CEN/TR 16676:2014

• Abstract:

  This Technical Report gives simplified calculation relating to the energy losses through doors taking into account:; - heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference,; - air leakage through a closed door due to wind,; - air leakage through a closed door due to a chimney effect, and; - air infiltration with a door open (due to wind).

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 28-Oct-2014
• ICS: 91.060.50 - Doors and windows
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 33 - Doors, windows, shutters and building hardware
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 33/WG 5 - Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 29-Oct-2014
• Due Date: 07-Feb-2015
• Completion Date: 29-Oct-2014
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN/TR 16676:2015 - Energy losses by industrial door

• Refers: EN 12428:2013 - Industrial, commercial and garage doors - Thermal transmittance - Requirements for the calculation
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026
• Refers: EN 13241:2003+A2:2016 - Industrial, commercial, garage doors and gates - Product standard, performance characteristics
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026
• Referred By: EN ISO 10437:2003 - Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Steam turbines - Special-purpose applications (ISO 10437:2003)
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026
• Referred By: EN 16807:2016 - Liquid petroleum products - Bio-lubricants - Criteria and requirements of bio-lubricants and bio-based lubricants
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026
• Referred By: EN ISO 10439-1:2015 - Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors - Part 1: General requirements (ISO 10439-1:2015)
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026
• Referred By: EN ISO 10439-3:2015 - Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors - Part 3: Integrally geared centrifugal compressors (ISO 10439-3:2015)
• Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026

Overview

CEN/TR 16676:2014 - "Energy losses by industrial door" is a CEN Technical Report prepared by CEN/TC 33 that provides a simplified calculation method for estimating energy losses through industrial doors. It covers heat transmission and air movement effects both when the door is closed and when it is open, and is intended to support whole‑building energy assessments and practical specification decisions for industrial and commercial buildings.

Key topics

• Scope and purpose

  • Quantifies energy losses associated with industrial doors to complement product U‑value data and whole‑building energy planning.
  • Emphasises that U‑value improvements alone may not deliver expected savings if doors remain open frequently.

• Main loss mechanisms treated

  • Heat transmission (closed door) - basic formula H = A · U · (Ti − To) and annual energy conversion to kWh.
  • Air leakage through a closed door (wind-driven) - uses wind pressure (P = ½·ρ·v²) linked to measured door leakage curves to compute volumetric flow and heat loss.
  • Air leakage through a closed door (stack/chimney effect) - computes pressure from indoor–outdoor temperature differences and height, then maps to leakage and energy loss.
  • Infiltration when door is open (wind-driven) - simple Q = v · A · C model (C = 0.5–1) to estimate air exchange during opening cycles, plus heater activation and energy penalty calculations.

• Inputs and outputs

  • Uses door geometry, U‑value, air permeability class, local meteorological data (temperature, wind), building volume and heater capacity, and door operation patterns.
  • Produces instantaneous power losses (W) and annual energy losses (kWh) for each mechanism.

• Examples and data

  • The report includes worked examples (e.g., Paris meteorological data), figures linking pressure to leakage, and guidance on correction factors for door orientation.

Applications

• Useful for:
  • Building designers and energy modelers performing whole‑building energy assessments.
  • Specification writers and procurement teams selecting door types and control systems.
  • Facility managers and operations teams evaluating the operational impact of door cycles, lobbies, and rapid‑acting doors.
  • Door manufacturers and testing bodies to communicate realistic in‑use energy impacts beyond laboratory U‑values.
• Practical decisions supported:
  • Whether to invest in lower U‑value doors, rapid doors, vestibules, or automated controls.
  • Estimating annual heating penalties from poor door operation or wind exposure.

Related standards

• EN 12428 - Calculation of thermal transmittance (U‑value) for industrial doors.
• EN 13241‑1 - Product standard for industrial, commercial and garage doors (complements this report).

Keywords: CEN/TR 16676:2014, energy losses, industrial door, heat transmission, air leakage, chimney effect, infiltration, U‑value, EN 12428, EN 13241-1.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2015
Energijske izgube pri vratih v industrijske prostore
Energy losses by industrial door
Energieverluste durch Industrietore
Perte d'énergie par les portes industrielles
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16676:2014
ICS:
91.060.50 Vrata in okna Doors and windows
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16676
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
October 2014
ICS 91.060.50
English Version
Energy losses by industrial door
Perte d'énergie par les portes industrielles Energieverluste durch Industrietore

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 28 July 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 33.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16676:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Simplified calculation basis .5
3.1 Heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference .5
3.2 Air leakage with closed door by wind .6
3.3 Air leakage with closed door by chimney .7
3.4 Infiltration with door open (by wind).8
4 Results . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Local/metrological data . 10
4.3 Building/doors data (dimensions). 11
4.4 Building data (intended use) . 11
5 Results for heat transmission . 13
6 Results for air leakage by wind . 13
7 Results for air leakage by chimney effect . 14
8 Infiltration (open door) . 15
9 Summary . 17

Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16676:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 33 “Doors,
windows, shutters, building hardware and curtain walling”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Introduction
The calculation method in EN 12428 gives a U-value in W/m · K for thermal resistance of an industrial door
used for access of vehicles accompanied by pedestrians.
With a view to energy efficiency (energy saving) it should be remembered, however, that this performance is
only achieved when the door is closed.
In practice the evidence shows that doors are left open for longer periods than is perhaps necessary or
acceptable. Therefore, it is difficult to see how reducing U-values can improve energy efficiency without
radical changes in work place practices or operation mode of the door.
)
In keeping with the whole building approach mandated by the EPBD building designers should be working
on a whole building principle rather than an elemental basis which results in a beneficial evaluation of those
factors in the construction of the building envelope that contribute significantly to energy conservation in the
buildings use.
Therefore, it is important that building designers and specification writers should seek to:
— set achievable values for products calculated in accordance with EN 13241-1;
— consider awareness of the classification possibilities and the availability and need to implement
appropriate technologies;
— consider specifying improved power operated doors specification including appropriate control systems;
— consider changes to supporting constructions (e.g. lobbies, screens);
— consider the use of double doors (e.g. insulated external doors, rapid acting internal doors for operational
use).
There is a common misconception that energy conservation is best achieved (only) through U-value
improvements.
Due to the nonlinear shape of the U-value/thickness graph there is a danger of achieving diminishing returns
from additional thickness of doors. Up to the present time, for the U-values commonly specified for
construction in the EU, there has been an approximately linear relationship but as the move to seek lower U-
values continues this is no longer the case.
Concern has been expressed that much of this good work is wasted as long as the practice of leaving doors
open for unnecessarily long periods prevails.
Therefore, a study with a simplified calculation basis has been undertaken by CEN/TC 33/WG 5 relating to the
energy losses through doors. This Technical Report does not replace the requirements of EN 13241-1
regarding EN 12428.
For the purpose of this Technical Report the term “door” and/or “doorset” is used as a general term for
“industrial door”.
1)
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC).
1 Scope
This Technical Report gives simplified calculation relating to the energy losses through doors taking into
account:
— heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference,
— air leakage through a closed door due to wind,
— air leakage through a closed door due to a chimney effect, and
— air infiltration with a door open (due to wind).
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12428, Industrial, commercial and garage doors - Thermal transmittance - Requirements for the
calculation
EN 13241-1, Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates - Product standard - Part 1: Products without
fire resistance or smoke control characteristics
3 Simplified calculation basis
3.1 Heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference
— Heat transmission coefficient U in W/m · K is measured by notified bodies and calculated per door
configuration (according to EN 13241-1).
— Outside temperature is taken out of Table 1.
— Heat transmission is then calculated with:
H = A⋅U⋅ (T− T )
t i o
where
H is the power losses by heat transmission, in watts (W);
t
A
is the area of exposed surface, in square metres (m );
T is the inside air temperature, in Celsius (°C);
i
T
is the outside air temperature, in Celsius (°C).
o
— Energy losses per year will be calculated with:
h⋅ C ⋅ H
h t
E =
t
where
E is the energy losses per year by heat transmission, in kilogram watts per hour (kWh);
t
h is the time per day exposed to ΔT = (T – T ) (hours = heating hours);
i o
C is the amount of heating days per year, meaning inside temperature above outside temperature.
h
3.2 Air leakage with closed door by wind
2 3 2
— Connection between pressure difference P (P (N/m )) and air leakage in m /m · h is measured by
a r
notified bodies and put in a graphic.
— Wind speed is taken out of Table 1.
— Wind pressure on door is calculated with:
P= ⋅ v ⋅ρ
where
P is the wind pressure, in newtons per square metre (N/m );
v
is the wind speed, in metres per second (m/s);
ρ is the density of air, in 1,293 kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m ).
— With this wind pressure the air leakage is taken out of Figure 1.

Key
pressure difference P (P (N/m ))
X
a
3 2
Y leakage in m /m · h
Figure 1 — Air leakage
— Air volume flow by wind pressure is calculated with:
airleakage⋅ A
Q =
v
3 600
where
3 2
air leakage is in cubic metres/square metre × hour (m /m · h);
Q is
...