) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method D1775.
(CRE), n—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of
1.2 The use of this test method requires the selection of, or
specimen length is uniform with time.
mutual agreement upon, loop tension(s) and elongation(s) at
3.1.2 constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL),
which the test results will be determined.
n—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load
1.3 Laundering procedures require mutual agreement on the
being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after the
selection of temperature and number of washing cycles and
first 3 s.
drying cycles to be used.
3.1.3 elastic fabric, n—a textile fabric made from an elas-
1.4 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to
tomer either alone or in combination with other textile mate-
be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
rials.
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system
3.1.4 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material
must be used independently of the other, without combining
to the length of the material prior to stretching.
values in any way.
3.1.5 extension, n—the change in length of a material due to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
stretching.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.6 extension-recovery cycle, n—in tension testing, the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
continuous extension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a specified extension, followed by a controlled rate of return to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
zero extension.
3.1.7 force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on
2. Referenced Documents
another which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
move and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
3.1.8 loop tension, n— in elastic material testing, the total
tension at any specified extension that is exerted on a specimen
1 in a loop formation.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
3.1.9 narrow elastic fabric, n—an elastic fabric that is less
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
General.
than 150 mm or 6 in. wide.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published October 2005. Originally
3.1.10 tension, n—a uniaxial force tending to cause the
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4964 – 96(2004).
stretching of a material.
DOI: 10.1520/D4964-96R08E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4964–96 (2008)
3.1.11 tension-recovery chart, n— in tension testing,a D1775 because of the differences in testing machines. Test
continuously plotted graph of tension versus extension result- Method D1775 uses a CRL-type tensile testing machine.
ing from a tension-recovery cycle. 5.3 The loop tension and extension relationship of an elastic
3.1.12 tension test, n— in textiles, a test designed to fabric is an important criterion for judging the suitability of the
fabric for various end uses, such as: foundation garments,
measure the tautness in a textile strand or fabric.
3.1.13 wide elastic fabric, n—anelasticfabricthatisatleast brassieres, and swimsuits.
5.4 Data from loop tension-recovery curves can be com-
150 mm or 6 in. wide.
pared only if the tension testing machine, rate-of-extension,
3.1.14 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
maximum loading (or extension), and specimen specifications
method, refer to Terminology D123.
are comparable. Since different machine set-ups will cause
different results on the same fabric, machine set-ups must
4. Summary of Test Method
always be specified before making a test and be reported with
4.1 Loop Tension at Specified Elongation(s)—A condi-
the test results.
tioned loop specimen is mounted in a CRE-type tensile testing
5.5 The test for measuring loop tension at specified elonga-
machine. The specimen is then extended at a specified rate to
tion(s) is used to determine the tension of an elastic fabric
a specified loop tension, and returned at a specified rate to zero
when subjected to a specified elongation which is less than the
tension. The cycle is repeated two more times to give a total of
elongation required to rupture the fabric. The test prescribes
threecycles.Duringthetest,extension-recoverycurvesmaybe
points of measurement on the extending (outgoing) cycle only.
plotted by an automatic recorder for all or only the third cycle.
5.6 The test for measuring elongation at specified tension(s)
The tension at specified percent elongation(s) is calculated
is used to determine the elongation of an elastic fabric when
from the graph of the third cycle or obtained from the
subjected to a specified loop tension which is less than the
instrument.
tensionrequiredtorupturethefabric.Thetestprescribespoints
4.2 Elongation at Specified Loop Tension—A conditioned
of measurement on the loading (outgoing) cycle only.
loop specimen is mounted in a CRE-type tensile testing
machine. The specimen is then loaded at a specified rate to a
6. Apparatus
specified loop tension, and unloaded at a specified rate to zero
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, CRE-Type, conforming to
loop tension. The cycle is repeated two more times to give a
Specification D76, equipped with an automatic recording
total of three cycles. During the test, tension-recovery curves
device and cycling controls.
maybeplottedbyanautomaticrecorderforalloronlythethird
6.2 Band Clamps, to hold loop specimen during testing.The
cycle. The elongation at a specified loop tension is calculated
diameter of the anvils will be 13.06 0.25 mm (0.5 6 0.01 in.)
from the graph of the third cycle or obtained from the
or 6.56 0.25 mm (0.25 6 0.01 in.).The length of the anvil will
instrument.
not be less than 76 mm (3.0 in.).
6.3 Sewing Machine Single-Needle.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method for testing loop tension and elongation
7. Sampling
of elastic fabrics is considered satisfactory for acceptance
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
testing of commercial shipments of elastic fabrics because the
take at random the number of rolls of fabric as directed in an
test method is used in the trade for acceptance testing.
applicable material specification or other agreement between
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
thepurchaserandthesupplier.Considerrollsoffabrictobethe
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
primary sampling units.
testing of commercial shipments, the parties should conduct
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is
between rolls of fabric, and the variability between specimens from a
recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the
swatch from a roll of fabric, to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of
quality level.
the type in question. The test specimens should then be
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
tance testing, take a full width swatch,2m(2yd) long, from
testing.Theaverageresultsfromthetwolaboratoriesshouldbe
the end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample, after first
compared using student’s t-test for unpaired data and an
discarding a minimum of1m(1yd)of fabric from the very
acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before
outside of the roll.
the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be
7.3 Test Specimens—Take test specimens as follows:
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
7.3.1 Wide Elastic Fabrics—If the purchaser and the sup-
agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the
plier agree to test the fabric in only one direction, cut five
known bias.
5.2 This test method specifies the use of the CRE-type
tensile testing machine. Users of this test method are cautioned
For additional information on obtaining apparatus, equipment, or supplies that
that loop tension test data obtained using this method are not
may be suitable for use in this standard, please visit the ASTM Manufacturers’
comparable to tension test data obtained using Test Method Equipment Directory at www.astm.org.
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D4964–96 (2008)
specimens from each swatch in the laboratory sample with the 9.2.1 Use one of the procedures described in 9.2.2 through
long dimension of the specimens parallel to the direction of 10.2.4 to verify or set the position of the clamps.
test. If the purchaser and the supplier agree to test the fabric in
9.2.2 Use the gage supplied by tensile testing machine
both directions, from each full-width swatch in the laboratory manufacturer.
sample, cut five specimens parallel to the long dimension and
9.2.3 Make and use a paper gage as directed below.
five specimens perpendicular to the long dimension. Speci-
9.2.3.1 Cut a strip of flexible paper that measures 275 6 2
mens should be spaced along a diagonal to allow for represen-
mm by 106 2 mm, or 11.0 6 0.05 in. by 0.5 6 0.05 in.
tation in each specimen of different warp and filling areas, or
9.2.3.2 From one end of paper strip, measure a distance of
waleandcourseareas.Takenospecimensnearerthanonetenth
250 6 2 mm, or 10.0 6 0.05 in., and draw a line perpendicular
of the fabric width from the selvage.
to the long axis.
7.3.2 Narrow Elastic Fabric—Cut five specimens from
9.2.3.3 Place a strip of double-faced tape across the strip,
each swatch in the laboratory sample. For narrow knitted or
and on the short end, coincident with the line.
woven elastic fabrics that are more than 75 mm (3 in.) wide,
9.2.3.4 Curl the untaped end of the strip to form a loop,
the purchaser and the supplier may agree to (1) use specimens
aligning the end with the 250 mm, or 10 in., line. Press down
of the widths specified in 8.1.1 for wide elastic fabrics of
on the strip, fastening it to the double-faced tape.
comparable construction, or (2) if wide clamps are available,
9.2.3.5 Place the paper loop around the testing machine
use full-width specimens.
clamps with the taped joint between the clamps. See Fig. 1.
9.2.3.6 Adjust the clamp spacing until the loop is just snug
8. Preparation of Test Specimens
on the clamp.
8.1 Cut specimens as directed below:
9.2.3.7 Remove the loop.
8.1.1 Wide Elastic Fabric—Cut specimens 350 by 100 mm
9.2.3.8 Iftheanvildiameteris13mm(0.5in.),settheinitial
(14 by 4 in.). Trim, or ravel woven fabrics by taking yarns
anvil spacing so that the distance from the top of the upper
alternately from the two sides, to a width as near 75 62mm
anvil to the bottom of the lower anvil is 118 mm or 4.7 in.
(3 6 0.05 in.), as possible. If fabrics are ravelled to obtain the
9.2.3.9 If the anvil diameter is 6.5 mm (0.25 in.) set the
specimen width, specimens should contain the same number of
initial anvil setting so that the distance from the top of the
yarns in the testing direction.
upper anvil to the bottom of the lower anvil is 121 mm or 4.9
8.1.2 Narrow Elastic Fabric—Cut specimens with the
in.
350-mm (14-in.) dimension parallel to the length of the fabric.
NOTE 4—The anvil spacing in 9.2.3.8 and 9.2.3.9 will provide a loop
8.2 Preparation of Loop Specimens—Drawtwogagemarks
circumference of 250 mm or 10 in.
on the specimen which are (1) 250 62mm(10 6 0.05 in.)
apart, (2) approximately the same distance from the specimen
10. Conditioning
ends, (3) parallel to one another, and (4) perpendicular to the
10.1 Before making any tests for loop tension or stretch,
long direction of the test specimen. Form a loop by folding the
specimen; then aligning and sewing a seam along the two gage bring the samples to moisture equilibrium for testing in the
standard atmosphere for testing textiles, which is 21 61°C
marks. Use a single-needle stitch, sewing two rows of stitching
and making certain that the beginning and ending stitches do (70 62°F)and65 62 %relativehumidity.Allowthesamples
to relax, free of loop tension, for a minimum of 16 h. After
not come loose.
exposure for this time, it may be assumed that moisture
9. Preparation and Verification of Apparatus equilibrium has been reached. See Practice D1776 for standard
conditions for testing textile materials.
9.1 Equip and set-up the CRE-type tensile testing machine
according to the manufacturer’s instructions and using the
following information:
9.1.1 Loop distance around clamps: 250 62mm(10 6
0.05 in.).
9.1.2 Loading crosshead speed: 500 6 15 mm/min (20 6
0.5 in./min).
9.1.3 Unloading crosshead speed: 500 6 15 mm/min (20 6
0.5 in./min).
9.1.4 Cycling controls: 100 N
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