ASTM E1675-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
Standard Practice for Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The objective of this practice is to obtain representative samples of the steam and liquid phases as they exist in the pipeline at the sample point, without allowing steam condensation or additional liquid flashing in the separator. A significant feature of the practice is the use of a cyclone-type separator for high-efficiency phase separation which is operated at flow rates high enough to prevent significant heat loss while maintaining an internal pressure essentially the same as the pipeline pressure.
4.2 Another significant feature of the practice is to locate the sampling separator at a point on the pipeline where the two-phase flow is at least partially stratified to aid in the separation process. It is neither necessary nor possible to pass representative proportions of each phase through the sampling separator to obtain representative samples. The separator is usually attached to an appropriately oriented port to collect each specific phase – normally on top of the line for steam and at the bottom for liquid. In some cases, piping configurations can generate unusual flow regimes where the reverse is required. If the ratio of one phase to another is not extreme, it may be possible to obtain representative samples of each phase from a horizontal port on the side of the pipeline.
4.3 This practice is used whenever liquid or steam samples, or both, must be collected from a two-phase discharge for chemical analysis. This typically includes initial well-testing operations when a well is discharged to the atmosphere or routine well production when a well discharges to a fluid gathering system and power plant. The combined two-phase flow of several wells producing through a common gathering system may also be sampled in accordance with this practice.
4.4 This practice is not typically employed when individual wells produce to dedicated production separators. In these cases, the separated steam and liquid at the outlet of the production separator is samp...
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to obtain representative samples of liquid and steam as they exist in a pipeline transporting two-phase geothermal fluids.
1.1.1 The liquid and steam samples are collected and properly preserved for subsequent chemical analysis in the field or an off-site analytical laboratory.
1.1.2 The chemical composition data generated from the analysis of liquid and steam samples may be used for many applications important to geothermal energy exploration, development, and the long-term managed exploitation of geothermal resources. These applications include, but are not limited to, resource evaluations such as determining reservoir temperature and the origin of reservoir fluids, tracer-based measurements of production flow and enthalpy (TFT), compatibility of produced fluids with production, power generation and reinjection hardware exposed to the fluids (corrosivity and scale deposition potential), long-term reservoir monitoring during field exploitation, and environmental impact evaluations including emissions testing.
1.1.2.1 To fully utilize the chemical composition data in the applications stated in 1.1.2, specific physical data related to the two-phase discharge, wellbore, and geothermal reservoir may be required. Mathematical reconstruction of the fluid chemistry (liquid and steam) to reservoir conditions is a primary requirement in many applications. At a minimum, this requires precise knowledge of the total fluid enthalpy and pressure or temperature at the sample point. Fluid reconstruction and computations to conditions different from the sample collection point are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.2 This practice is limited to the collection of samples from two-phase flow streams at pressures greater than 70 kPa gauge (10 psig) and having a volumetric vapor fraction of at least 20 %. This practice is not applicable to single-phase flow streams such as pumped liquid disch...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1675 − 20
Standard Practice for
Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of
1
Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope the flash point or superheated steam flows. Refer to Specifica-
tion E947 for sampling single-phase geothermal fluids.
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to obtain representative
samples of liquid and steam as they exist in a pipeline
1.3 The sampling of geothermal fluid two-phase flow
transporting two-phase geothermal fluids.
streams (liquid and steam) requires specialized sampling
1.1.1 The liquid and steam samples are collected and
equipment and proper orientation of sample ports with respect
properly preserved for subsequent chemical analysis in the
to the two-phase flow line. This practice is applicable to wells
field or an off-site analytical laboratory.
not equipped with individual production separators.
1.1.2 The chemical composition data generated from the
analysis of liquid and steam samples may be used for many 1.4 Thetwo-phaseequipmentandtechniquesdescribedhere
applications important to geothermal energy exploration,
areoftentheonlywaytoobtainrepresentativesteamandliquid
development, and the long-term managed exploitation of
samples from individual producing geothermal wells. They
geothermal resources. These applications include, but are not
have been developed to address common two-phase conditions
limited to, resource evaluations such as determining reservoir
such as:
temperature and the origin of reservoir fluids, tracer-based
1.4.1 Unstable production flow rates that have a large
measurements of production flow and enthalpy (TFT), com-
degree of surging,
patibility of produced fluids with production, power generation
1.4.2 Unknown percentage of total flow that is flashed to
and reinjection hardware exposed to the fluids (corrosivity and
steam or is continuously flashing through the production
scale deposition potential), long-term reservoir monitoring
system,
during field exploitation, and environmental impact evalua-
tions including emissions testing.
1.4.3 Mineral deposition during and after flashing of the
1.1.2.1 To fully utilize the chemical composition data in the
produced fluid in wellbores, production piping, and sampling
applications stated in 1.1.2, specific physical data related to the
trains,
two-phase discharge, wellbore, and geothermal reservoir may
1.4.4 Stratification of flow inside the pipeline and unusual
berequired.Mathematicalreconstructionofthefluidchemistry
flow regimes at the sampling ports, and
(liquid and steam) to reservoir conditions is a primary require-
1.4.5 Insufficient flash fraction to obtain a steam sample.
mentinmanyapplications.Ataminimum,thisrequiresprecise
knowledge of the total fluid enthalpy and pressure or tempera-
1.5 This practice covers the sample locations, specialized
tureatthesamplepoint.Fluidreconstructionandcomputations
sampling equipment, and procedures needed to obtain repre-
to conditions different from the sample collection point are
sentative liquid and steam samples for chemical analysis.
beyond the scope of this practice.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 Thispracticeislimitedtothecollectionofsamplesfrom
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
two-phase flow streams at pressures greater than 70 kPa gauge
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(10 psig) and having a volumetric vapor fraction of at least
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
20 %. This practice is not applicable to single-phase flow
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
streams such as pumped liquid discharges at pressures above
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,
Geothermal and OtherAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
SubcommitteeE44.15onGeothermalFieldDevelopment,UtilizationandMaterials.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2020. Published September 2020. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 1995. Last pre
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1675 − 04 (Reapproved 2012) E1675 − 20
Standard Practice for
Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of
1
Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to obtain representative samples of liquid and steam as they exist in a pipeline transporting
two-phase geothermal fluids.
1.1.1 The liquid and steam samples are collected and properly preserved for subsequent chemical analysis in the field or an off-site
analytical laboratory.
1.1.2 The chemical composition data generated from the analysis of liquid and steam samples may be used for many applications
important to geothermal energy exploration, development, and the long-term managed exploitation of geothermal resources. These
applications include, but are not limited to, resource evaluations such as determining reservoir temperature and the origin of
reservoir fluids, tracer-based measurements of production flow and enthalpy (TFT), compatibility of produced fluids with
production, power generation and reinjection hardware exposed to the fluids (corrosivity and scale deposition potential), long-term
reservoir monitoring during field exploitation, and environmental impact evaluations including emissions testing.
1.1.2.1 To fully utilize the chemical composition data in the applications stated in 1.1.2, specific physical data related to the
two-phase discharge, wellbore, and geothermal reservoir may be required. Mathematical reconstruction of the fluid chemistry
(liquid and steam) to reservoir conditions is a primary requirement in many applications. At a minimum, this requires precise
knowledge of the total fluid enthalpy and pressure or temperature at the sample point. Fluid reconstruction and computations to
conditions different from the sample collection point are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.2 This practice is limited to the collection of samples from two-phase flow streams at pressures greater than 70 kPa gauge (10
psig) and having a volumetric vapor fraction of at least 20 %. This practice is not applicable to single-phase flow streams such as
pumped liquid discharges at pressures above the flash point or superheated steam flows. Refer to Specification E947 for sampling
single-phase geothermal fluids.
1.3 The sampling of geothermal fluid two-phase flow streams (liquid and steam) requires specialized sampling equipment and
proper orientation of sample ports with respect to the two-phase flow line. This practice is applicable to wells not equipped with
individual production separators.
1.4 In many cases, these techniques are the only possible The two-phase equipment and techniques described here are often the
only way to obtain representative steam and liquid samples from individual producing geothermal wells. The sampling problems
that exist include the following:They have been developed to address common two-phase conditions such as:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E44.15 on Geothermal Field Development, Utilization and Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012Sept. 1, 2020. Published December 2012September 2020. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20042012
ε1
as E1675 – 04 (2012). . DOI: 10.1520/E1675-04R12.10.1520/E1675-20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E1675 − 20
1.4.1 Unstable production flow rates that have a large degree of surging,
1.4.2 Unknown percentage of total flow that is flashed to steam or is continuously flashing through the production system,
1.4.3 Mineral deposition during and after flashing of the produced fluid in wellbores, production piping, and sampling trains,
1.4.4 Stratification of flow inside the pipeline and unusual flow regimes at the sampling ports, and
1.4.5 Insufficient flash fraction to obtain a steam sample.
1.5 This practice covers the sample locations, specialized sampling equipment, and procedures needed to obtain representative
liquid and steam samples for chemical analysis.
1.6 This standard does
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