ASTM D2156-09(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level. Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.
5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this test method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to home-heating application. It is more sensitive to small amounts of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the following comparison:
Smoke Spot
Number
Icham, percent
Transmission
Ringelman
Smoke Number
0
100
0
2
95
0
4
80
0
6
54
0
8
18
0
9
0
0
9
0
0 to 5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2156 − 09 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
1
Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope color (or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matched
with a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density
“smoke spot number.”
in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended
primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kero-
5. Significance and Use
sine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke
field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating
production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.
equipment.
Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
exchanger fouling.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this test
standard.
method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
home-heatingapplication.Itismoresensitivetosmallamounts
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
following comparison:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Smoke Spot Icham, percent Ringelman
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Number Transmission Smoke Number
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
0 100 0
295 0
2. Referenced Documents
480 0
2
654 0
2.1 ASTM Standards:
818 0
E97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg
90 0
9 0 0to5
0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Re-
3
flectometry
6. Apparatus
3. Terminology
6.1 Sampling Device—A suitable device providing a total
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
flue gas sample volume of 36.9 6 1.65 L at 16°C, 101 kPa for
2
3.1.1 smoke spot number, n—the number of the spot on the
each 645 mm effective surface area of filter paper shall be
standardscalemostcloselymatchingthecolor(orshade)ofthe
employed. The sampling device and connections shall be of
test spot.
such construction that the total travel of flue gas sample from
flue to filter paper shall not exceed 410 mm. The device shall
4. Summary of Test Method
provide for cooling the sample below the charring temperature
4.1 Atest smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volume
for the filter paper but not below the dew point of the sample.
of flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper. The
Suitable laboratory and portable field service equipment is
illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
1
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
6.2 Smoke Scale—The smoke scale required consists of ten
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.
spots numbered consecutively from 0 to 9, ranging in equal
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originally
photometric steps from white through neutral shades of gray to
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2156 – 09. DOI:
black, imprinted or otherwise processed on white paper or
10.1520/D2156-09R13.
2
plastic stock having a surface reflectance of between 82.5 and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
87.5 % 45°, 0° daylight luminous directional reflectance in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
accordance with Test Method E97. The smoke scale spot
the ASTM website.
3
number is defined as the reduction (due to smoke) in reflected
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org incident light divided by 10. Thus, the first spot, which is the
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D2156 − 09 (2013)
FIG. 1 Laboratory Type Smoke Meter
FIG. 2 Field Service Type Smoke Tester
color of the unimprinted scale, will be No. 0, since in the case surface area o
...
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