CEN ISO/TS 19144-3:2024
(Main)Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 3: Land Use Meta Language (LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 3: Land Use Meta Language (LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
This document specifies a Land Use Meta Language (LUML) expressed as a UML metamodel that allows different Land Use classification systems to be described. This document recognizes that there are a number of Land Use classification systems in existence. It provides a common reference structure for the comparison and integration of data for any generic Land Use classification system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems. This document complements ISO 19144-2 on Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) and can be used independently to describe Land Use or together with ISO 19144-2 to describe a combined Land Cover Land Use.
Geoinformationen - Klassifizierungssysteme - Teil 3: Land Use Meta Language (LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Partie 3: Métalangage d'affectation des sols (LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 3. del: Meta jezik rabe zemljišč (LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
Ta dokument določa meta jezik uporabe zemljišč (LUML), ki je izražen kot metamodel UML in omogoča opis različnih klasifikacijskih sistemov za uporabo zemljišč. V tem dokumentu je upoštevano, da obstaja več klasifikacijskih sistemov za uporabo zemljišč. Dokument podaja splošno referenčno strukturo za primerjavo in integracijo podatkov za kateri koli splošen klasifikacijski sistem za uporabo zemljišč, vendar ni predviden za nadomestitev teh klasifikacijskih sistemov. Ta dokument dopolnjuje standard ISO 19144-2 o metajeziku za pokrovnost (LCML) in ga je mogoče uporabljati neodvisno za opis uporabe zemljišč ali v povezavi s standardom ISO 19144-2 za združen opis pokrovnosti in uporabe zemljišč.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2025
Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 3. del: Meta jezik rabe zemljišč
(LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 3: Land Use Meta Language
(LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
Geoinformationen - Klassifizierungssysteme - Teil 3: Land Use Meta Language (LUML)
(ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Partie 3: Titre manque (ISO/TS
19144-3:2024)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TS 19144-3:2024
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN ISO/TS 19144-3
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
November 2024
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 35.240.70
English Version
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 3:
Land Use Meta Language (LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-3:2024)
Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Geoinformationen - Klassifizierungssysteme - Teil 3:
Partie 3: Métalangage d'affectation des sols (LUML) Land Use Meta Language (LUML) (ISO/TS 19144-
(ISO/TS 19144-3:2024) 3:2024)
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 16 August 2024 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TS 19144-3:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (CEN ISO/TS 19144-3:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211
"Geographic information/Geomatics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 287
“Geographic Information” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/TS 19144-3:2024 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/TS 19144-3:2024 without any
modification.
Technical
Specification
ISO/TS 19144-3
First edition
Geographic information —
2024-11
Classification systems —
Part 3:
Land Use Meta Language (LUML)
Information géographique — Systèmes de classification —
Partie 3: Métalangage d'affectation des sols (LUML)
Reference number
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en) © ISO 2024
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
© ISO 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions .1
3.2 Abbreviated terms .2
4 Conformance . 3
4.1 Conformance requirements and testing .3
4.2 Conformance classes .3
4.3 Conformance class 1 — Description of a land characterization classification system .3
4.4 Conformance class 2 — Comparison of land characterization classification systems .3
5 Notation . 3
6 Context . 4
7 Conceptual basis . 5
7.1 Domain of interest .5
7.2 Model based approach .5
7.3 Packages .6
7.4 Relation to ISO 19144-1 .6
7.5 High level structure classes .7
7.5.1 LU_LandUseClassificationSystemMetaLanguage .7
7.5.2 LU_LandUseClassDescriptor .8
7.5.3 LU_LandUseClass .8
7.6 Connection with Land Cover .8
7.7 Land Cover Land Use functional link .9
7.7.1 Types of descriptions.9
7.7.2 Description Type 1 — Land Cover .9
7.7.3 Description Type 2 — Land Use.10
7.7.4 Description Type 3 — Combined Land Cover Land Use – Land Characterization .11
7.7.5 Descriptive Overview of the functional link. 12
7.7.6 Land Characterization class description . 13
7.7.7 LU_LandCoverLandUseRelationship . 13
8 LUML design concepts .15
8.1 Overview of LUML design . 15
8.2 Elements of the LUML metamodel . 15
8.2.1 General description . . 15
8.2.2 Land Use Meta Language object structure .16
8.2.3 Land Use function and activities .17
8.2.4 LU_ChronologyType .18
8.3 Land Use structure .19
8.3.1 Overview of the Land Use structure .19
8.3.2 Description of the Land Use function classes . 20
8.3.3 Code lists and support classes for LU_Production . 28
8.3.4 LU_Provision function .32
8.3.5 Subtypes of LU_ Provision. 33
8.3.6 LU_ResidentialTypes . 35
8.3.7 LU_Regulative . 35
8.3.8 Subtypes of LU_Regulative .37
8.3.9 Code lists for LU_Regulative . 38
8.3.10 Subtypes of LU_Insubstantive_Other . 40
9 Land Use activities . 41
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ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
9.1 Land Use activities arrangement structure .41
9.2 Land Use activities structure .42
9.3 Land Use activities description .43
9.3.1 LU_Activities attributes and support classes .43
9.3.2 LU_Activities subtypes . 44
9.4 Land Use activities details .45
9.4.1 LU_PrimaryProductionActivities subtypes .45
9.4.2 LU_PrimaryProductionActivities subtypes and attributes . 46
9.4.3 LU_RawEndProductionIndustryActivities subtypes and attributes . 48
9.4.4 LU_RawEndProductionActivities subtypes . 49
9.4.5 LU_HeavyProductionIndustryActivities subtypes and attributes . 49
9.4.6 LU_HeavyProductionActivities subtypes . 50
9.4.7 LU_EnergyProductionIndustryActivities subtypes and attributes .51
9.4.8 LU_EnergyExtraction subtypes .51
9.4.9 LU_ProvisionActivities subtypes and attributes .51
9.4.10 LU_ProvisionActivities subtypes .52
9.4.11 LU_ResidentialActivities subtypes and attributes . 53
9.4.12 LU_ResidentialActivities subtypes . 53
9.4.13 LU_RegulativeActivities subtypes and attributes . 53
9.4.14 LU_RegulativeActivities subtypes . 54
9.4.15 LU_BufferingShieldingActivities subtypes and attributes . 54
9.4.16 LU_BufferingShieldingActivities subtypes . 55
10 Extension of the LCML .55
10.1 Extension process . 55
10.2 Registration of extensions . 55
10.3 Backward compatibility through registration . 56
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .57
Annex B (informative) Examples .59
Annex C (informative) Backward compatibility .73
Bibliography .75
iv
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics, in
collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 287,
Geographic Information, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN
(Vienna Agreement), and in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(UN FAO).
A list of all parts in the ISO 19144 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
Introduction
There is a tremendous diversity in how people establish a built infrastructure on land or over water,
or otherwise make use of the surface of the earth. This diversity in use also means that there is a great
diversity in how Land Use is described. Land Use data (even more so than Land Cover) are closely linked to
national and regional customs, legislation, or economic factors, and are therefore necessarily quite different
from one country or region to another. Within one country or region there can also be different Land Use
classifications in operation, serving different administrative and management purposes. It is not meaningful
to try to standardize this multitude of classifications, but it is meaningful to develop a meta-language that
can assist in the comparison of systems, assist translation between the systems and help international and
other organizations when they need to extract comparable data from many different data sources.
The aim of this document is to enable the comparison of information from existing classification systems in
a meaningful way without replacing them. The aim is to complement the development of future classification
systems that can offer more reliable collection methods for particular national or regional purposes by
allowing them to be described in a consistent manner.
A critical factor in implementing such global activities is the availability of a common, umbrella Land Use
classification system structure. This then provides a reliable basis for interaction without replacing the
increasing number of national, regional and global Land Use mapping and monitoring activities. This enables
comparisons of Land Use classes to be made regardless of mapping scale, Land Use type, data collection
method or geographic location.
This document provides a metalanguage expressed as a UML model that allows different Land Use
classification systems to be described. This document establishes a metalanguage for a set of objects and
rules (language) to describe Land Use features that can be part of different Land Use legends (nomenclature).
This provides a framework for comparing different systems and nomenclatures. This document is not a
description of a nomenclature nor is it a description of a specific set of classes.
The design concepts are described as follows.
— A classification process deals with the structuring of a specific knowledge domain in order to create
consistency, stability and common understanding in communication between the users, therefore its
main function is the capability to be a valid reference system for a larger community of users.
— However, a classification is a dynamic process. Definitions can change over time and in relation to the
prevalence of other cultures, evolving user needs and new scientific advances.
— No classification system can fully reflect either the social or the natural world completely accurately.
— There are always multiple ways to conceptualize and communicate knowledge, thus there can be an
inherent ambiguity in any categorization.
— The way to create consistency in this complex and dynamic domain is the establishment of a metalanguage
that defines the framework of elements and rules with which any user can define their own specific
ontology.
— The system needs to be documented through a rigorous definition of a generative grammar explicated
using a graphic modelling language (UML class diagram).
The metalanguage needs to ensure migration from “human language” to a “machine representation” of the
“elements, rules and conditions” with which a particular category (or set of categories) has been generated.
Additional parts of the ISO 19144 series are defined to describe the classification of other aspects of the
environment, such as Land Cover (ISO 19144-2). These other parts appear in separate documents, but may
be used in conjunction with classifications systems described using the Land Use Meta-Language specified
in this document.
There is a requirement for registration of some characteristics and code lists to be used with the classes
in this metalanguage and in any instantiation of this metalanguage. Registration is also desirable for a set
of instantiated schemas that correspond to the many existing Land Use classification systems in broad
vi
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
use. A section on registration existed in the previous edition of ISO 19144-2:2012. This content has now
been separated into another part of the series, in order to generalize the registration process, allowing it to
support Land Use as well as Land Cover and any other future parts of the ISO 19144 series. In addition, this
new part on registration will also address implementation issues.
The present document (ISO/TS 19144-3) is a new part of the ISO 19144 series. Some of the content of this
document addressing Land Use was originally contained in ISO 19144-2:2012. The description of these Land
Use elements has been moved to this document. In addition, there have been changes to the classes LC_
GrowthFormCharacteristic, LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetation, and LC_BuiltUpSurfaces to clarify the
differences between Land Cover and Land Use. Details relating to backward compatibility are described in
Annex C.
There is a need amongst some users of this document for an expression of Land Cover and or Land Use
information in XML, as well as a need for an XML Schema (XSD). This document describes a reference
metamodel for the description and comparison of classification systems. Any classification system described
using this metamodel is not implicitly an ISO standardized classification system. An XML expression of this
document is an XML expression of a metamodel and therefore such an XML Schema is a metaschema. An XML
expression of Land Cover and/or Land Use information needs to be at the Application Schema level, which
is one level of instantiation lower than the metaschema and defined in terms of a particular classification
system. The use of metamodels and the subsequent instantiation into models, including the instantiation
into an XML Schema that can be used to encode data is an implementation issue that is not addressed in this
document.
Appropriate references to externally managed lists or listed items established particularly for the
ISO 19144 series can be registered. In addition, whole classification systems described using the Land
Cover or Land Use parts of the ISO 19144 series can be registered. The name and contact information of the
maintenance agency for this document can be found at www.iso.org/maintenance_agencies.
This document is a joint deliverable with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO). Permission
has been granted to ISO by the UN FAO to make a derived work based on any material developed or copyright
[21]
UN FAO. The EAGLE concept has also provided input to the process of developing this document.
In this document UML attributes names are given in italics.
In accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2018, Rules for the structure and drafting of International
Standards, in International Standards the decimal sign is a comma on the line. However, the General
Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures) at its meeting in 2003
passed unanimously the following resolution:
“The decimal marker shall be either a point on the line or a comma on the line.”
In practice, the choice between these alternatives depends on customary use in the language concerned. In
the technical areas of geodesy and geographic information it is customary for the decimal point always to be
used, for all languages. That practice is used throughout this document.
vii
Technical Specification ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
Geographic information — Classification systems —
Part 3:
Land Use Meta Language (LUML)
1 Scope
This document specifies a Land Use Meta Language (LUML) expressed as a UML metamodel that allows
different Land Use classification systems to be described. This document recognizes that there are a number
of Land Use classification systems in existence. It provides a common reference structure for the comparison
and integration of data for any generic Land Use classification system, but does not intend to replace those
classification systems. This document complements ISO 19144-2 on Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) and
can be used independently to describe Land Use or together with ISO 19144-2 to describe a combined Land
Cover Land Use.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19123-1, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions — Part 1: Fundamentals
ISO 19144-1, Geographic information — Classification systems — Part 1: Classification system structure
ISO 19144-2, Geographic information — Classification systems — Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19144-1 and ISO 19144-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
NOTE The term "class" is used in the ISO 19144 series to represent a construct in a classification system. However,
the term has several meanings in other contexts, including in the UML modelling language. Where possible, attributes
or other identifiers are needed to distinguish between the various uses of the term "class".
3.1.1
class
classifier of a set of objects
[22]
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from UML 2.5.1, 11.8.3.1.
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
1)
[SOURCE: ISO 19103:—, 3.14]
3.1.2
coverage
function which returns values from its range for any direct position within its domain
[SOURCE: ISO 19123-1:2023, 3.1.9]
3.1.3
discrete coverage
coverage that returns value for the direct positions within its domain
Note 1 to entry: Discrete coverages have values only for their direct positions, whereas continuous coverages can be
interpolated, thereby providing values between direct positions in addition.
[SOURCE: ISO 19123-1:2023, 3.1.15]
3.1.4
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
Note 1 to entry: A feature can occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or feature instance will be used when only
one is meant.
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11]
3.1.5
register
set of files containing identifiers assigned to items with descriptions of the associated items
[SOURCE: ISO 19135-1:2015, 4.1.9]
3.2 Abbreviated terms
ATS abstract test suite
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
LCML Land Cover Meta Language
LUML Land Use Meta Language
NLUD UK National Land Use Database
UML unified modelling language
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UN FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
UN FCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
XML Extensible Markup Language
XSD XML Schema
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/FDIS 19103:2024.
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
4 Conformance
4.1 Conformance requirements and testing
Conformance to this document consists of alignment with the requirements established in 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 10.2
and 10.3. The abstract test suite (ATS) given in Annex A describes a methodology which shall be applicable
for testing conformance to these requirements.
4.2 Conformance classes
Two conformance classes are identified in this document, one for the description of a land characterization
classification system and the other for the comparison between two or more land characterization
classification systems.
4.3 Conformance class 1 — Description of a land characterization classification system
Requirement 1: The description of Legends or Land characterization Application Schema using this
document shall consist of a set of UML classes with associated attributes that correspond to instantiations
of the metalanguage classes described in Clause 8 or the combined Land Cover Land Use combinations
identified in 7.7, or both.
4.4 Conformance class 2 — Comparison of land characterization classification systems
Requirement 2: The process of comparison of two land characterization classification systems shall
be performed by developing descriptions of the two land classification systems, each in accordance with
Requirement 1, and then identifying the differences on a class-by-class basis. This can be repeated for more
than two land characterization classification systems under comparison.
NOTE The level of detail of the comparison is dependent on the type of description.
5 Notation
The conceptual schema specified in this document is described using the Unified Modelling Language (UML),
in accordance with ISO 19103.
Several model elements used in this schema are defined in other ISO geographic information standards. By
convention within ISO/TC 211, names of UML classes, with the exception of basic data type classes, include
a two-letter prefix that identifies the standard and the UML package in which the UML class is defined.
This provides a global unique name for the class. UML classes defined in this document have the two-letter
prefix "LU". Examples in this document and ISO 19144-2 have the two-letter prefix EL. Table 1 lists the other
International Standards and packages in which UML classes used in this document have been defined.
Table 1 — Sources of externally defined UML classes
International
Prefix Package
Standard
CL ISO 19144-1 Classification system structure
LC ISO 19144-2 Land Cover Meta classes
EL ISO 19144-2 & Examples in the ISO 19144 series
ISO/TS 19144-3
CV ISO 19123-1 Coverage geometry
The stereotype <> is used throughout this document to identify metalanguage
objects that compose the LC_LandCoverClassDescriptor, LU_LandUseClassDescriptor or LU_
LandCharacterizationClassDescriptor. As illustrated in 7.3, LU_LandCoverLandUseRelationship and its
components are at a higher level of abstraction than the LU_LandUseClass that form a Land Use Classification
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
System, which are at the Application Schema level. A Legend as described in ISO 19144-1 is the simplest type
of Application Schema.
The stereotype <> applies to a class whose instances are other classes that are described by
the metalanguage class.
The term "class" is an English word with a dictionary definition. However, it also has several meanings
within the ISO 19144 series, dependent upon context. Classification is a process and the result of a
classification process is a “class”. The term "class" () is used in the ISO 19144 series to
represent a construct in a classification system. However, the term "class" has several other meanings in
other contexts. A classification system consists of a set of classes subdividing the concepts within a given
topic area. There is an unavoidable conflict with the terminology when a modelling language such as UML is
used to describe a classification system metalanguage such as the LCML. The UML modelling language uses
the term "class" () as a construct in an object-oriented programming or data modelling paradigm,
as the template for an object. That is, a UML class describes the properties associated with the instances
of the class called objects. The term "class" is used in normal practice in both modelling and classification,
and it is unreasonable for either modelling or classification to avoid the term. The term “Item Class” is
also used in the process of registration, identifying the item that is registered. This term occurs in other
parts of the ISO 19144 series. Adjectives have been used in this document where possible to reduce this
confusion. For example, UML classes can be called “UML classes” and classification system classes can be
called “classification classes” or “legend classes”. At times, a UML class describes a classification class and it
is possible to dispense with the adjective since both meanings of "class" are equivalent in the context. The
conflict results from the fact that there is a deep relationship between data modelling and classification as
used in other domains.
There is a similar related potential conflict with the associated terms "attribute" and "object". Adjectives
have been used where possible, but at times it is necessary to derive the meaning from the context. Other
terms where there is a potential for confusion are the terms “element”, “component”, “characteristic” and
especially “attribute”. The use of these terms is potentially confusing as they have different meanings in
different contexts. These terms come from different places and all that can be controlled is their usage in the
ISO 19144 series. Care is taken to use adjectives with these terms to help to clarify their meaning.
Certain classes that are common to both this document and to ISO 19144-2 are defined once. The classes that
describe how permitted numeric values at the metalanguage level may be instantiated to the basic number
types at the type level represented by LC_ValueObject or its subtypes are described in ISO 19144-2. The
basic number types defined in ISO 19103 shall apply.
Classes related to the Land Cover Land Use Relationship are defined in this document in the package LU_
LandCoverLandUseRelationship.
6 Context
The purpose of this document is to define a common reference structure for the comparison and integration
of data for any generic Land Use classification system.
The majority of today's global biosphere is occupied by human-modified landscapes of agricultural, urban
and other Land Uses. Due to the extent of the human impact, it is of fundamental importance to understand
the extent and effects of human use of ecosystems, such as urban development, deteriorating environmental
quality, changes in the extent and types of agricultural systems, and loss of fragile ecosystems (e.g. wetlands
and steep lands) or of ecosystems with a high value in terms of biodiversity (e.g. humid tropical forests).
These processes and problems need to be understood and documented in order to manage biodiversity,
water security and human health. In other words, an understanding of Land Use and Land Cover is necessary
if living conditions and standards are to be improved or at least maintained at the current level. For regional
to national extents, Land Use is typically measured and mapped at a coarse spatial resolution (e.g. state or
county unit) and for only broad categories of use (e.g. urban vs. agriculture). No unified or detailed worldwide
Land Use classification exists. Some Land Cover maps depict ‘‘developed’’ or built-up Land Cover types that
are directly related to human activities. However, that information cannot represent the full extent and
complexity of human use of the land. Since every Land Use classification system is highly dependent on the
purpose of the classification itself, there is a great diversity between Land Use classification systems.
ISO/TS 19144-3:2024(en)
In the past, many Land Use classification authors had different purposes and the result was an amalgam of
classification methods to describe Land Use. As a result, today, comparison across time and space of Land
Use has become very arduous. There is no agreement on any of the common classificatory principles. The
metalanguage prese
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