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ASTM D5591-98a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord Using the Testrite Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester

Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord Using the Testrite Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures for use of the Testrite Shrinkage-Force Tester to measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at 177 + 2°C in air does not exceed 20 N. This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.  
1.2.1 Yarns or cords for testing may be taken from yarn or cord packages or retrieved from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1998
ICS
59.080.01 - Textiles in general
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.19 - Industrial Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5591-02 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM D5591-98a - Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord Using the Testrite Thermal Shrinkage Force TesterASTM D5591-98a - Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord Using the Testrite Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester
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ASTM D5591-98a - Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord Using the Testrite Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5591 – 98a
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With the Testrite
1
Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope sion to rubber or other elastomer has been improved by the
application of a dip followed by rapid drying and (normally)
1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures for
additional heat treatment.
use of the Testrite Shrinkage-Force Tester to measure the
3.2.2 atmosphere for testing textiles, n—for tire cords and
thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.
industrial yarns, air maintained at a relative humidity of 55 6
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the
2 % and at a temperature of 24 6 1°C (75 6 2°F).
thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage
3.2.3 cord, n—a twisted or formed structure composed of
force at 1776 2°C in air does not exceed 20 N. This test
one or more single or plied filaments, strands, or yarns of
method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and
organic polymer or inorganic materials.
cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as
3.2.3.1 Discussion—for the manufacture of pneumatic tires
well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.
or other industrial fabrics, the direction of twist used to
1.2.1 Yarns or cords for testing may be taken from yarn or
combine single or plied yarn elements into a cord construction
cord packages or retrieved from fabrics.
is in a direction opposite to that used in the yarns. Tire and
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
other reinforcing cords frequently consist of a single yarn
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
strand having little or no twist. These cords, as well as single
only.
monofilaments, are used synonymously with twisted and plied
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cords in this test method.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.4 greige cord, , n—in tire cords, a cord that has not
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
received adhesive treatment, heat treatment, or other finishing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
treatment.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards
3.2.5 greige tire cord, n—a tire cord that has not been dip
statements are given in Section 8.
treated or heat treated before use (see tire cord).
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.6 pneumatic tire, n—a hollow tire that becomes load-
bearing upon inflation with air, or other gas, to a pressure
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
above atmosphere.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.2.7 retraction, n—in yarns and cords, the reduction in
D 885 Methods for Testing Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics,
length when previous restraint is removed and relaxation is
and Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured
2
allowed, thus causing a directionally proportional increase in
Organic-Base Fibers
2
linear density.
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
3.2.8 thermal shrinkage force, n—that force induced when a
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
2
restrained material is restricted from shrinking upon exposure
Textiles
to heat.
3. Terminology
3.2.9 thermal shrinkage force tester, n—an apparatus that
measures the force achieved when a yarn or similar specimen,
3.1 Definitions:—For definitions of textile terms used in this
held at constant (fixed) length, is subjected to a temperature
test method, refer to Terminology D 123.
above that at which the specimen was mounted in the appara-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tus.
3.2.1 adhesive-treated tire cord, n—a tire cord whose adhe-
3.2.10 tire, n—a load-bearing, ground-contacting circum-
ferential attachment to a vehicle wheel.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles 3.2.11 yarn, n—a generic term for a continuous strand of
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabrics.
textile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1998. Published March 1999. Originally
knitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile
published as D 5591 – 95. Last previous edition D 5591 – 98.
2
fabric.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
...

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ASTM D5591-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester

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5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.  
5.3 The thermal...
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5.1 The water content of raw or lint cotton determined by this practice, calculated from the required volume of reagent, may be greater, equal to or less than the moisture content measured by standard oven drying methods. These differences may be of significance in commercial transactions (1-3)4 (see also Appendix X2). Water content by this method is not to be considered the same attribute as moisture content.  
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Inspection Practice  
Section  
Fabric Rolls  
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Cut Pieces & OPW  
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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of technical terms related to force and deformation properties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile. (See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.) A chart showing the relationship of the basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
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1.1 This standard is a compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.62 on Labeling and related to refurbishing or care of floor coverings and textile upholstered furniture, excluding leather. These items cannot be refurbished by the laundering and dry cleaning methods used for apparel and other domestic textile products.  
1.2 This document defines terms for the care of textile floor coverings and textile upholstered furniture. The exact care instructions and sequence of procedures are to be determined by the manufacturer.  
1.3 The recommended terminology covers common meanings used by both textile technologists and consumers.  
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1.6 The use of either a permanent or a nonattached care instruction should not preclude the use of the alternative as an additional source of information to the consumer.  
1.7 The term “only” in any label term limits the procedure to the stated instruction.  
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1.9 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, Terminology D5253 is also useful for managing the subcommittee's terminology.  
1.10 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of SC D13.62.  
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5.1 Qualitative and quantitative fiber identification is actively pursued by committee RA24 (Fiber Identification) of AATCC and presented in AATCC Test Methods 20 and 20A. Since precision and bias development is also part of the AATCC test methods, both AATCC and ASTM D13 have agreed that new development will take place in RA24. However, because there is valuable information still present in the ASTM standards, D13.51 has agreed Test MethodsD276 and D629 will be maintained as active standards by ASTM.  
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of the fiber blend composition of mixtures of the fibers listed in 1.2. Procedures for quantitative estimation of the amount of moisture and certain nonfibrous materials in textiles are also described, for use in the analysis of mixtures, but these are not the primary methods for the determination of moisture content for commercial weights.  
1.2 These test methods cover procedures for the following fiber types:  
1.2.1 Natural Fibers:  
1.2.1.1 Cellulose-Base Fibers:  
Cotton
Hemp
Flax
Ramie
1.2.1.2 Protein-Base Fibers:  
Animal hairs (other than wool)
Silk, cultivated
Silk, Tussah
Wool  
1.2.2 Man-Made Fibers:  
1.2.2.1 Cellulose-Base Fibers:  
Acetate (secondary)
Rayon, viscose or cuprammonium
Triacetate
1.2.2.2 Synthetic-Base Fibers:  
Acrylic
Aramid
Modacrylic
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Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Methods  
4  
Uses and Significance  
5  
Sampling  
7  
Purity of Reagents  
6  
Moisture Content or Moisture Regain  
9  
Nonfibrous Materials  
8  
Mechanical Separation or Dissection  
10  
Chemical Test Methods:  
Summary of Methods  
11  
Specimens and Symbols  
12  
No. 1 Acetate Mixed With Other Fibers  
13  
No. 2 Modacrylic Mixed With Cellulosic Fiber or Wool  
14  
No. 3 Nylon 6 or Nylon 6-6 Mixed With Natural Fibers or Rayon  
15  
No. 4 Rayon Mixed With Cotton  
16  
No. 5 Wool or Polyester Mixed With Cellulosic Fibers or Silk  
17  
No. 6 Polyester or Acrylic Mixed With Wool  
18  
No. 7 Natural Cellulosic Material and Rayon Mixed With Acrylic, Modacrylic, and Polyester  
19  
No. 8 Polyester Mixed With Olefin  
20  
No. 9 Polyester Mixe...

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ASTM
ASTM D6419-00(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Volatile Content of Sheet-Fed and Coldset Web Offset Printing Inks

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is the procedure of choice for determining volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset inks. This information is useful to the ink manufacturer and user and to environmental interests as part of the determination of the mass of volatile organic compounds emitted from the ink.
Note 3: Since these inks do not contain water or any materials currently classified by US EPA as negligibly photochemically reactive (exempt solvents), volatile organic compound content is the same as volatile content. The volatile organic compounds in these inks are high boiling hydrocarbon oils which are, according to US EPA guidelines, 95 % retained in the printed substrate or oxidized into the ink film. Therefore, the mass of volatile organic compound emitted from the ink would be calculated as only 5 % of the volatile organic compound content of the ink as derived from the results of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determination of the weight percent volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset printing inks. Test specimens are heated at 110 °C ± 1 °C for 60 min.
Note 1: Coldset web offset printing is often (also) referred to as non-heatset web offset printing.  
1.2 This test method is also applicable to sheet-fed and coldset web offset printing ink vehicles.
Note 2: Vehicle is the liquid portion of the printing ink. Any substance that is dissolved in the liquid portion of the ink is a part of the vehicle.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to ultra-violet (UV) or electron beam cured materials, which must be cured by exposure to UV light or an electron beam as part of the test for volatile content.  
1.4 This test method is based on Test Method D2369, in which the allowable ranges are ±0.1 g for specimen weight and ±5 °C for oven temperature. Interlaboratory studies have shown that specimen weight and oven temperature must both be more tightly controlled in order to improve the precision of test results for sheet-fed and coldset web-offset inks. Such inks typically contain a wide range of high-boiling hydrocarbons and often have a volatile content below 25 %.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement see 7.5.1  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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