CEN/TS 13763-27:2003

Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays - Part 27: Definitions, methods and requirements for electronic initiation systems

This Technical Specification specifies a risk analysis, evaluation and testing procedure to be used to investigate the safety and reliability of electronic initiation systems by identifying hazards and estimating the risks associated with the system. The Technical Specification also stipulates levels of acceptability for electronic initiation systems.

Explosivstoffe für zivile Zwecke - Zünder und Verzögerungselemente - Teil 27: Definitionen, Verfahren und Anforderungen an elektronische Zündsysteme

Explosifs à usage civil - Détonateurs et relais - Partie 27: Définitions, méthodes et exigences relatives aux systèmes d'amorçage électronique

La présente Spécification technique décrit une méthode d’analyse du risque, d’évaluation et d’essai destinée
à étudier la sécurité et la fiabilité des systèmes d’amorçage électroniques en identifiant les phénomènes
dangereux et en estimant les risques associés au système. La Spécification technique stipule également les
niveaux d’acceptabilité des systèmes d’amorçage électroniques.

Eksplozivi za civilno uporabo – Detonatorji in zakasnilniki – 27. del: Definicije, metode in zahteve za elektronske sisteme za aktiviranje

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Oct-2003
• ICS: 71.100.30 - Explosives. Pyrotechnics and fireworks
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 321 - Explosives for civil uses
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 321/WG 4 - Detonators and relays
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 15-Mar-2008
• Completion Date: 15-Mar-2008
• Directive: 2014/28/EU - Directive 2014/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market and supervision of explosives for civil uses
• Directive: 93/15/EEC - Council Directive 93/15/EEC of 5 April 1993 on the harmonization of the provisions relating to the placing on the market and supervision of explosives for civil uses
• Mandate: M/055 - Standardization mandate to CEN for explosives for civil uses
• Ref Project: SIST-TS CEN/TS 13763-27:2003 - Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays - Part 27: Definitions, methods and requirements for electronic initiation systems

Relations

• Revised: prEN 13763-27 - Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and detonating cord relays - Part 27: Risk analysis and test methods for electronic initiation systems
• Effective Date: 24-Mar-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 13763-27:2003
01-december-2003

Eksplozivi za civilno uporabo – Detonatorji in zakasnilniki – 27. del: Definicije,

metode in zahteve za elektronske sisteme za aktiviranje

Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays - Part 27: Definitions, methods and

requirements for electronic initiation systems
Explosivstoffe für zivile Zwecke - Zünder und Verzögerungselemente - Teil 27:
Definitionen, Verfahren und Anforderungen an elektronische Zündsysteme

Explosifs a usage civil - Détonateurs et relais - Partie 27: Définitions, méthodes et

exigences relatives aux systemes d'amorçage électronique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 13763-27:2003
ICS:
71.100.30 Eksplozivi. Pirotehnika Explosives. Pyrotechnics
SIST-TS CEN/TS 13763-27:2003 en

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TS CEN/TS 13763-27:2003
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 13763-27
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
July 2003
ICS 71.100.30
English version
Explosives for civil uses – Detonators and relays – Part 27:
Definitions, methods and requirements for electronic initiation
systems

Explosifs à usage civil – Détonateurs et relais – Partie 27: Explosivstoffe für zivile Zwecke – Zünder und

Définitions, méthodes et exigences relatives aux systèmes Verzögerungselemente – Teil 27: Definitionen, Verfahren

d’amorçage électronique und Anforderungen an elektronische Zündsysteme

This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 19 December 2002 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their

comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available. It

is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible

conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United

Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 13763-27:2003 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents
Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3

0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................5

1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................9

2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................9

3 Terms and definitions..................................................................................................................................10

4 Procedure .....................................................................................................................................................12

5 Test report ....................................................................................................................................................36

6 Requirements ...............................................................................................................................................36

Annex A (informative) Examples of hazards and faults ........................................................................................37

Annex B (informative) Information on evaluation techniques ..............................................................................44

Annex C (informative) Proposals for the detonator fusehead replaced (dummy detonators) ..........................46

Annex D (informative) Determination of resistance to dynamic pressure ..........................................................48

Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................................49

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Foreword

This document (CEN/TS 13763-27:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 321 "Explosives for

civil uses", the secretariat of which is held by AENOR.
This document includes a Bibliography.
Annexes A, B, C and D are informative.

This Technical Specification is one of a series of standards with the generic title Explosives for civil uses –

Detonators and relays. The other parts of this series are listed below:
prEN 13763-1 Part 1: Requirements
EN 13763-2 Part 2: Determination of thermal stability
EN 13763-3 Part 3: Determination of sensitiveness to impact

prEN 13763-4 Part 4: Determination of resistance to abrasion of leading wires and shock tubes

prEN 13763-5 Part 5: Determination of resistance to cutting damage of leading wires and shock tubes

prEN 13763-6 Part 6: Determination of resistance to cracking in low temperatures of leading wires

prEN 13763-7 Part 7: Determination of the mechanical strength of leading wires, shock tubes, connections,

crimps and closures

prEN 13763-8 Part 8: Determination of resistance to vibration of plain detonators

prEN 13763-9 Part 9: Determination of resistance to bending of detonators

prEN 13763-10 Part 10: Method for the determination of resistance to torsion of sealing plugs

prEN 13763-11 Part 11: Determination of resistance to damage by dropping of detonators and relays

prEN 13763-12 Part 12: Determination of resistance to hydrostatic pressure

prEN 13763-13 Part 13: Determination of resistance of electric detonator to electrostatic discharge

prEN 13763-14 Part 14: Determination of resistance of electric detonator to the influence of radio frequency

radiation
prEN 13763-15 Part 15: Determination of equivalent initiating capability
prEN 13763-16 Part 16: Determination of delay accuracy
prEN 13763-17 Part 17: Determination of no-fire current of electric detonators

prEN 13763-18 Part 18: Determination of series firing current of electric detonators

prEN 13763-19 Part 19: Determination of firing pulse of electric detonators
prEN 13763-20 Part 20: Determination of total resistance of electric detonators

prEN 13763-21 Part 21: Determination of flash-over voltage of electric detonators

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prEN 13763-22 Part 22: Determination of capacitance, insulation resistance and insulation breakdown of leading

wires
EN 13763-23Part 23: Determination of the shock-wave velocity of shock tube
EN 13763-24Part 24: Determination of the non-conductivity of shock tube

prEN 13763-25 Part 25: Determination of transfer capacity of relay and coupling accessories

prEN 13763-26 Part 26: Definitions, methods and requirements for devices and accessories for reliable and safe

function of detonators and relays.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following

countries are bound to announce this CEN Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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0 Introduction
0.1 Background and basic principles

Electronic initiation systems have been developed for use in civil blasting work. Detonators in these systems

normally have delay times which are far more accurate than conventional detonators with pyrotechnic delay, and

are claimed to facilitate better blasting results, e.g. in terms of better fragmentation, reduced ground vibrations, less

damage on remaining rock, etc.

From a safety and reliability point of view electronic initiation systems are more complex than conventional electric

and non-electric detonator systems, which results in new risk factors.

The aim of this Technical Specification is to reach negligible risks at least at the same applied safety and reliability

level as the corresponding standards for conventional electric detonators. This statement should be seen as a

general objective of the Technical Specification at a system level and not as a detailed guideline to judge the level

of acceptability for individual specific demands. However in some cases the standards for conventional electric

detonators referred to in this Technical Specification are applicable in various grades. In these cases the

requirement level for electric detonators have been adopted, possibly after some amendments if necessary.

This Technical Specification specifies a risk analysis procedure to be used to investigate the safety and reliability of

electronic initiation systems by identifying hazards and estimating the risks associated with the system.

The step in the risk analysis procedure, which refers to acceptability of risks, includes both references to testing

and evaluation methods, which apply where appropriate for the specific system. The Technical Specification also

stipulates levels of acceptability.

This structure of combining a general risk analysis procedure in combination with specific requirements related to

testing and evaluation as well as guidelines for evaluation specified in informative annexes has been chosen for the

following reasons:

• The use of electronic initiation systems are highly related to safety of human life and health as well as to

property. The safety and reliability of electronic initiation systems depends on a number of factors interacting,

which makes the systems complicated to evaluate in these respects. In this Technical Specification relevant risk

factors have been addressed to risks of unintended initiation, misfire and incorrect function.

• The need to consider safety and reliability for individual components of the system i.e. detonators,

firing/testing/programming units as well as overall system aspects including connection and set-up limits and

communication between the different components.

• The need for evaluation of safety-critical electronic hardware and software both in detonators and in

firing/testing/programming units.

• Manufacturers of electronic initiation systems have used significantly different design and system solutions in

order to fulfil acceptable safety and reliability criteria. The product development in the field is rapid. Therefore

the Technical Specification aims to be valid for different system solutions.

Considerable effort has been taken to refer to other parts of prEN 13763 for conventional detonators as far as

possible, specifying applicability of these tests as well as possible amendments in order to avoid redundancy and

inconsistency.
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Possibilities for non-destructive testing using dummy detonators without explosive content, have been considered

as far as possible due to the high costs of electronic detonators.
0.2 Overview of an electronic initiation system

Electronic detonator systems can be fitted in two categories: non-programmable electronic detonators (or fixed

delay detonators) and programmable delay detonators. Programmable detonators can be programmed using one-

way data communication or two-way data communication. These categories are elaborated upon below:

Non-programmable detonators

This type of detonator does not require any data communications in order to ignite. The connection to the detonator

can be electrical or non-electrical. These detonators are normally numbered in such a way that the user recognizes

its intended delay time.
Programmable detonators

The delay time of these detonators is programmed prior to blasting, by either the testing unit or the firing unit. This

type of detonators usually require electrical connections to facilitate:

• One-way data communication: This implies that communication only take place to the detonator. No

information is received from the detonator. In these systems, it is vitally important that communications to the

detonator are robust.

• Two-way data communication: Communication takes place in both directions. Since feedback is received

from the detonator, it is possible to establish the state of the detonator. Useful information can include integrity

of the communications to the detonator, integrity of the initiation element, the firing capacitor voltage, results of

a self-test, etc.
0.3 Block diagram of a generic two wire programmable electronic detonator

Not all components illustrated below are necessarily required in an electronic detonator, at the same time, some

components may have been omitted. The purpose of the diagram is to familiarize the reader of this document with

some of the functions and components of an electronic detonator, such that the requirements and implications for

safe operations may be better understood.
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Key
1 Communication line
B Full wave rectifier to make the system polarity insensitive (optional)
C1 Power supply capacitor

C2 Firing capacitor. This capacitor supplies the energy required to fire the initiation element (IE). This capacitor may be

disconnected and/or shorted prior to blasting with the aid of SW1 and SW2. C1 and C2 may be separate capacitors, or they

may be combined. SW3 will be closed at the time of firing, after C2 had enough energy stored.

Figure 1 – Block diagram of a generic 2-wire programmable electronic detonator

The components illustrated above may be integrated into one or more monolithic circuits.

0.4 Electrical wiring systems

This section refers only to electrical connections. Even though other wiring system may exist, the two most

common topologies are:
• Bus topology

Each detonator is connected to a common and separate ”surface“ wire. Usually, a connector is used per detonator.

Key
1 Firing unit
2 Connectors
3 Detonators
4 Surface wire
Figure 2 – Electrical wiring systems - Bus topology
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• Daisy chain topology

In this system, a detonator has enough wire to reach the neighbouring detonator, and the tail of the one detonator

is connected to the previous detonator. There is thus no separate bus wire. A detonator would usually have one or

two connectors.
Key
1 Firing unit
Figure 3 - Electrical wiring systems - Daisy chain topology
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1 Scope

This Technical Specification specifies a risk analysis, evaluation and testing procedure to be used to investigate the

safety and reliability of electronic initiation systems by identifying hazards and estimating the risks associated with

the system. The Technical Specification also stipulates levels of acceptability for electronic initiation systems.

2 Normative references

This Technical Specification incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These

normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For

dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this Technical

Specification only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of

the publication referred to applies (including amendments).

prEN 13763-1; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 1: Requirements.

EN 13763-2; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 2: Determination of thermal stability.

EN 13763-3; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 3:Determination of sensitiveness to impact.

prEN 13763-4; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 4: Determination of resistance to abrasion

of leading wires and shock tubes.

prEN 13763-5; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 5: Determination of resistance to cutting

damage of leading wires and shock tubes.

prEN 13763-6; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 6: Determination of resistance to cracking

in low temperatures of leading wires.

prEN 13763-7; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 7: Determination of the mechanical strength

of leading wires, shock tubes, connections, crimps and closures.

prEN 13763-8; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 8: Determination of resistance to vibration

of plain detonators.

prEN 13763-9; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 9: Determination of resistance to bending of

detonators.

prEN 13763-10:2000; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 10: Method for the determination of

resistance to torsion of sealing plugs.

prEN 13763-11; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 11: Determination of resistance to

damage by dropping of detonators and relays.

prEN 13763-12; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 12: Determination of resistance to

hydrostatic pressure.

prEN 13763-13; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 13: Determination of resistance of electric

detonators against electrostatic discharge.

prEN 13763-14; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 14: Determination of resistance of electric

detonators to the influence of radio frequency radiation.

prEN 13763-15; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 15: Determination of equivalent initiating

capability.

prEN 13763-16; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 16: Determination of delay accuracy.

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prEN 13763-17; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 17: Determination of no-fire current of

electric detonators.

prEN 13763-18; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 18: Determination of series firing current

of electric detonators.

prEN 13763-19; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 19: Determination of firing pulse on

electric detonators.

prEN 13763-20; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 20: Determination of total resistance of

electric detonators.

prEN 13763-21; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 21: Determination of flash-over voltage of

electric detonators.

prEN 13763-22; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 22: Determination of capacitance,

insulation resistance and insulation breakdown of leading wires.

EN 13763-23; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 23: Determination of the shock-wave

velocity of shock tubes.

EN 13763-24; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 24: Determination of the electrical non-

conductivity of shock tubes.

prEN 13763-25; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 25: Determination of transfer capacity of

relay and coupling accessories.

prEN 13763-26; Explosives for civil uses - Detonators and relays — Part 26: Definitions, methods and requirements

for devices and accessories for reliable and safe function of detonators and relays.

prEN 13857-1; Explosives for civil uses — Part 1: Terminology.

EN 60870-5-1; Telecontrol equipment and systems — Part 5: Transmission protocols — Section 1: Transmission

frame formats (IEC 60870-5-1:1990).

EN 61000-4-3; Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques. Radiated,

radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test (IEC 61000-4-3:2002).

EN 61000-4-6; Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques — Section 6:

Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields (IEC 61000-4-6:1996).

EN 61496-1:1997; Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment — Part 1: General requirements

and tests (IEC 61496-1:1997)

EN ISO/IEC 17025; General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC

17025:1999).

IEC 60068-2-14; Environmental testing — Part 2: Tests - Test N: Change of temperature (IEC 60068-2-14:1984 +

A1:1986).
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Technical Specification the terms and definitions given in prEN 13857-1 and the following

apply.
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3.1
electronic initiation system

system generally composed of a firing unit and/or a testing unit and/or a programming unit, and a certain number of

electronic detonators
3.2
electronic detonator
electronic detonator as defined in prEN13857-1
3.3
non programmable electronic detonator

electronic detonator with a programmed delay time. This programmation is made by the manufacturer.

3.4
pre-programmed electronic detonator

electronic detonator with a pre programmed delay number programmed by the manufacturer. The firing time of

these detonators is a multiple of this delay number and is determined on the field.

3.5
programmable electronic detonator

electronic detonator of which the functioning delay time is programmable, on the field, by mean of a programming

unit and/or a firing unit
3.6
firing unit

apparatus used in an electronic initiation system to initiate a blast. Such a device can control and/or program

and/or test the electronic detonators and charge the firing capacitor of the electronic detonators before the initiation

of the blast. This device can be driven by a computer.
3.7
testing unit

field tester intended, in an electronic initiation system, to test the electronic detonators and/or the initiating circuit.

This tester should not be able to initiate the electronic detonator.
3.8
programming unit

apparatus used, on the field, to program a delay time and/or an address to a programmable electronic detonator.

This apparatus can also test the electronic detonator. This apparatus should not be able to initiate the electronic

detonator.
3.9
electronic initiation system using no data communication

electronic initiation system in which the electronic detonator receives only firing energy from the firing unit (e.g. by

non-electric or electric means)
3.10
electronic initiation system using one way data communication

electronic initiation system in which the electronic detonator may receive commands from the programming/testing

unit and/or from firing unit but cannot send back any information to PROGRAMMING/TESTING and/or to firing unit

3.11
electronic initiation system using two way data communication

electronic initiation system in which the electronic detonator may receive commands from the programming/testing

unit and/or to firing unit and send back information to PROGRAMMING/TESTING and/or from firing unit

3.12
critical defect

defect that, according to judgement and experience, is likely to result in hazardous or unsafe conditions for

individuals using, maintaining or depending upon the considered product; or that is likely to prevent performance of

the function of a major end item e.g. an unintended initiation caused during transport, storage and handling

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3.13
major defect

defect, other than critical, that is likely to result in failure, or to reduce materially the usability of the considered

product for its intended purpose, e.g. misfire of more than one detonator in a blasting round

3.14
minor defect

defect that is not likely to reduce materially the usability of the considered product for its intended purpose, or that

is a departure from established specifications having little bearing on the effective use or operation of this product,

e.g. misfire of one single detonator or incorrect function (delay time) of a detonator

NOTE The above defect criteria are specific to electronic initiation systems and apply to all components of the system.

3.15
fault

state of an entity characterized by the inaptitude to achieve an intended function

3.16
failure

suspension of the aptitude of an entity to achieve a necessary function. After a failure, the entity is in fault.

3.17
independent circuits

two circuits are independent if they are physically separated and if a failure of one circuit cannot put the second

one in fault
4 Procedure
4.1 General (step 1 of Figure 4)

The risk analysis, evaluation and testing procedure, as described in 4.2 to clause 5 and illustrated in the flow

diagram given in Figure 4.
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Step 1
Start
Step 2
Identify qualitative and
quantitative
characteristics (4.2)
Step 3
Identify p ossible
hazards (4.3)
Step 4
Estimate risk for
each hazard (4.4)
Step 5
Is risk
yes
acceptable?
(4.5)
Step 6
Is risk
Report risk analysis.
reduced? no
Action required
(4.6)
Step 7
yes
Other hazards
yes
generated? (4.7)
Step 8
Are all identified
hazards evaluated? (4.8)
yes
Step 9
Are all hazards
identified? (4.9)
yes
Report risk
analysis (5)
Figure 4 - Flow diagram of risk analysis, evaluation and testing procedure
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4.2 Identification of qualitative and quantitative characteristics related to electronic initiation

system (step 2 of Figure 4)

The information in this step shall be provided by the manufacturer of the electronic initiation system to the body

responsible for carrying out the risk analysis procedure described in this Technical Specification.

For the particular electronic initiation system or accessory being considered, list all those characteristics that can

affect its safety and reliability.

NOTE The following list exemplifies questions to be answered, if relevant for the system, in drawing up such a list:

a) What is the intended use and how is the electronic initiation system to be used?

The following factor shall be considered:

• During which phases of normal operation is the operator potentially exposed to risks?

b) How is the system designed?
• Complete design drawings provided by the manufacturer.
c) Which devices and accessories are included in the system?

Description, principles and intended application (on the blast site, only in safe area, etc.) of e.g.:

• Programming units
• Testing units
• Firing units
d) Which functions are provided by the system?
• General functions
• Safety functions
• Reliability functions
• Time out functions (detonator, firing/testing/programming units)
• Possibilities to abort the blasting sequence
• Programming functions
• Calibration function (e.g. for delay accuracy)

• Self-check functions (e.g. start up check, run-time check of device and detonator, information transfer and

storing; detonator timer operation, fusehead, voltage level, capacitor level, error handling)

• Limits for safe functioning
• Output strength of detonator
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e) Which design measures have been taken to obtain necessary safety and reliability?

• Safety - fault tolerance measures, safety against two independent faults
• Reliability - fault tolerance measures, safety against one fault
• Can relevant failures be detected before a possible hazard occurs?

f) To which environmental stresses will the system be subjected during transport, storage and use?

• Climatic environment (temperature, humidity, hydrostatic pressure)
• Mechanical environment (static and dynamic)

• Electrical environment (e.g. electrostatic discharge, electromagnetic radiation).

• Shelf life limits

g) Which communication principles between detonators and system devices or accessories are used?

• No data communication or one way/two way data communication. Which information is transmitted/received?

• Coding principles for communication
• Delay of the detonator depending on the connection order?

• Is the function depending on intact communication and wiring during the whole blasting sequence or is the

detonator self-contained after receiving the initiation command?
• Number of wires on the bus (information carrier for the different wires)

h) Which output energy is provided from the output of firing/programming/testing units?

• Voltage
• Current
• Energy (pulse lengths)
• Limits for safe functioning of detonator (e.g. battery level, bus wire length)
i) Which energy source is used to initiate the detonator?

• Electrical energy (fusehead characteristics, e.g. no fire current/voltage, all fire current/voltage)

j) Is energy s
...