ASTM C429-01(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this test method is to determine the particle size distribution of the glass raw materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of common raw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda-ash, limestone, alkali-alumina silicates, and other granular materials used in glass batch.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:C429–01 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 unit for sampling—a carload lot or truckload lot of
bulk material, or the entire shipment of bagged material.
1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of common
3.1.2 sublot—a fraction of a shipment of bagged material,
raw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda-ash,
1 1
such as ⁄10 or ⁄20 of the lot.
limestone,alkali-aluminasilicates,andothergranularmaterials
3.1.3 gross sample—the total number of sample increments
used in glass batch.
taken from the lot.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.4 sample increment—an individual portion of the gross
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
sampletakenfromthelotatadefinitetimeorlocation,orboth;
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
increments shall be of nearly equal weight or volume, or both.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—A 2.2 to 4.5-kg (5 to 10-lb) increment
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
generally is satisfactory in sampling raw materials for glass
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
manufacture, for determining particle size distribution.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.5 laboratory sample—a 0.9 to 1.8-kg (2 to 4-lb) repre-
2. Referenced Documents sentative fraction of the gross sample.
3.1.6 test specimen—a 100 to 150-g representative fraction
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of the laboratory sample.
C92 Test Methods for SieveAnalysis and Water Content of
Refractory Materials
4. Significance and Use
C325 Guide for Wet Sieve Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the
Clays
particle size distribution of the glass raw materials.
C371 Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Non-
plastic Ceramic Powders
5. Apparatus
D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
5.1 Testing Sieves:
Samples for Laboratory Analysis
5.1.1 Sieves shall conform to Specification E11 with par-
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
ticular reference to Table 1 and Section 4 on Frames. Sieves
Sieves
shall be designated by the U. S. Standard Series of sieve
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
numbers and shall vary in opening size by the ratio of the
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
2:1, in accordance with frames 1 in. (25 mm) deep (half
=
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
height) are recommended for mechanical shaking. The follow-
of a Lot or Process
ing sieves shall be provided:
3. Terminology
Sieve Designation Sieve Designation
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
No. 8 (2.36-mm) No. 50 (300-µm)
No. 12 (1.70-mm) No. 70 (212-µm)
No. 16 (1.18-mm) No. 100 (150-µm)
No. 20 (850-µm) No. 140 (106-µm)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass No. 30 (600-µm) No. 200 (75-µm)
No. 40 (425-µm)
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 on
Chemical Properties and Analysis.
5.1.2 Standard Matched Sieves—Areferencesetofstandard
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
matched sieves shall be provided for use in checking the set of
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C429 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/C0429-01R06.
sieves used in the actual sieve analysis of samples. The sieves
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
for use in sieve analysis of samples may also be standard
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
matched sieves or may be unmatched sieves conforming to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 5.1.1, provided that such sieves will give results that differ by
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C429–01 (2006)
not more than 5 % from those obtained with the reference set minimum test shall be to take three gross samples of materials,
when the two sets are compared in accordance with Section 6. weighing 45 kg (100 lb) or more, with different particle size
5.2 Sieve Shaker—A mechanically operated sieve shaker distribution,andobtainfourlaboratory-sizesamplesofeachby
that imparts to the set of sieves a rotary motion and tapping repeatedsplitting.Thelaboratorysamplesshallberiffledtotest
action of uniform speed shall be provided. The number of taps size and sieved. The same set of sieves shall be used for all
per minute shall be between 140 and 150. The sieve shaker tests.Duplicationofresultswithineachgroupshouldbe5 %or
shall be fitted with a wooden plug or rubber stopper to receive better.
the impact of the tapper. Other types of mechanical shakers
7. Care and Cleaning of Testing Sieves
may be used, provided they can be adjusted to duplicate within
5 % results obtained by the type specified above, when tested
7.1 Testingsievesmustbeproperlycaredforifreproducible
with the same sample and standard matched sieves.The shaker
and reliable results are to be obtained from them. The life of a
shall be equipped with an automatic timer accurate to ⁄2 min.
sieve is materially lengthened by proper care and careful
5.3 Sample Splitters:
handling. It is inevitable that some particles will become
5.3.1 For the reduction of the gross sample to laboratory
fastened in the sieve cloth, but excessive clogging can be
size, either a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.) openings or a
controlled by brushing the underside of the wire cloth with a
sample splitter of the type that cuts out a fractional part (for
stiff bristle or bronze wire brush every time the sieve is used in
example, a twelfth or a sixteenth) of the gross sample may be
testing.Anylonbristlepaintbrush51mm(2in.)inwidth,with
used. Sample splitters are available commercially or may be
the bristles cut back to about 25 mm (1 in.) long, is recom-
constructed by the user. The criterion for their use is that they
mended for brushing, although any short-bristle brush that will
shall produce a representative sample.
not stick in the wire cloth is satisfactory. A bronze wire brush
1 1
5.3.2 Riffles with openings of 6.4 to 13 mm ( ⁄4 to ⁄2 in.) are
should be used only for sieves No. 60 and coarser. Brushing
required for reducing the laboratory sample to test size. The
shall be firm enough to remove the majority of clogging
riffle opening must be at least three times the width of the
particlesbutnotsovigorousastodistortthesievecloth.Sieves
largest particle diameter. This restricts use of a riffle with
shall be washed periodically with a mild detergent or soap,
6.4-mm openings to materials passing a No. 8 sieve.
brushing on the underside of the cloth. They should be washed
5.4 Balance—Asuitable balance or scale capable of weigh-
immediately after sieving hygroscopic materials, such as alkali
ing accurately to 0.1 g shall be used.Amore sensitive balance
carbonates, and dried before storing. They may be dried in a
may be used for weighing small fractions when they are
drying oven at 105 to 110°C.Aproperly cared for sieve will be
considered critical.
clean and free of patina. It will have a minimum of clogged
openings. The wire cloth will be taut in the frame and free of
6. Testing of Sieves and Sample Splitters
distortion. The solder joint will be firm.Aloosened joint on an
6.1 Since standard matched sieves are specified for the
otherwise satisfactory sieve may be repaired by carefully
purpose of this test method, calibration as such by the tester is
resoldering with resin-core solder. Additional cleaning meth-
obviated. However, the tester must have a method to check the 3
ods are contained in ASTM STP 447B.
precision of the sieves. This shall be accomplished by having
available at least two sets of sieves: a reference set and a
8. Sampling
working set. The reference set shall consist of standard
8.1 GeneralConsiderations—Followtheprinciplesofprob-
matched sieves and shall be reserved for testing the working
ability sampling as given in Practice E105.To estimate the size
set. The working set also may consist of standard matched
(mass and number of increments) of the gross sample, follow
sieves or of sieves the tester has proven to be satisfactory (see
Practice E122.The methods used for other necessary statistical
6.2). The testing of the working sieves is necessary because 4
calculations are given in ASTM STP 15D.
sieves will gradually change their characteristics after long
8.2 Sampling Plan—The sampling plan shall be such that
usage from clogging and wear. The working set should be
the sample obtained will represent as nearly as practicable the
tested after every 100 to 150 sieve analyses. The test shall be
average particle size distribution of the lot. Sampling bulk
made by sieving a suitable test sample through the working set
material and bagged material will each present a different
asdirectedinSection10,andthensievingthesametestsample
problem.
through the reference set. The results shall be calculated and
8.2.1 Some segregation or nonuniformity will always exist
compared.Alltestingsievesoftheworkingsetthatgiveresults
in a bulk lot of material. At rest, this nonuniformity can and
within 10 % of the reference set shall be considered satisfac-
probably will be multidirectional, with some layers of segre-
tory for use. (See Appendix X1 for an example of this test.)
gationinthelotthatarenearlyperpendiculartoeachother.The
6.2 A new unmatched sieve can be used if it is proven by
exact degree is never completely known. To obtain a represen-
testing that it will produce results within 5 % of a standard
tative cross section of the lot is difficult, if not impossible. In
matched sieve. To test an unmatched sieve, it should be
motion, however, some mixing occurs, and segregation will
substituted for the equivalent sieve in a standard matched set
tend to become unidirectional with layers of segregation
andasieveanalysismadewithasamplepreviouslysievedwith
the complete matched set. If agreement is satisfactory, the new
unmatched sieve can be used as a working sieve.
ASTM STP 447B, Manual on Test Sieving Methods, ASTM, 1985.
6.3 Asample splitter for reducing a gross sample should be
ASTM STP 15D, Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis,
testedforreproducibilitybeforeitcanbeconsideredreliable.A ASTM, 1986.
C429–01 (2006)
NOTE 1—A critical particle size fraction is considered to be one upon
generally parallel to the direction of flow. Therefore, a sample
which a specification for purchase or use is based.
incrementtakenbyuniformlycuttingacrosstheflowingstream
isgenerallymuchmorenearlyrepresentativethananincrement
9. Reduction of the Sample for Analysis
taken with the material at rest.An entire lot should be sampled
9.1 The gross sample obtained by combining all of the
by taking a number of increments spaced at nearly equal
increments shall be reduced to laboratory sample size of 0.9 to
intervals during the whole time of loading or unloading of the
1.8 kg (2 to 4 lb) by use of a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.)
car or truck.To take frequent cuts (sample increments) of all of
openings or by a sample splitter. If the material is too moist to
the stream part of the time reduces the danger of a biased
5 flow freely in a small riffle, it shall be dried before further
sample. Furthermore, when sampling a moving stream, the
handling (9.1.2).The laboratory sample shall be reduced to test
requirement for randomness is more nearly met at the time and
1 1
specimen size, using a riffle with 6.4 to 13-mm ( ⁄4 to ⁄2-in.)
place of sampling since the chance of taking one grain instead
openings. It shall be divided until the fractional portion weighs
of another is about equal. The total number of increments
approximately100to150g.Thiswholefractionconstitutesthe
required for a desired precision can be estimated statistically as
test specimen. An exception to the above weight for the test
in Practice E122. Some simple device is required to sample the
specimen is burned dolomite. Because of its light density, the
stream. This may consist of a box-type cutter for sampling the
dolomite shall be riffled to a test size weighing 50 to 75 g. The
stream discharging from the end of a belt or spout, or a scoop
test specimen shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g before
for sampling the stream being transported on the belt. (See
sieving.
Appendix X2 for illustrations of simple stream samplers.) For
9.1.1 When reduction of the gross sample or laboratory
the purpose of this test method, a sampling plan that provides
sample to test size by the means described in Section 8 is not
for sampling the moving stream is recommended. The sam-
feasible, hand reduction by the cone and quarter method may
pling of a car or truckload lot of material at rest, by shovel,
be used.The applicable portions of this method as described in
scoop and cylinder, or thief is not recommended.
Method D346 shall be followed.
8.2.2 In sampling bagged material, an added problem is
9.1.2 Most materials can be dried at 105 to 120°C. How-
presented—thatofchoosingwhichbagsofthelotwillbetaken
ever, naturally hydrated materials such as gypsum, if dried,
for sampling and how the bags taken are to be sampled. A
must not be heated above the critical temperature of the
suitable plan for taking bags for sampling would be to divide
hydrate. Gypsum would best be dried in a stream of dry air or
the lot into sublots and then to take at random one bag from
a desiccator.
each sublot. This would afford a simple cross section of the lot
and a random selection in each sublot. The number of sublots
10. Procedure for Mechanical Sieving
in which to divide the lot should be calculated using the same
10.1 Assemble in order the selected sieves, which shall vary
considerationsasforestimatingthenumberofincrementstobe
in opening size by the ratio of 2:1 , with the coarsest on top
=
taken when sampling bulk material. The consideration of
and a pan on the bottom. Place the test specimen on the top
segregation within bags must not be overlooked. If a suitable
sieve, close the nest of sieves with a cover, and place the entire
sample splitter is available, the ent
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