ASTM E94/E94M-17
(Guide)Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.
4.2 Limitations—This guide does not take into consideration the benefits and limitations of nonfilm radiography such as fluoroscopy, digital detector arrays, or computed radiography. Refer to Guides E1000, E2736, and E2007.
4.3 Although reference is made to documents that may be used in the identification and grading, where applicable, of representative discontinuities in common metal castings and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards of acceptance for any material or production process.
4.4 Radiography will be consistent in image quality (contrast sensitivity and definition) only if all details of techniques, such as geometry, film, filtration, viewing, etc., are obtained and maintained.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide2 covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies the preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents of other societies is included for additional information on the subject.
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods; radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference radiograph documents.
Note 1: Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Test Methods E1030, and E1032.
1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if considering the use of digital radiography.
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and purchaser.
1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection against X rays and gamma rays are not covered by this document. For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement states.
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be qualified in accordance with Specification E543.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 1.5.)
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardiz...
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Designation: E94/E94M − 17
Standard Guide for
Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic
1
Film
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E94/E94M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope document. For information on this important aspect of
2 radiography,referenceshouldbemadetothecurrentdocument
1.1 This guide covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray
of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and
radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic
Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and
film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice
Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards,
withoutdiscussingthetechnicalbackgroundwhichjustifiesthe
and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific
preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard
radiation safety information refer to NIST Handbook ANSI
documents of other societies is included for additional infor-
43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state
mation on the subject.
regulations for agreement states.
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined;
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
radiographic examination techniques and production methods;
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage;
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available
therefore, each system should be used independently of the
reference radiograph documents.
other. Combining values from the two systems may result in
NOTE 1—Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice
non-conformance with the standard.
E1025, Test Methods E1030, and E1032.
1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be
1.3 Theuseofdigitalradiographyhasexpandedandfollows
qualified in accordance with Specification E543.
many of the same general principles of film based radiography
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
but with many important differences. The user is referred to
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
radiography(CR)]ifconsideringtheuseofdigitalradiography.
(See 1.5.)
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
Interpretationandacceptancestandardsarenotcoveredbythis
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph docu-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ments for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
between producer and purchaser.
2. Referenced Documents
1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection
3
against X rays and gamma rays are not covered by this
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
1 E746Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Re-
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
sponse of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
(X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originally
3
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E94-04(2010). DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E0094_E0094M-17. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Guide Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
SE-94 in Section V of that Code. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E94 − 04 (Reapproved 2010) E94/E94M − 17
Standard Guide for
Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic
1
Film
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E94;E94/E94M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This guide covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic film
recording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies the
preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents of other societies is included for additional information
on the subject.
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods;
radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference
radiograph documents.
NOTE 1—Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Test Methods E1030, and E1032.
1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but
with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 for
digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if
considering the use of digital radiography.
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond
listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized
to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and
purchaser.
1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection against X rays and gamma rays are not covered by this document. For
information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committee
on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, National
Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information refer to NIST
Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement states.
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be qualified in accordance with Specification E543.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (See 1.41.5.)
1.6 If an NDT agency is used, the agency shall be qualified in accordance with Practice E543.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010June 1, 2017. Published November 2010August 2017. Originally approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 20042010
as E94 - 04.E94 - 04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0094-04R10.10.1520/E0094_E0094M-17.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Guide SE-94 in Section V of that Code.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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