EN 60544-1:1994
(Main)Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation - Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry
Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation - Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry
Deals with the general aspects to be considered in evaluating the effects of ionizing radiation on all types of organic insulating materials. It also provides, for X-rays, gamma rays, and electrons, a guide to dosimetry terminology, methods of determining exposure and absorbed dose, and methods of calculating absorbed dose.
Elektroisolierstoffe - Bestimmung der Wirkung ionisierender Strahlung - Teil 1: Einfluß der Strahlenwirkung und Dosimetrie
Matériaux isolants électriques - Détermination des effets des rayonnements ionisants - Partie 1: Interaction des rayonnements et dosimétrie
Traite de manière générale des aspects à envisager lors de l'évaluation des effets des rayonnements ionisants sur tous les types de matériaux isolants organiques. Elle fournit également pour les rayons X, les rayons gamma et les électrons, un guide de terminologie en dosimétrie, des méthodes de détermination de l'exposition et de la dose absorbée, ainsi que des méthodes de calcul de la dose absorbée.
Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionising radiation - Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry (IEC 60544-1:1994)
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-1998
Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionising radiation -
Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry (IEC 60544-1:1994)
Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation -- Part 1:
Radiation interaction and dosimetry
Elektroisolierstoffe - Bestimmung der Wirkung ionisierender Strahlung -- Teil 1: Einfluß
der Strahlenwirkung und Dosimetrie
Matériaux isolants électriques - Détermination des effets des rayonnements ionisants --
Partie 1: Interaction des rayonnements et dosimétrie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60544-1:1994
ICS:
29.035.01 Izolacijski materiali na Insulating materials in
splošno general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
NORME
CEI
INTERNATIONALE IEC
544-1
INTERNATIONAL
Deuxième édition
STANDARD
Second edition
1994-04
Matériaux isolants électriques —
Détermination des effets des rayonnements
ionisants —
Partie 1:
Interaction des
rayonnements et dosimétrie
Electrical insulating materials —
Determination of the effects of ionizing
radiation —
Part 1:
Radiation interaction and dosimetry
© CEI 1994 Droits de reproduction
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3 -
544-1 © IEC:1994 -
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 5
INTRODUCTION 7
Clause
1 Scope and object 9
2 Normative references 9
Definitions 3 9
4 Aspects to be considered in evaluating the radiation resistance of
insulating materials 11
4.1 Evaluation of the radiation field 11
4.2 Evaluation of absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate 13
4.3 13 Radiation-induced changes and their evaluation
5 Dosimetry methods 17
5.1 General 17
5.2 Absolute methods 17
5.2.1 Gamma-rays 17
5.2.2 Electron beams 19
5.3 Relative methods 21
5.4 Recommended methods for measuring absorbed dose 21
6 Calculation of absorbed dose from X- or gamma-radiation
General 23
6.1
6.2 Calculation of the absorbed dose from a measurement of exposure 23
6.3 Calculation of absorbed dose in one material from that in another 25
6.4 Depth-dose distribution (limitations) 25
7 Dose estimation methods for electron radiation 27
7.1 General 27
7.2 Recommended procedures for electron-beam dosimetry
7.3 Electron-beam irradiation 31
7.4 Methods for measuring depth-dose distributions 31
Tables 37
Figures 45
Annexes
A Charged-particle equilibrium thickness 51
B Derivation of numerical factors fi 59
Bibliography C 60
544-1 ©IEC:1994 - 5 -
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS —
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION —
Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry
FOREWORD
The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization
1)
comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to
promote international cooperation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and
electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards.
Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in
the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and
non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC
collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with
conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, prepared by technical committees on
2)
which all the National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as
possible, an international consensus of opinion on the subjects dealt with.
They have the form of recommendations for international use published in the form of standards, technical
3)
reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
4)
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
International Standard IEC 544-1 has been prepared by sub-committee 15B: Endurance
tests, of IEC technical committee 15: Insulating materials.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1977 and
constitutes a technical revision.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
Report on Voting
DIS
15B(CO)93
15B(CO)91
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report
on voting indicated in the above table.
Electrical insulating
IEC 544 consists of the following parts, under the general title:
materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation.
- Part 1: 1994, Radiation interaction and dosimetry
- Part 2: 1991, Procedures for irradiation and test
- Part 4: 1985, Classification system for service in radiation environments
Annexes A and B form an integral part of this standard.
Annex C is for information only.
-
544-1 © IEC:1994 7 -
INTRODUCTION
The establishment of suitable criteria for the evaluation of the radiation resistance of
insulating materials is very complex, since such criteria depend upon the conditions under
which the materials are used. For instance, if an insulated cable is to be flexed during a
refuelling operation in a reactor, the service life will be that time during which the cable
receives a radiation dose sufficient to reduce to a specified value one or more of the
relevant mechanical properties. Temperature of operation, composition of the surrounding
atmosphere, and the time interval during which the total dose is received (dose rate or
flux) are important factors which also determine the rate and mechanisms of chemical
changes. In some applications, temporary changes may be the limiting factor.
Firstly, it is necessary to define the radiation fields in which materials are exposed and the
radiation dose subsequently absorbed by the material. Secondly, it is necessary to
establish procedures for testing the mechanical and electrical properties of materials,
which will define the radiation degradation, and link those properties with application
requirements in order to provide an appropriate classification system.
This part of IEC 544 is the introductory part in a series dealing with the effect of ionizing
radiation on insulating materials. Part 2 of IEC 544 describes procedures for maintaining
different types of exposure conditions during the irradiation. It also specifies the controls
that shall be maintained over these conditions so that desired performances can be
obtained. Further, it defines certain important irradiation conditions and specifies the test
procedures to be used for property-change determinations and the corresponding
end-point criteria. Part 3 (IEC 544-3: 1979) has been incorporated into the second edition
of IEC 544-2. Part 4 of IEC 544 defines a classification system to categorize the radiation
endurance of insulating materials. It provides a set of parameters characterizing the
suitability for radiation service. It is a guide for the selection and indexing of insulating
materials and for material specification.
544-1 - 9 -
© IEC:1994
ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS —
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION —
Part 1: Radiation interaction and dosimetry
1 Scope and object
This pa rt
of IEC 544 deals broadly with the aspects to be considered in evaluating the
effects of ionizing radiation on all types of organic insulating materials. It also provides, for
X-rays, y-rays, and electrons, a guide to dosimetry terminology, methods of determining
exposure and absorbed dose, and methods of calculating absorbed dose.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this
text, constitute provisions of this part of IEC 544. At the time of publication, the editions
indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and pa
rties to
agreements based on this pa
rt of IEC 544 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of
applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members
of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 544-2: 1991,
Guide for determining the effects of ionizing radiation on insulating
materials - Part 2: Procedures for irradiation and test
IEC 544-4: 1985,
Guide for determining the effects of ionizing radiation on insulating
materials - Part 4: Classification system for service in radiation environments
3 Definitions [151*
For the purposes of this part of IEC 544, the following definitions apply.
3.1 exposure (X): Exposure is the measure of an electromagnetic radiation field (X- or
y-radiation) to which a material is exposed. The exposure is the quotient obtained by
dividing dQ by dm, where dQ is the absolute value of the total charge of the ions of one
sign produced in the air when all of the electrons (and positrons) liberated by photons in
air of mass dm are completely stopped in air:
dQ
X=
dm
SI
The
unit of exposure is the coulomb (C) per kilogram: C/kg. The old unit is the roentgen
R: 1 R = 2,58 x 10
-4 C/kg.
* The numbers in square brackets refer to the bibliography given in annex C.
544-1 © IEC:1994 - 11 -
The exposure thus describes the effect of an electromagnetic field on matter in terms of
the ionization that the radiation produces in a standard reference material, air.
3.2
electron charge fluence (Q'): The quotient obtained by dividing dQ by dA, where
dQ is the electron charge impinging during the time
t on the area dA:
- dQ
dA
3.3
electron current density (j): The quotient obtained by dividing dQ' by dt, where dQ'
is the electron charge fluence during the time interval dt:
dQ' d2Q
l = -
dt dA dt
3.4 absorbed dose (D): Measure of the energy imparted to the irradiated material,
regardless of the nature of the radiation field. The absorbed dose
D is the quotient
obtained by dividing
a by dm where da is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation
to matter of mass dm:
de
D-
dm
The SI
unit is the gray (Gy). The old unit is the rad:
1 Gy = 1 J • kg -1 (= 10
2 rad)
Since this definition does not specify the absorbing material, the gray can be used only
with reference to a specific material. The absorbed dose is determined in part by the
composition of the irradiated material. When exposed to the same radiation field,
therefore, different materials usually receive different absorbed doses.
3.5 absorbed dose rate (b):
The quotient obtained by dividing dD by dt, where dD is the
increment of absorbed dose in the time interval dt:
dD
D-
dt
The SI
unit of absorbed dose rate is the gray per second:
1 Gy • s- = 1 W • kg- (= 102 rad s
-1 = 0,36 Mrad h-1)
4 Aspects to be considered in evaluating the radiation resistance of
insulating materials
4.1
Evaluation of the radiation field
For various types of radiation, the radiation field is described in different ways.
-13 -
544-1 © IEC:1994
4.1.1 An electromagnetic radiation field may be described in terms of photon flux density
and energy distribution. However, for X- and y-rays up to 3
MeV it is customary to
characterize the field in terms of its ionizing effect on air. For this purpose, the quantity
"exposure" is used.
4.1.2 A particle field is usually characterized in terms of the current density (fluence
rate). When the particles have a distribution of energies, as for electron beams, additional
information concerning the energy spectrum is required.
4.1.3 In all cases, the objective is to characterize the radiation field in such a way that
the absorbed dose and dose rate in any material placed in the field may be calculated.
When different materials are exposed to the same fluence of photons or particles, they
may absorb different amounts of energy. The first objective is thus to describe standard
methods and procedures for measuring the characteristics of the radiation fields to which
insulating materials have to be exposed. Clause 5 meets this objective by presenting a list
of radiation dosimetry techniques with the relevant references.
4.2
Evaluation of absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate
Techniques have been perfected to obtain - from measurements with radiation detectors
such as ionization chambers, calorimeters, and chemical dosimeters - the data for
calculating the absorbed dose or absorbed dose rate for a material under irradiation.
Clause 5 deals with the reliable and conventional techniques of such measurements.
Clause 6 contains the material- and energy-dependent factors to be used in the
calculation of absorbed dose or absorbed dose rate in other materials of interest from the
measured data for X- and y-radiation, while clause 7 gives dose estimation methods for
electron radiation.
4.3 Radiation-induced changes and their evaluation
Although the various types of radiat
...
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