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ASTM E1497-17

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids

Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use of this practice will improve management and control of metal removal fluids. The proper management and use will reduce dermal and other occupational hazards associated with these fluids.  
4.1.1 Guide E2148 covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids, including this document. Documents referenced in Guide E2148 are grouped as applicable to producers, to users, or to all.  
4.1.2 Practice E2889 augments the information provided in this practice by providing information on approaches to reducing exposures to different types of metal removal fluid related aerosols.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the selection and safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials. This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.  
1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used at high dilution, and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and antimicrobials.  
1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oils of animal or vegetable origin, including oils that are modified for performance characteristics (for example, esterified rapeseed oil, and so forth). Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included in straight oil formulations.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2017
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
E34 - Occupational Health and Safety
Drafting Committee
E34.50 - Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1497-17 - Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsASTM E1497-17 - Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
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REDLINE ASTM E1497-17 - Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsREDLINE ASTM E1497-17 - Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1497 − 17 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil
1
Metal Removal Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the selection and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials. D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and main- Workplace Atmospheres
tenance. E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
at high dilution, and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally,
Safety
there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and
3
Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)
antimicrobials.
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-
1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-
dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other
Atmospheres
oils of animal or vegetable origin, including oils that are
E2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking
modified for performance characteristics (for example, esteri-
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
fied rapeseed oil, and so forth). Straight oils are not intended to
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
in straight oil formulations.
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-
formance
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. E2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the
Metal Removal Fluid Environment
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4
2.2 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
29 CFR 1910.132 General Requirements (Personal Protec-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tive Equipment) (e.g. gloves, sleeves, aprons, are critical
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
applications that avoid or reduce exposure)
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on the ASTM website.
3
Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originally www.astm.org.
4
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1497 – 05 (2011). Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government Printing
DOI: 10.1520/E1497-17. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1497 − 17
29 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart I Non-mandatory 3.2.8.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluids addressed by this
Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Per- practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further
sonal Protective Equipment Selection dilution with water, and water-miscible so
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1497 − 05 (Reapproved 2011) E1497 − 17 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil
1
Metal Removal Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the selection and safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials. This
includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.
1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used at high dilution, and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there
is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and
antimicrobials.
1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oils of
animal or vegetable origin, including oils that are modified for performance characteristics (for example, esterified rapeseed oil,
and so forth). Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included in straight oil
formulations.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety
3
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres
E2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
E2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
4
2.2 OSHA Standards (Occupational Safety and Health Administration):U.S. Code of Federal Regulations:
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
29 CFR 1910.132 General Requirements (Personal Protective Equipment) (e.g. gloves, sleeves, aprons, are critical applications
that avoid or reduce exposure)
29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Health
and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2017. Published March 2011October 2017. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 as
E1497 - 05.E1497 – 05 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/E1497-05R11.10.1520/E1497-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
4
Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E149
...

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ASTM E2523-23(Terminology)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to metalworking fluid management and plant environment health and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.  
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involved with both metalworking environment health and safety and fluid management.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the metalworking industry.  
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5.1 Measurement of mycobacterial cell count densities is an important step in establishing a possible relationship between mycobacteria and occupational health-related allergic responses, for example, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in persons exposed to aerosols of metalworking fluids. It is known that the viable mycobacteria count underestimates the total mycobacterial levels by not counting the non-culturable, possibly dead or moribund population that is potentially equally important in the investigation of occupational health-related problems. The direct microscopic counting method (DMC) described here gives a quantitative assessment of the total numbers of acid-fast bacilli. It involves using acid-fast staining to selectively identify mycobacteria from other bacteria, followed by enumeration or direct microscopic counting of a known volume over a known area. Although other microbes—particularly the Actinomycetes—also stain acid-fast, they are differentiated from the mycobacteria because of their morphology and size. Non-mycobacteria, acid-fast microbes are 50 to 100 times larger than mycobacteria. This practice provides quantitative information on the total (culturable and non-culturable viable, and non-viable) mycobacteria populations. The results are expressed quantitatively as mycobacteria per mL of metalworking fluid sample.  
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4.1 Use of this practice will improve management and control of metal removal fluids. The proper management and use will reduce dermal and other occupational hazards associated with these fluids.  
4.1.1 Guide E2148 covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids, including this document. Documents referenced in Guide E2148 are grouped as applicable to producers, to users, or to all.  
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5.5.3...
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1.1 This test method provides a protocol for capturing, extracting, and quantifying the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content associated with microorganisms found in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWFs).  
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1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.  
1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2013. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.  
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1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally, freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory room temperature for at least one week before diluting for foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.  
1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft, deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the expected range of dilution water quality are highly recommended.  
1.6 The temperature of the tested fluids can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, test fluids should be held and tested at temperatures that closely mimic the real-world application and process.  
1.7 Cleanliness of test apparatus is critical during foam evaluation testing. Traces of residue on labware can significantly impact the observed foaming tendency of a test fluid. Best practice is to clean any glassware or other vessels using some version of a chemical cleaner that will alleviate any risk of cross contamination.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate sa...

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ASTM
ASTM E1687-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is based on a modification of the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay. As modified, there is good correlation with mouse skin-painting bioassay results for samples of raw and refined lubricating oil process streams.  
5.2 Mutagenic potency in this modified assay and carcinogenicity in the skin-painting bioassay also correlate with the content of three to seven-ring PACs, which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their heterocyclic analogs. The strength of these correlations implies that PACs are the principal mutagenic and carcinogenic species in these oils. Some of the methods that have provided evidence supporting this view are referenced in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al. (1)2 (see also Maron et al. (2)). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who perform this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.  
1.2 The test method is not recommended as the sole testing procedure for oils which have viscosities less than 18 cSt (90 SUS) at 40 °C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 7 provides general guidelines for safe conduct of this test method.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2693-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of this practice is intended to reduce occupational dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment.  
5.2 Complaints of dermatitis conditions are often associated with exposures to metal removal fluid.  
5.3 Implementation of this practice and incorporation of metal removal fluid management program has the potential to reduce complaints of occupational dermatitis. Elements of an effective program include: understanding dermatitis and associated causes; prevention of dermatitis and exposure to metal removal fluids; appropriate product selection; good management of additives, microorganisms, and fluids; appropriate additive (including antimicrobial pesticides) selection and additive control; appropriate tool design and assessment; and control of metal removal fluid exposures, including aerosols.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.  
1.2 This practice incorporates means and mechanisms to reduce dermal exposure to the wet metal removal environment and to control factors in the wet metal removal environment that have the potential to cause dermatitis.  
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure to the skin via contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5707-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine wear properties and coefficient of friction of lubricating greases at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. This test method has found application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles and for lubricating greases used in roller bearings. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining a lubricating grease's coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear-oscillation motion using an SRV test machine at a test load of 200 N, frequency of 50 Hz, stroke amplitude of 1.00 mm, duration of 2 h, and temperature within the range of the test machine, specifically, ambient to 280 °C. Other test loads (10 N to 1200 N for SRVI-model, 10 N to 1400 N for SRVII-model, and 10 N to 2000 N for SRVIII-model), frequencies (5 Hz to 500 Hz) and stroke amplitudes (0.1 mm up to 4.0 mm) can be used, if specified. The precision of this test method is based on the stated parameters and test temperatures of 50 °C and 80 °C. Average wear scar dimensions on ball and coefficient of friction are determined and reported.
Note 1: Optimol Instruments supplies an upgrade kit to allow SRVI/II-machines to operate with 1600 N, if needed.  
1.2 This test method can also be used for determining a fluid lubricant's ability to protect against wear and its coefficient of friction under similar test conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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