iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E947-83(2007)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis

Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Sample probes shall be used to extract liquid or steam from the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using a wall-accessing valve and pipe arrangement. Sampling lines shall be as short as practical and of sufficient strength to prevent structural failure. Valves which control access to the sampling point shall have straight throats. The tube through which the sample flows shall be continuous through the cooling location so there will be no possibility of sample contamination or dilution from the cooling water. Liquid sample containers and compatible closures shall not bias the sample components of interest. Devices used to collect and transport the gas component of the samples shall be resistant to chemical reactions and to gaseous diffusion or adsorption. Filters, when used, shall be housed in a pressure-tight container assuring that the full flow passes through the filter. The sampling apparatus shall be kept clean.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included. See Fig 1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2007
ICS
07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
Technical Committee
E44 - Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources
Drafting Committee
E44.15 - Geothermal Field Development, Utilization and Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E947-83(2002) - Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1675-20 - Standard Practice for Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007

Buy Standard

ASTM E947-83(2007) - Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical AnalysisASTM E947-83(2007) - Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
PreviousNext
Technical specification
ASTM E947-83(2007) - Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E947 −83(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for
Purposes of Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E947; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.1.1 The probe permits the sampling of various positions
within the flow to determine whether stratified or annular
1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for
two-phase flow is present which would bias a single-point
equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and
sample.
representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or
steam. Geopressured liquids are included. See Fig. 1.
4.2 Sample probes shall be designed to extract representa-
tive samples from flowing systems. Special attention during
2. Referenced Documents
construction of the probe shall be given to the stresses that the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
probe will later be subjected to during insertion into, and
D1192 Guide for Equipment for Sampling Water and Steam
operation in, a pressurized flowing system.
in Closed Conduits (Withdrawn 2003)
4.3 The sampling probe (see Fig. 2) passes through the
sliding seal and access valve in order that liquid or steam can
3. Application
be sampled from the mainstream of the flow line. Thereafter,
3.1 This specification covers only that equipment which is
the sample contacts only surfaces that the operator can verify
commonly used for the sampling of single-phase geothermal
are noncontaminating and nonabsorbing.
liquid or steam. It does not cover specialized equipment
4.3.1 Moving the probe tip across the diameter of the pipe
required for, and unique to, a specific test or method of
may allow the operator to determine the existence of stratifi-
analysis.The specification covers items such as valves, fittings,
cation or multiphase sampling problems.
tubing,coolingcoilsandcondensers,pumps,degassers,sample
4.3.2 Flow regulation is accomplished downstream of the
containers, sample probes, and packaging materials, but ex-
cooling coils in order to avoid residual flashing into steam at
cludes equipment used in specific testing and analysis.
the point of pressure reduction. Flashing may cause scale
3.2 This procedure applies to single-phase steam or liquid
deposition which would preclude the accurate determination of
streams prior to separation and to separated single-phase steam
certain constituents.
or liquid streams.
3.3 For most geothermal and geopressured fluids tested by
5. Sampling Lines
the procedures outlined in this specification, both liquid and
5.1 Safety—Sampling lines shall be as short as practical and
gas samples may be collected.
of sufficient strength to prevent structural failure.
4. Sample Probes
5.2 Construction—All sample lines shall be constructed to
eliminate traps in which condensate, entrained particulates, or
4.1 Sample probes shall be used to extract liquid or steam
scale precipitates might settle since they may be partially
from the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using a
emptied with changes in flow conditions and may result in
wall-accessing valve and pipe arrangement.
sample contamination. Allow for thermal expansion.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,
Geothermal and OtherAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of 6. Valves, Fittings, and Gages
SubcommitteeE44.15onGeothermalFieldDevelopment,UtilizationandMaterials.
6.1 Valves which control access to the sampling point shall
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally
approved in 1983. Lasts previous edition approved in 2002 as E947-83(2002). DOI:
have straight throats (frequently designated as ball, plug, and
10.1520/E0947-83R07.
gate valves). This permits a probe to be inserted directly into
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the flow.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.2 It is recommended that at least one full-port shut-off
the ASTM website.
3 valve be placed on the downstream end of the sample probe so
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. that the sampling line may be isolated when desired.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E947−83 (2007)
FIG. 1 Example Assembly (Particularly Suited for Liquid Flows)
FIG. 2 Sample Probe
6.3 Throttling devices such as valves, capillary tubes, or the coil is low and the time lag of sample through the cooling
orifices, if used, shall be placed at the sample outlet of the phase will be a minimum.
cooler or condenser. This practice will ensure cooling at the
7.2 When the temperature of the sample is above the boiling
highest pressure and will minimize the possibility of fluid
point of water, it may be advantageous, in order to conserve
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E947-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Sample probes shall be used to extract liquid or steam from the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using a wall-accessing valve and pipe arrangement. Sampling lines shall be as short as practical and of sufficient strength to prevent structural failure. Valves which control access to the sampling point shall have straight throats. The tube through which the sample flows shall be continuous through the cooling location so there will be no possibility of sample contamination or dilution from the cooling water. Liquid sample containers and compatible closures shall not bias the sample components of interest. Devices used to collect and transport the gas component of the samples shall be resistant to chemical reactions and to gaseous diffusion or adsorption. Filters, when used, shall be housed in a pressure-tight container assuring that the full flow passes through the filter. The sampling apparatus shall be kept clean.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment and the techniques to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E974-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Specifying Thermal Performance of Geothermal Power Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Thermal efficiency and heat rate are frequently utilized to evaluate the thermodynamic quality of fossil fuel-fired power plants.2 Evaluation of geothermal systems using similar definitions of thermal efficiency and heat rate is inappropriate, except for plants which operate on a cycle, such as binary plants. A utilization efficiency, defined as the ratio of net work output to the ideal work available from the geofluid, provides a more equitable basis for evaluation of the thermodynamic excellence of geothermal systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers power plant performance terms and criteria for use in evaluation and comparison of geothermal energy conversion and power generation systems. The special nature of these geothermal systems makes performance criteria commonly used to evaluate conventional fossil fuel-fired systems of limited value. This guide identifies the limitations of the less useful criteria and defines an equitable basis for measuring the quality of differing thermal cycles and plant equipment for geothermal resources.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E957-03(2019)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Geothermal Energy
  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5096-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a standard for comparison of rotating type anemometers, specifically cup anemometers and propeller anemometers, of different types. Specifications by regulatory agencies (4-7) and industrial societies have specified performance values. This standard provides an unambiguous method for measuring starting threshold, distance constant, transfer function, and off-axis response.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the starting threshold, distance constant, transfer function, and off-axis response of a cup anemometer or propeller anemometer from direct measurement in a wind tunnel.  
1.2 This test method provides for a measurement of cup anemometer or propeller anemometer performance in the environment of wind tunnel airflow. Transference of values determined by these methods to atmospheric flow must be done with an understanding that there is a difference between the two flow systems.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5527-23(Practice)
Standard Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sonic anemometer/thermometers are used to measure turbulent components of the atmosphere except in confined areas and very close to the ground. These practices apply to the use of these instruments for field measurement of the wind, sonic temperature, and atmospheric turbulence components. The quasi-instantaneous velocity component measurements are averaged over user-selected sampling times to define mean along-axis wind components, mean wind speed and direction, and the variances or covariances, or both, of individual components or component combinations. Covariances are used for eddy correlation studies and for computation of boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes. The sonic anemometer/thermometer provides the data required to characterize the state of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer.  
5.2 The sonic anemometer/thermometer array shall have a sufficiently high structural rigidity and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain an internal alignment to within ±0.1°. System electronics must remain stable over its operating temperature range; the time counter oscillator instability must not exceed 0.01 % of frequency. Consult with the sensor manufacturer for an internal alignment verification procedure.  
5.3 The calculations and transformations provided in these practices apply to orthogonal arrays. References are also provided for common types of non-orthogonal arrays.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of temperature using ancillary temperature devices.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5741-96(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Characterizing Surface Wind Using a Wind Vane and Rotating Anemometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice will characterize the distribution of wind with a maximum of utility and a minimum of archive space. Applications of wind data to the fields of air quality, wind engineering, wind energy, agriculture, oceanography, forecasting, aviation, climatology, severe storms, turbulence and diffusion, military, and electrical utilities are satisfied with this practice. When this practice is employed, archive data will be of value to any of these fields of application. The consensus reached for this practice includes representatives of instrument manufacturers which provides a practical acceptance of these theoretical principles used to characterize the wind.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a method for characterizing surface wind speed, wind direction, peak one-minute speeds, peak three-second and peak one-minute speeds, and standard deviations of fluctuation about the means of speed and direction.  
1.2 This practice may be used with other kinds of sensors if the response characteristics of the sensors, including their signal conditioners, are equivalent or faster and the measurement uncertainty of the system is equivalent or better than those specified below.  
1.3 The characterization prescribed in this practice will provide information on wind acceptable for a wide variety of applications.  
Note 1: This practice builds on a consensus reached by the attendees at a workshop sponsored by the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research in Rockville, MD on Oct. 29–30, 1992.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6429-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide applies to commonly used surface geophysical methods for those applications listed in Table 1. The rating system used in Table 1 is based upon the ability of each method to produce results under average field conditions when compared to other methods applied to the same application. An “A” rating implies a preferred method and a “B” rating implies an alternate method. There may be a single method or multiple methods that can be successfully applied. There may also be a method or methods that will be successful technically at a lower cost. Selection of the most appropriate method(s) must be made based on the scale and setting of the target. The final selection must be made considering site specific conditions and project objectives; therefore, it is critical to have a qualified professional make the final decision as to the method(s) selected.  
5.1.1 Benson et al (1)  provides one of the earlier guides to the application of geophysics to environmental problems.  
5.1.2 Ward (2) is a three-volume compendium that deals with geophysical methods applied to geotechnical and environmental problems.  
5.1.3 Butler (3) provides detailed technical explanations of near-surface geophysical methods and includes several detailed case histories.  
5.1.4 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual (4) provides introductory chapters for the methods of Geophysical Exploration for Engineering and Environmental Investigations. This manual can be downloaded for no charge from the Corps of Engineers website.  
5.1.5 Olhoeft (5) provides an expert system for helping select geophysical methods to be used at hazardous waste sites.  
5.1.6 The U.S. EPA (6) provides an excellent literature review of the theory and use of geophysical methods for use at contaminated sites.  
5.2 An Introduction to Geophysical Measurements:  
5.2.1 Geophysical measurements provide a means of mapping lateral and vertical variations of one or more physical properties or monitoring temporal cha...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of surface geophysical methods, as commonly applied to geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, and environmental site investigations and subsequent site characterization, as well as forensic and archaeological applications. These geophysical methods are rarely the sole method used in the site investigation and are often used for pre-screening to guide how and where drilling, sampling or other targeted in situ testing are conducted. This guide does not describe the specific procedures for conducting geophysical surveys. Individual guides have been developed for many surface geophysical methods.  
1.2 Surface geophysical methods yield direct and indirect measurements of the physical properties of soil and rock and pore fluids, as well as buried objects.  
1.3 This guide provides an overview of applications for which surface geophysical methods are appropriate. It does not address the details of the theory underlying specific methods, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of this guide be familiar with the references cited (1-27)2 and with Guides D420, D5730, D5753, D5777, D6285, D6430, D6431, D6432, D6820, D7046, and D7128, as well as Practices D5088, D5608, D6235, and Test Methods D4428/D4428M, D7400/D7400M, and G57.  
1.4 To obtain detailed information on specific geophysical methods, ASTM standards, other publications, and references cited in this guide, should be consulted.  
1.5 The success of a geophysical survey is dependent upon many factors. One of the most important factors is the competence of the person(s) responsible for planning, carrying out the survey, and interpreting the data. An understanding of the method's theory, field procedures, and interpretation along with an understanding of the site geology, is necessary to successful...

  • Guide
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G167-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Calibration of a Pyranometer Using a Pyrheliometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The pyranometer is a radiometer designed to measure the sum of directly solar radiation and sky radiation in such proportions as solar altitude, atmospheric conditions and cloud cover may produce. When tilted to the equator, by an angle β, pyranometers measure only hemispherical radiation falling in the plane of the radiation receptor.  
4.2 This test method represents the only practical means for calibration of a reference pyranometer. While the sun-trackers, the shading disk, the number of instantaneous readings, and the electronic display equipment used will vary from laboratory to laboratory, the method provides for the minimum acceptable conditions, procedures and techniques required.  
4.3 While, in theory, the choice of tilt angle (β) is unlimited, in practice, satisfactory precision is achieved over a range of tilt angles close to the zenith angles used in the field.  
4.4 The at-tilt calibration as performed in the tilted position relates to a specific tilted position and in this position requires no tilt correction. However, a tilt correction may be required to relate the calibration to other orientations, including axis vertical.
Note 1: WMO High Quality pyranometers generally exhibit tilt errors of less than 0.5 %. Tilt error is the percentage deviation from the responsivity at 0° tilt (horizontal) due to change in tilt from 0° to 90° at 1000 W·m23.  
4.5 Traceability of calibrations to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) is achieved through comparison to a reference absolute pyrheliometer that is itself traceable to the WRR through one of the following:  
4.5.1 One of the International Pyrheliometric Comparisons (IPC) held in Davos, Switzerland since 1980 (IPC IV). See Refs (3-7).  
4.5.2 Any like intercomparison held in the United States, Canada or Mexico and sanctioned by the World Meteorological Organization as a Regional Intercomparison of Absolute Cavity Pyrheliometers.  
4.5.3 Intercomparison with any absolute cavity pyrheliometer t...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an integration of previous Test Method E913 dealing with the calibration of pyranometers with axis vertical and previous Test Method E941 on calibration of pyranometers with axis tilted. This amalgamation of the two methods essentially harmonizes the methodology with ISO 9846.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to all pyranometers regardless of the radiation receptor employed, and is applicable to pyranometers in horizontal as well as tilted positions.  
1.3 This test method is mandatory for the calibration of all secondary standard pyranometers as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and ISO 9060, and for any pyranometer used as a reference pyranometer in the transfer of calibration using Test Method E842.  
1.4 Two types of calibrations are covered: Type I calibrations employ a self-calibrating, absolute pyrheliometer, and Type II calibrations employ a secondary reference pyrheliometer as the reference standard (secondary reference pyrheliometers are defined by WMO and ISO 9060).  
1.5 Calibrations of reference pyranometers may be performed by a method that makes use of either an altazimuth or equatorial tracking mount in which the axis of the radiometer's radiation receptor is aligned with the sun during the shading disk test.  
1.6 The determination of the dependence of the calibration factor (calibration function) on variable parameters is called characterization. The characterization of pyranometers is not specifically covered by this method.  
1.7 This test method is applicable only to calibration procedures using the sun as the light source.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This interna...

  • Standard
    21 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E337-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The object of this test method is to provide guidelines for the construction of a psychrometer and the techniques required for accurately measuring the humidity in the atmosphere. Only the essential features of the psychrometer are specified.
SCOPE
1.1 General:  
1.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the humidity of atmospheric air by means of wet- and dry-bulb temperature readings.  
1.1.2 This test method is applicable for meteorological measurements at the earth's surface, for the purpose of the testing of materials, and for the determination of the relative humidity of most standard atmospheres and test atmospheres.  
1.1.3 This test method is also applicable when the temperature of the wet bulb only is required. In this case, the instrument comprises a wet-bulb thermometer only.  
1.1.4 Relative humidity (RH) does not denote a unit. Uncertainties in the relative humidity are expressed in the form RH ± rh %, which means that the relative humidity is expected to lie in the range (RH − rh) % to (RH  + rh) %, where RH is the observed relative humidity. All uncertainties are at the 95 % confidence level.  
1.2 Method A—Psychrometer Ventilated by Aspiration:  
1.2.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by aspiration. The aspirated psychrometer is more accurate than the sling (whirling) psychrometer (see Method B), and it offers advantages in regard to the space which it requires, the possibility of using alternative types of thermometers (for example, electrical), easier shielding of thermometer bulbs from extraneous radiation, accidental breakage, and convenience.  
1.2.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 °C to 80 °C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1 °C, and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30 %.  
1.3 Method B—Psychrometer Ventilated by Whirling (Sling Psychrometer):  
1.3.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by whirling (sling psychrometer).  
1.3.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 °C to 50 °C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1 °C and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30 %.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary statements, see 8.1 and 15.1.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    24 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1367-03(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General:  
5.1.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals eventually accumulate in sediment. Mounting evidences exists of environmental degradation in areas where USEPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC; Stephan et al.(66)) are not exceeded, yet organisms in or near sediments are adversely affected Chapman, 1989  (67). The WQC were developed to protect organisms in the water column and were not directed toward protecting organisms in sediment. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be several orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water; however, whole sediment concentrations have not been strongly correlated to bioavailability Burton, 1991 (68). Partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factors including: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituents (oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfides in sediment Di Toro et al. 1991(69) Giesy et al. 1988 (70). Although certain chemicals are highly sorbed to sediment, these compounds may still be available to the biota. Chemicals in sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemicals for bioaccumulation in the food chain.  
5.1.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests Kemp et al. 1988, (71). Sediment tests can be used ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing estuarine or marine organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. General guidance is presented in Sections 1 – 15 for conducting sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods. Specific guidance for conducting 10-d sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods is outlined in Annex A1 and specific guidance for conducting 28-d sediment toxicity tests with  Leptocheirus plumulosus is outlined in Annex A2.  
1.2 Procedures are described for testing estuarine or marine amphipod crustaceans in 10-d laboratory exposures to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments (Annex A1; USEPA 1994a (1)). Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. A toxicity method is outlined for four species of estuarine or marine sediment-burrowing amphipods found within United States coastal waters. The species are Ampelisca abdita, a marine species that inhabits marine and mesohaline portions of the Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay; Eohaustorius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine species; Leptocheirus plumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine species; and Rhepoxynius abronius , a Pacific coast marine species. Generally, the method described may be applied to all four species, although acclimation procedures and some test conditions (that is, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific (Sections 12 and Annex A1). The toxicity test is conducted in 1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and 775 mL of overlying seawater. Exposure is static (that is, water is not renewed), and the animals are not fed over the 10-d exposure period. The endpoint in the toxicity test is survival with reburial of surviving amphipods as an additional m...

  • Standard
    62 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off