ASTM D5680-95a(2001)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or Similar Containers
Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or Similar Containers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of unconsolidated solid materials from drums or similar containers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or compromised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for example, remote drum opening, overpressurized drum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of unconsolidated solids in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements should be described in the site-specific work plan.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D5680–95a (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or Similar
Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5680; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5633 Practice for Sampling with a Scoop
2.2 NSC Document:
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for
Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations,
collecting samples of unconsolidated solids in drums or similar
containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sam-
2.3 Government Documents:
pling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less.
Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/
These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product,
600/2-86/013, January 1986
or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements
Soil Sampling and Analysis for Volatile Compounds, EPA/
should be described in the site-specific work plan.
540/4-91/001, February 1991
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
Hazardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute for
information only.
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Coast
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Guard (USCG), and U.S Environmental Protection
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Agency (EPA), October 1985
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bonding—touching the sample equipment to the drum
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to form an electrically conductive path to minimize potential
C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-
electrical differences between the sampling equipment and the
ing Size
drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.
D4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile
3.1.2 bung—usually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or ⁄4-in. (1.3-cm)
Organic Compounds
diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bung
D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
hole.
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
3.1.3 bung hole—an opening in a barrel or drum through
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
which it can be filled, emptied, or vented.
Used at Waste Sites
3.1.4 deheading—removal of the lid of a closed-head drum;
D5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
usually accomplished with a drum deheader.
lated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assurance
3.1.5 drum—implies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-
and Quality Control Planning and Implementation
tainer of 5 to 110 U.S gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.
D5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier Sampler
3.1.6 pail—a small container, usually with a capacity of 5
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
U.S gal. Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the entire lid
can be removed.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
3.1.7 paperwork—all required site documentation, which
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
may include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety data
Sampling Techniques.
sheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, and
Current edition approved June 15, 1995. Published August 1995. Originally
chain of custody forms.
published as D5680 – 95. Last previous edition D5680 – 95. DOI: 10.1520/D5680-
95AR01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from National Safety Council, P.O. Box 558, Itasca, IL 60143-0558.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
the ASTM website. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5680–95a (2001)
3.1.8 unconsolidated—for solid material, the characteristic techniques that will minimize variation in measured character-
of being uncemented or uncompacted, or both, and separated istics between the available fractions and the resulting sample
easily into smaller particles. (Practice C702).
3.1.9 work plan—a plan specific to a particular site; for
7.1.5 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equip-
conducting activities specified in the plan.
ment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inert to
the material being sampled. All equipment, including sample
4. Summary of Practice
containers, shall be inspected before use to ensure that they are
4.1 Thedrumanditscontentsareinspected,andappropriate
clear of obvious dirt and contamination and are in good
sampling equipment is selected. A clean sampling device is
working condition. Visible contamination shall be removed,
then used to auger, scoop, or core into the unconsolidated solid
and the equipment shall be decontaminated with the appropri-
material to be sampled. The sample is collected and placed in
ate rinse materials. Decontaminated sampling equipment
asamplecontainer.Thesamplingdeviceistheneitherdisposed
should be protected from contamination.This may include, but
of or cleaned and decontaminated.
not be limited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags,
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protec-
5. Significance and Use
tion that will not impact the sample quality of intended
5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of
analysis.
unconsolidated solid materials from drums or similar contain-
7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Practices:
ers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or compro-
7.2.1 Review all paperwork.
mised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for example,
7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containers
remote drum opening, overpressurized drum opening, drum
appropriateforthematerialinthedrum,asdetailedinthework
deheading, etc.) are described in Drum Handling Practices at
plan.
Hazardous Waste Sites.
7.2.3 Enter the work zone.
6. Interferences
7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note any
abnormal conditions, including rust marks, stains, bulges, or
6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and the
other signs of pressurization or leaks that may require special
condition and accessibility of the drums will have a significant
handling. The work plan should define clearly the limiting
impact on the selection of sampling equipment.
condition under which special handling procedures shall be
7. Pre-Sampling
initiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste
Sites for information on opening overpressurized drums and
7.1 General Principles and Precautions:
the use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.
7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with an
appropriate work plan (Practice D5283 and Guide D4687). 7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated work
area if they cannot be sampled in their current location. See
This plan must include a worker health and safety section
because there are potential hazards associated with opening Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for further
information on staging turns.
drums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous
7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright, stable positions if
Waste Site Activities for information on health and safety at necessary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to
hazardous waste sites.
prevent movement hazards.
7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to the
7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to be
conditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specify
sampled.
rigid rules describing the exact manner of sample collection
7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.
because of unknowns associated with each solid sampling
7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from drum labels,
situation. It is essential that the samples be collected by a
markings, data sheets, etc. in the field log book or on forms
trained and experienced sampler because of the various con-
specified in the work plan.
ditions under which drummed solids must be sampled.
7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existing
7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-
paperwork.
ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the sampling
7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the lid, or loosen
procedure must allow for some element of randomness in
the bung allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.
selection because of the possible variations in the material.The
7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:
sampler should always be on the alert for possible biases
(1) If the drum or pail appears to be under positive or
arising from the use of a particular sampling device or from
negative pressure (that is, a slight bulge or dimple in the lid),
unexpected segregation within the material.
control the release of pressure until it has equalized. For
7.1.4 All auger, trier, thief, and scoop methods may fail a
example, if the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen the
prime sampling requirement: that of random selection of
smaller bung first since doing so will make it easier to control
sample fractions. Scoops are limited to use at or near the top
the release of pressure.
surface. Augers, triers, and thiefs are normally inserted in a
presentpattern.Particlesonthebottomoralongthesidesofthe (2) If the top of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), it
drum may consequently never have an opportunity to be may “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the sampler
included in a sample. Sample particles should be selected by with any material that is sitting on top of the drum.
D5680–95a (2001)
(3) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or sudden 7.3.3.2 Trier.
pressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi- 7.3.3.3 Auger.
ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipment 7.3.3.4 Concentric tube thief (single slot, multi-slot, grain
should be used. probe, and missouri trier).
(4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum and 7.3.3.5 Thin-walled tube.
sampling equipment should be grounded if the generation of 7.3.3.6 Scissors.
static electricity while opening or sampling the drum is a 7.3.3.7 Tongs.
possibility. The drum and sampling equipment should be 7.3.3.8 Hammer and chisel.
grounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (building 7.3.3.9 Cloths or wipes, or both.
ground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipment 7.3.3.10 Spatula.
may have some residual static electrical charge due to the 7.3.3.11 Sample containers, lids, and liners.
materials in which they are packed and shipped.The work plan 7.3.3.12 Chain of custody forms.
should specify whether grounding is necessary. See Accident 7.3.3.13 Field log books.
Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations for information 7.3.3.14 Sample labels.
on grounding and bonding. 7.3.3.15 Sample cooler.
7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closed 7.3.3.16 Ice or gel ice.
individually to minimize the risk of exposure. 7.3.3.17 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emery
7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with Bungs—Loosen the large cloth.
bung slowly. Use non-sparking tools. 7.3.3.18 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gas
7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable Lids—Loosen the ring indicator,organicvapordetectors,radiationsurveymeter,etc.).
slowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Use 7.3.4 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-
non-sparking tools. sparking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not be
7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever Lock limited to, the following:
Ring)—Release the lever slowly. 7.3.4.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),
7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)—Pry the lid 7.3.4.2 Flatblade screwdriver,
loose slowly with a pail lid opener. 7.3.4.3 Breaker bar ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading will be 7.3.4.4 Ratchet ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
required if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannot 7.3.4.5 Speed handle ( ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm)),
be removed. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous 7.3.4.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm)),
Waste Sites for further information on manual or remote drum 7.3.4.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and
opening. 7.3.4.8 Pail lid opener.
7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of free
8. Sample Collection
liquid) upon opening the drum should be recorded in the field
8.1 Basic Sampling Practices:
log book.
8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specified
7.3 Sampling Equipment—Selection:
in the work plan.
7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipment
8.1.2 Note the physical characteristics, including any dis-
by the material to be sampled.
crepancies (such as free liquid).
7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of Construction—
8.1.3 Collect the required number of samples from the
Sampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel, brass,
drum.
or aluminum. Devices using permanent coatings or liners (such
8.1.3.1 See Practice D4547 and Soil Sampling and Analysis
as PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading to contamination
for Volatile Compounds for the collection of samples for
of the sample.
volatile analysis.
7.3.3 Generic Equipment List—A general list of equipment
8.1.4 Place the collected material in a sample container.
used for sampling unconsolidated solids follows:
8.1.5 Close the sample container.
7.3.3.1 Scoop.
8.1.6 Wipe the outside of the sample container. Dispose of
the wipe cloth properly.
TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for Equipment
8.1.7 Recordinthefieldlogbookallrelevantconditionsand
Sheet, Cloth, Dry Moist
ASTM Cohesive physical characteristics associated with the collection of each
Equipment or Chunk Flowable Flowable
Standard Solid
sample.
Material Solids Solids
A 8.1.8 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, as
Scoop D5633 X XXX
B
Auger D4700 X . . .
required by the work plan.
Trier D5451 X . . X
8.1.9 Complete and attach the label to the side of the sample
C C
Thin-walled tube D4700 . X X
D
container before or after sampling, as direc
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