EN 16967:2017

Animal feeding stuffs: Methods of sampling and analysis - Predictive equations for metabolizable energy in feed materials and compound feed (pet food) for cats and dogs including dietetic food

This European Standard specifies predictive formulae for the determination of metabolizable energy (ME) in
-   Products of vegetable or animal origin, in their natural state, fresh or preserved, such as meat, offal, milk products, cooked starch sources; highly digestible special products such as milk substitutes or diets for enteral nutrition;
-   Complete or complementary products derived from the industrial processing for cats and dogs.

Futtermittel - Probenahme- und Untersuchungsverfahren - Schätzgleichungen für umsetzbare Energie in Futtermittel-Ausgangserzeugnissen und Mischfuttermitteln (Heimtierfutter) für Katzen und Hunde, einschließlich Diätfuttermittel

Diese Europäische Norm legt Schätzgleichungen zur Bestimmung der umsetzbaren Energie (uE) fest für:
-   Einzelfuttermittel pflanzlichen oder tierischen Ursprungs, bearbeitet oder unbearbeitet, frisch oder konserviert, wie beispielsweise Fleisch, Innereien, Michprodukte, gekochte Stärkequellen; leicht¬verdauliche Spezialprodukte wie beispielsweise Milchaustauscher oder Futtermittel mit besonderen Ernährungszwecken;
- Alleinfuttermittel oder Ergänzungsfuttermittel aus der industriellen Verarbeitung für Katzen und Hunde.

Aliments pour animaux : Méthodes d’échantillonnage et d’analyse - Équations prédictives de l’énergie métabolisable dans les matières premières pour aliments et les aliments composés (aliments pour animaux de compagnie) pour chats et chiens, y compris les aliments diététiques

La présente Norme européenne spécifie les formules prédictives pour la détermination de l’énergie métabolisable (EM) contenue dans :
-   les produits d’origine végétale ou animale, dans leur état naturel, qu’ils soient frais ou conservés, tels que la viande, les abats, les produits laitiers, les sources d’amidon cuit, ou des produits spéciaux hautement digestibles tels que des laits de remplacement ou des régimes alimentaires pour la nutrition entérale ;
- les produits complets ou les compléments alimentaires pour les chats et les chiens, issus de la transformation industrielle.

Krma: metode vzorčenja in analize - Napovedne enačbe za presnovno energijo v krmilih in krmnih mešanicah (hrane za hišne živali) za mačke in pse, vključno z dietično hrano

Ta osnutek evropskega standarda določa napovedne enačbe za določanje presnovne energije v:
– izdelkih rastlinskega in živalskega izvora v naravni obliki, svežih ali konzerviranih, kot so meso, drobovina, mlečni izdelki, kuhani viri škroba; lahko prebavljivi posebni izdelki, kot so mlečni nadomestki ali diete za enteralno prehrano;
– popolnih ali dopolnilnih izdelkih, pridobljenih z industrijsko obdelavo za mačke in pse.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Jul-2017
• Withdrawal Date: 30-Jan-2018
• ICS: 65.120 - Animal feeding stuffs
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 327 - Animal feeding stuffs - Methods of sampling and analysis
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 327/WG 2 - Composition
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Directive: 882/2004 - Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 onofficial controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules
• Mandate: M/521 - Mandate for standardisation addressed to CEN for methods of analysis in the field of animal nutrition - part 1
• Ref Project: SIST EN 16967:2017 - Animal feeding stuffs: Methods of sampling and analysis - Predictive equations for metabolizable energy in feed materials and compound feed (pet food) for cats and dogs including dietetic food

Overview

EN 16967:2017 (CEN) defines harmonized, predictive equations for determining metabolizable energy (ME) in animal feed materials and compound pet foods for cats and dogs, including dietetic products. The standard provides a practical, laboratory‑based approach to estimate ME from routine analytical results (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fibre) as an alternative to resource‑intensive feeding trials - supporting accurate formulation, labeling and regulatory compliance across the EU.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope: Product categories covered include raw products of animal or vegetable origin (fresh or preserved), highly digestible special products (e.g., milk substitutes), and complete/complementary industrial pet foods for cats and dogs.
• Energy definitions: Clear definitions for Gross Energy (GE), Digestible Energy (DE) and Metabolizable Energy (ME). GE may be calculated from composition using standard energy coefficients.
• GE estimation factors: Recommended GE estimates used in calculations: crude fat ≈ 39.3 kJ/g, crude protein ≈ 23.8 kJ/g, carbohydrates (NFE + CF) ≈ 17.1 kJ/g.
• Stepwise ME prediction: Four steps - (1) estimate GE from composition; (2) predict apparent energy digestibility (usually via a regression on crude fibre content per dry matter); (3) calculate DE; (4) convert DE → ME by subtracting urinary energy losses related to protein metabolism (e.g., 5.2 kJ/g digestible protein for dogs; 3.6 kJ/g for cats, or use mean apparent protein digestibility values).
• Required analyses: Moisture, crude protein, crude fat (hydrolysis compulsory for pet food), ash, crude fibre. Methods referenced align with Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 (Annex III methods A, C, H, M, I).
• Sampling & preparation: Sampling guidance and sample preparation reference Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 (Annex I/II).
• Units & conversions: Includes common conversion factors (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ).

Applications and users

• Pet food manufacturers: Formulation, quality control and nutritional labeling (energy declarations) for dog and cat foods, including dietetic products.
• Regulatory authorities and control labs: Harmonized method for verifying ME claims without routine feeding trials.
• Analytical laboratories: Use routine proximate analyses to calculate ME using the standard’s predictive equations.
• Animal nutritionists & researchers: Rapid energy estimations for diet design and comparative studies when feeding trials are impractical.

Benefits

• Harmonizes ME calculation across EU member states.
• Balances accuracy with practicality, reducing the need for animal feeding trials.
• Supports compliance with labeling and directive requirements.

Related standards and references

• Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 - recommended analytical and sampling methods referenced throughout EN 16967:2017.
• EU labeling directives (e.g., Directive 2008/38/EC) - context for energy declaration requirements.

Keywords: EN 16967:2017, metabolizable energy, ME, pet food, cats, dogs, predictive equations, gross energy, digestible energy, NFE, crude fibre, Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009.

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Futtermittel - Probenahme- und Untersuchungsverfahren - Schätzgleichungen für umsetzbare Energie in Futtermittel-Ausgangserzeugnissen und Mischfuttermitteln (Heimtierfutter) für Katzen und Hunde, einschließlich DiätfuttermittelAliments pour animaux : Méthodes d’échantillonnage et d’analyse - Équations prédictives de l’énergie métabolisable dans les matières premières pour aliments et les aliments composés (aliments pour animaux de compagnie) pour chats et chiens, y compris les aliments diététiquesAnimal feeding stuffs: Methods of sampling and analysis - Predictive equations for metabolizable energy in feed materials and compound feed (pet food) for cats and dogs including dietetic food65.120KrmilaAnimal feeding stuffsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16967:2017SIST EN 16967:2017en,fr,de01-september-2017SIST EN 16967:2017SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16967
July
t r s y ICS
x wä s t r English Version
Animal feeding stuffsã Methods of sampling and analysis æ Predictive equations for metabolizable energy in feed including dietetic food Aliments pour animaux ã Méthodes d 5échantillonnage et d 5analyse æ Équations prédictives de l 5énergie métabolisable dans les matières premières pour les aliments diététiques
Futtermittel æ Probenahmeæ und Untersuchungsverfahren æ Schätzgleichungen für umsetzbare Energie in FuttermittelæAusgangserzeugnissen und Mischfuttermitteln Diätfuttermittel This European Standard was approved by CEN on
s v May
t r s yä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Serbiaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey and United Kingdomä
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels
t r s y CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s x { x yã t r s y ESIST EN 16967:2017

General background information . 13 A.1 Pet Food from Industrial Processing (PFIP) . 13 A.2 Determination of ME in PFIP . 13 A.3 Development of the factors . 13 Annex B (informative)
Metabolizable energy in pet food – a comparison between the accuracy of predictive formulae versus experimental determination . 15 B.1 Background . 15 B.2 Materials and methods . 15 B.3 Results . 16 B.4 Discussion . 30 Bibliography . 31 SIST EN 16967:2017

(1) where mNFE
is the mass nitrogen free extract, in g/100 g; mM is the mass moisture, in g/100 g; mCP is the mass crude protein, in g/100 g; mCFA
is the mass crude fat, in g/100 g; mCA is the mass crude ash, in g/100 g; mCFI is the mass CF, in g/100 g. 5 Reagents and materials All the reagents shall be of analytical grade. All reagents used for determination of moisture, protein, fat, ash and fibre as described under Clause 9. 6 Apparatus Usual laboratory equipment and, in particular, those for determination of moisture, protein, fat, ash and fibre. SIST EN 16967:2017

is the GE, in MJ/kg; f
is the value of 0,02385 for the GE estimate of crude protein, in MJ/g; g is the value of 0,03933 for the GE estimate of crude fat, in MJ/g; SIST EN 16967:2017

is the mass crude protein, in g/kg; MCFA
is the mass of crude fat, in g/kg; MNFE
is the mass of NFE, in g/kg; MCFI is the mass of CF, in g/kg. 2) Calculate the apparent digestibility of gross energy with Formula (3) for dog food and Formula (4) for cat food. EDIG, d = k – (n × MCFD) (3) EDIG, c = p – (q × MCFD)
(4) where EDIG,d
is the energy digestibility in dog food, in % ; EDIG,c is the energy digestibility in cat food, in %; k is the value of 91,2 for the EDIG,d estimate; MCFD
is the mass CF in DM, in g/100 g; n
is the value of 1,43 for the impact estimate of CF on EDIG,d; p is the value of 87,9 for the EDIG,c estimate; q is the value of 0,88 for the impact estimate of CF on EDIG,c. 3) Calculate the digestible energy with Formula (5) EDE = (EGE × DGE) / 100
(5) where EDE
is the DE, in MJ/kg; EGE
is the GE, in MJ/kg; DGE is the digestibility of GE, in %. 4) Convert into metabolizable energy with Formula (6) for dog food and Formula (7) for cat food. EME,d = EDE – (r × MCP) (6) EME,c = EDE – (v × MCP) (7) where EME,d is the ME in dog food, in MJ/kg; EME,c is the ME in cat food, in MJ/kg; EDE
is the DE, in MJ/kg; MCP
is the mass crude protein, in g/kg; r
is the value of 0,00434 for the ME estimate of crude protein in dog food, in MJ/g; SIST EN 16967:2017

(8) EME,c = (a × MCP) + (e × MCFA) + (c × MNFE) (9) where a is the value of 0,016 74 for the ME estimate of crude protein, in MJ/g; b is the value of 0,037 67 for the ME estimate of crude fat in dog food; in MJ/g; c is the value of 0,016 74 for the ME estimate of carbohydrate, in MJ/g; EME,d is the ME in dog food, in MJ/kg; EME,c
is the ME in cat food, in MJ/kg; e is the value of 0,035 57 for the ME estimate of crude fat in cat food, in MJ/g; MCP
is the mass crude protein, in g/kg; MCFA
is the mass of crude fat, in g/kg; MNFE
is the mass of NFE, in g/kg. 11 Accuracy Recent reviews ([4], [5], [6]) comparing the accuracy between the modified Atwater method and the formulae cited by the National Research Council (NRC) [15] versus measured ME have shown the following: — The formulae cited by NRC [15] provide a more accurate estimate of ME compared to the modified Atwater method in dry pet foods. — The modified Atwater method and the NRC [15] formulae provide an equally moderate accuracy of ME estimation for wet foods for both dogs and cats. — Based on the above-mentioned findings it appears that the predictive formulae as laid down in this standard represent a robust compromise between accuracy and practicability. In summary no substantial advantage is achieved by further splitting formulae to be used for dry and wet pet foods or cat and dog pet foods respectively. NOTE In dog foods with CF content above 80 g/kg DM and a high percentage of fermentable non-starch polysaccharides in the CF fraction the predictive formula can underestimate the energy density. Further details on the accuracy evaluation
...