ASTM C295/C295M-19
(Guide)Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:
5.1.1 To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the material that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
5.1.2 To describe and classify the constituents of the sample,
5.1.3 To determine the relative amounts of the constituents of the sample that are essential for proper evaluation of the sample when the constituents differ significantly in properties that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use, and
5.1.4 To compare samples of aggregate from new sources with samples of aggregate from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.
5.2 This guide may be used by a petrographer employed directly by those for whom the examination is made. The employer should tell the petrographer, in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, should be made available. The petrographer's advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination.
5.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made, and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.
5.4 Petrographic examination of aggregate considered for use in hydraulic-cement concrete is one aspect of the evaluation of aggregate, but petrographic examination is also used for many other purposes. Petrographic exami...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples representative of materials proposed for use as aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide is based on Ref (1).2
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates for concrete.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive Nomenclature C294 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C295/C295M − 19
Standard Guide for
1
Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C295/C295M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic
C33/C33MSpecification for Concrete Aggregates
examination of samples representative of materials proposed
C117Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No. 200)
for use as aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw
Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide
2
C136/C136MTest Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and
is based on Ref (1).
Coarse Aggregates
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic
C294Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
techniques should be used, the selection of properties that
crete Aggregates
shouldbelookedfor,andthemannerinwhichsuchtechniques
C702/C702MPractice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate
may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates
to Testing Size
for concrete.
D75/D75MPractice for Sampling Aggregates
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive
Sieves
Nomenclature C294 should be used, insofar as they are
E883Guide for Reflected–Light Photomicrography
appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 3. Qualifications of Petrographers
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1 All petrographic examinations of aggregate for use in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
concrete as described in this guide should be performed by a
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
petrographer with at least 5 years experience in petrographic
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
examination of concrete or concrete-making materials. The
with the standard.
petrographershouldhavecompletedcollege-levelcoursework
pertaining to basic geology, mineralogy, petrography, and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
optical mineralogy or have obtained equivalent knowledge
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
through experience and on-the-job training. Completion of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
course work in concrete materials is also advantageous. The
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
petrographer should have experience evaluating the effects of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
aggregatesonthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofhardened
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
concrete. Identification of individual minerals in aggregate
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
particles, classification of rock types, and categorizing the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
physical and chemical properties of rocks and minerals should
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
also be included in the petrographer’s experience. The petrog-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
raphershouldhaveexpertisetoproperlyusetheequipmentand
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
apparatus described in Section 6 and provide detailed interpre-
tations of the petrographic examination. If the petrographer
does not meet these qualifications, the individual may perform
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This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and
such examinations under the technical direction of a full-time
Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2019. Published September 2019. Originally
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approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C295/C295M–18a. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/C0295_C0295M-19. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C295/C295M − 18a C295/C295M − 19
Standard Guide for
1
Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C295/C295M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples representative of materials proposed for use as
2
aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide is based on Ref (1).
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of properties that should be
looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates for concrete.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive Nomenclature C294 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in
reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
C136C136/C136M Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates
C702C702/C702M Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
D75D75/D75M Practice for Sampling Aggregates
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E883 Guide for Reflected–Light Photomicrography
3. Qualifications of Petrographers
3.1 All petrographic examinations of aggregate for use in concrete as described in this guide should be performed by a
petrographer with at least 5 years experience in petrographic examination of concrete or concrete-making materials. The
petrographer should have completed college-level course work pertaining to basic geology, mineralogy, petrography, and optical
mineralogy or have obtained equivalent knowledge through experience and on-the-job training. Completion of course work in
concrete materials is also advantageous. The petrographer should have experience evaluating the effects of aggregates on the
physical and chemical properties of hardened concrete. Identification of individual minerals in aggregate particles, classification
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018Aug. 1, 2019. Published November 2018September 2019. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as
C295/C295M – 18.C295/C295M – 18a. DOI: 10.1520/C0295_C0295M-18A.10.1520/C0295_C0295M-19.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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