ASTM D4849-02b(2007)e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Committee D-13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibility for every item in this standard. The standards in which the terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without the approval of 13.58 subcommittee. Any changes approved by the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes or additions to Terminology D123.
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the terms under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58. Other terminology standards under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D4849–02b (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Terminology Related to
Yarns and Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—This terminology was udpated editorially with terms from Subcommittee D13.58 standards in September 2011.
1. Scope D1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the
Untwist-Retwist Method
1.1 Thisstandardisacompilationofterminologydeveloped
D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
by Committee D-13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
D1425 Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to
Using Capacitance Testing Equipment
fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are
D1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
generally understood or adequately defined in other readily
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength ofYarn in Skein
available sources are not included.
Form
1.1.2 SubcommitteeD13.58hasjurisdictionalresponsibility
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn
for every item in this standard. The standards in which the
Number) by the Skein Method
terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the
D2102 TestMethodforShrinkageofTextileFibers(Bundle
definition.The wording of an entry cannot be changed without
Test)
theapprovalof13.58subcommittee.Anychangesapprovedby
D2255 TestMethodforGradingSpunYarnsforAppearance
the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
subcommittee D13.92 onTerminology for subsequent changes
D2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
or additions to Terminology D123.
D2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the
Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
terms under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58. Other
D2402 Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers
terminology standards under the jurisdiction of subcommittee
(Centrifuge Procedure)
D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.
D2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top
2. Referenced Documents (Static Tests)
D2494 TestMethodforCommercialMassofaShipmentof
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
D76 Specification forTensileTesting Machines forTextiles
D2645 Tolerances forYarns Spun on the Cotton orWorsted
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Systems
D861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate
D2644 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen System
Linear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns
D3106 Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elasto-
D204 Test Methods for Sewing Threads
meric Yarns
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
D3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to
Length Specimens
Solid Material
D1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn Construction
D3128 Specification for 2-Methoxyethanol
D3217 Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of Manufac-
tured Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
D3218 Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007 Published August 2007 Originally D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
approved in 1988. Discontinued June 1992 and reinstated as D4849–02. Last
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
e1
previous edition approved in 2002 as D4849–02b . DOI: 10.1520/D4849-
D3334 Methods ofTesting FabricsWoven from Polyolefin
02BR07E01.
Monofilaments
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D3412 TestMethodforCoefficientofFriction,YarntoYarn
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D3513 TestMethodforOverlengthFiberContentofManu-
the ASTM website.
factured Staple Fiber
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4849–02b (2007)
D3693 Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of use. D2258
Sewing Thread bench marks, n—marks placed on a specimen to define gage
D3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile length, that is, the portion of the specimen that will be
Fibers evaluated in a specific test. D76
D3823 Practice for Determining Ticket Numbers for Sew- boundary friction, n—friction at low sliding speeds (0.02
ing Threads m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-film
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems lubricant conditions. D3412
D3937 Test Method for Crimp Frequency of manufactured broken filament, n—in multifilament yarn, breaks in one or
Staple Fibers more filaments. D3990
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects bulk shrinkage, n—a measure of potential stretch and power
D4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns of stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns.
D4120 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, D4031
and Top in Dynamic Tests bunch, n—a defect in a yarn characterized by a segment not
D4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Textiles over6mm( ⁄4in.)inlengththatshowsanabruptincreasein
D4466 Terminology Related to Multicomponent Textile diameter caused by more fibers matted in this particular
Fibers place. (See slug, slub.) D2255
D4724 Test Method for Entanglements in Untwisted Fila- cable twist, n—the construction of cabled yarn, cord, or rope
ment Yarns by Needle Insertion in which each successive twist is in the opposite direction to
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and the preceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction.
Related Properties of Textiles D1423
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers calibrate,v—todetermineandrecordtherelationshipbetween
D4911 TolerancesforYarnsMadeofMan-MadeFibersand a set of standard units of measure and the output of an
Spun on the ParallelWorsted or ModifiedWorsted System instrument or test procedure.
D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
DISCUSSION—This term is also commonly used to describe the
Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
checkingofpreviouslymarkedinstruments,anoperationmoreproperly
D5104 TestMethodforShrinkageofTextileFibers(Single-
described as a description of verification. D76
Fiber Test)
D5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu- capacity, n—for tensile testing machines, the maximum force
for which the machine is designed.
tion of Cotton Fibers
D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-
DISCUSSION—Capacityisthemaximumforcethetester-frameandthe
ented Yarn
drive system can exercise on the specimen without inadmissible
D5647 Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the
deformations of the tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there are
Photo-Electric Apparatus available load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may be
chosen to select an appropriate full-scale range for a special test.
D6197 Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults in
Spun Yarns in Electronic Tests D76
D6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using Automatic
case,n—intextiles,ashippingunit,usuallyacarton,box,bale,
Tester
or other container holding a number of yarn packages.
D6612 Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number
D2258
Variability Using Automated Tester
clamp, n—that part of a testing machine used to grip the
D6774 TestMethodforCrimpandShrinkagePropertiesfor
specimen by means of suitable jaws. D76
Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester
cockles, n—in yarns, irregular, thick, uneven lumps. D2255
coefficient of friction, n—the ratio of the tangential force that
3. Terminology
is needed to maintain uniform relative motion between two
3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58
contacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding them
jurisdiction and attribution for each term.
in contact. D3108, D3412
coefficient of variation unevenness, n—in textiles, the stan-
Americangraincount,n—adirectyarnnumberingsystemfor
dard deviation of the linear densities over which unevenness
expressinglineardensity,equaltothemassingrainsper120
is measured expressed as a percentage of the average linear
yards of sliver or roving. D2260
density for the total length within which unevenness is
bad/good test (%BGT), n—an index value which shows the
measured. (See also unevenness and mean deviation un-
total spread, or greatest variation, for the test; mathemati-
evenness.) D1425
cally, the difference between the highest and lowest mass
cohesive force, n—in a textile strand, the force required to
readingsdeterminedinthetest,expressedasapercentageof
overcome fiber cohesion as the strand is being reduced in
the average mass. D6612
linear density.
beam, n—in textiles, a large spool containing many ends of
yarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weaving
DISCUSSION—Indynamictests,cohesiveforceistheforcerequiredto
or warp knitting. D2258 maintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohesive
force is measured while a test specimen is held in a fixed position
beam set, n—in textiles,oneormorebeamsofyarninasingle
shipment to be further processed together for a specific end between two slowly separating clamps. D2612, D4120
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D4849–02b (2007)
colorfastness, n—the resistance of a material to change in any coefficient of variation (CV), n—a measure of the dispersion
of its color characteristics, to transfer its colorant(s) to of observed values equal to the standard deviation for the
adjacent materials, or both, as the result of exposure of the values divided by the average of the values; may be
material to any real or simulated environment that might be expressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D6612
encountered during processing, storage, use or testing of the core-spun yarn, n—a compound structure in which a filament
material. D204 or strand serves as an axis around which a cover of either
loose fiber or a yarn is wound.
commercial allowance, n—an arbitrary value equal to the
commercial moisture regain plus a specified allowance for
DISCUSSION—(1) General—in yarn testing, when the core and cover
finish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-dried yarn, to
in this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing of
compute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legal
either component, the methods used should not compromise the
mass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textile physical properties of the component to be evaluated: and (2)
Specific—as a sewing thread, the means by which this compound
material (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) the
structure is made will not allow the core and cover to be readily
mass of a specific component in the analysis of fiber blends
separated without compromising the physical attributes of each com-
D1907, D2494
ponent. Hence, the sewing thread should be evaluated as a compound
commercial mass, n—billed mass as determined by a gener-
structure. D204
ally accepted method or as agreed upon between the pur-
chaser and supplier.
cotton count, n—anindirectyarnnumberingsystemgenerally
used in the cotton system equal to the number of 840-yd
DISCUSSION—The basis for determining the commercial mass of a
lengths of yarn per pound. D1059, D2260, D6587, D6612
shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of the
cotton system, n—a spinning system adapted to fibers less
following: (1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scoured
material)—themassofoven-dryfiberoryarnafterscouringbydefinite than 65 mm (2.5 in.) in length.
prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial
DISCUSSION—Thissystemusuallyemploysflat-topcardsandmayuse
allowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured
roll and other drafting assemblies on intermediate processes and
material)—themassofoven-dryfiberoryarnafterscouringbydefinite
spinning machines. D2645
prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial
moisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain with unscoured
cover, n—in yarns, the outside layer of fibers that form the
material)—the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the mass
surface of a yarn. D2255
corresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjusted
covered yarn, n—a compound structure which contains dis-
net)—the mass of the unscoured fiber or yarn with no adjustment for
tinguishable inner and outer fibrous elements which can be
the amount of moisture or finish, or both. D2494
different. D204
component, n—as used with textile fiber polymers, a polymer
CRE—abbreviation for constant-rate-of-extension. D76
with distinguishable properties. [D13.58] D4466
crimp, n—in a textile strand, the undulations, waviness, or
cone, n—in textiles, (1) a yarn holder or bobbin of conical
succession of bend, curls, or waves in the strand induced
shapeusedasacoreforayarnpackageofconicalform,also
either naturally, mechanically, or chemically.
called a cone core. (2) the yarn package obtained when yarn
DISCUSSION—Crimp has many characteristics, among which are its
is wound upon a cone core. D2258
amplitude, frequency, index, and type. InTest Method D3937, crimp is
constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine
characterizedbyachangeinthedirectionalrotationofalinetangentto
(CRE), n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the
thefiberasthepointoftangentprogressesalongthefiber.Twochanges
pulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-
in rotation constitutes one unit of crimp. D3937
measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance with
crimp, n—in a yarn, the undulations, waviness, or succession
increasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) D76
ofbends,curls,orwavesintheyarninducedeithernaturally,
constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), n—in
mechanically, thermall, or chemically. D6774
tensile testing, an apparatus in which the rate of increase of
crimp contraction, n—an indicator of crimp capacity or a
the force is uniform with time after the first 3 s and the
characterization of a yarn’s ability to contract under tension.
specimen is free to elongate, this elongation dependent on
D4031, D6774
the extension characteristics of the specimen at any applied
crimp development medium, n—for testing of textured yarn,
force. D76
an environment that allows the temporary se
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