IEC 61745:1998
(Main)End-face image analysis procedure for the calibration of optical fibre geometry test sets
End-face image analysis procedure for the calibration of optical fibre geometry test sets
Describes the calibration of test sets which perform end-face image analysis. This is also known as near-field or grey-scale analysis. The principles may also be applied to test sets of a different type. This standard addresses the calibration of measurements made on single-mode fibres only. This type of test set may also be used to measure multimode fibres, but the evaluation of uncertainties is not covered.
Procédure d'analyse d'image d'extrémité pour l'étalonnage de dispositifs d'essais de géométrie des fibres optiques
Describes the calibration of test sets which perform end-face image analysis. This is also known as near-field or grey-scale analysis. The principles may also be applied to test sets of a different type. This standard addresses the calibration of measurements made on single-mode fibres only. This type of test set may also be used to measure multimode fibres, but the evaluation of uncertainties is not covered.
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INTERNATIONAL
IEC
STANDARD
First edition
1998-08
End-face image analysis procedure
for the calibration of optical fibre
geometry test sets
Reference number
Numbering
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60000 series.
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Terminology, graphical and letter symbols
For general terminology, readers are referred to IEC 60050: International
Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV).
For graphical symbols, and letter symbols and signs approved by the IEC for
general use, readers are referred to publications IEC 60027: Letter symbols to be
used in electrical technology, IEC 60417: Graphical symbols for use on equipment.
Index, survey and compilation of the single sheets and IEC 60617: Graphical symbols
for diagrams.
* See web site address on title page.
INTERNATIONAL
IEC
STANDARD
First edition
1998-08
End-face image analysis procedure
for the calibration of optical fibre
geometry test sets
IEC 1998 Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, Switzerland
Telefax: +41 22 919 0300 e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http: //www.iec.ch
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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International Electrotechnical Commission
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– 2 – 61745 © IEC:1998(E)
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . 3
Clause
1 General . 4
1.1 Scope and object . 4
1.2 Definitions . 4
1.3 Geometrical parameters of optical fibres . 7
1.4 Description of geometry test sets . 7
1.5 Calibration standard requirements. 7
2 Calibration . 8
2.1 Introductory remark. 8
2.2 Rationale for calibration of geometry test sets . 8
2.3 Calibration procedure. 9
2.4 Check calibration procedure. 11
2.5 Spatial linearity . 12
2.6 Calibration of core/cladding concentricity error measurement . 12
2.7 Calibration of non-circularity measurement. 12
3 Evaluation of uncertainties . 12
3.1 Introductory remark. 12
3.2 Evaluation of uncertainty in test set calibration . 12
3.3 Evaluation of uncertainty in fibre measurement. 15
3.4 Evaluation of uncertainty in chromium mask measurement . 16
3.5 Summary . 16
4 Documentation . 17
4.1 Records. 17
4.2 Certificate of calibration . 17
4.3 Sample calibration certificate . 18
Figure 1 – Example of a calibration chain and the accumulation of uncertainties. 19
Annex A (informative) Derivation of calibration factors . 20
Annex B (informative) Worked examples for the determination of calibration factors . 23
Annex C (normative) Calculation of uncertainties . 24
Annex D (informative) Worked examples for the determination of uncertainties . 27
Annex E (informative) Generation of working standards . 29
Annex F (informative) Estimation of uncertainty in the measurement of core/cladding
concentricity error . 30
Annex G (informative) Estimation of uncertainty in the measurement of non-circularity . 33
61745 © IEC:1998(E) – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
__________
END-FACE IMAGE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE FOR THE CALIBRATION
OF OPTICAL FIBRE GEOMETRY TEST SETS
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
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participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
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for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
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2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
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from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61745 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 86: Fibre
optics.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
86/125/FDIS 86/134/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
Annex C forms an integral part of this standard.
Annexes A, B, D, E, F and G are for information only.
A bilingual version of this standard may be issued at a later date.
– 4 – 61745 © IEC:1998(E)
END-FACE IMAGE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE FOR THE CALIBRATION
OF OPTICAL FIBRE GEOMETRY TEST SETS
1 General
1.1 Scope and object
In the research and production environments there exists a range of test methods for
characterizing the geometry of optical fibres. Furthermore, each test method may determine
one or more of the many parameters required for complete geometrical characterization. This
International Standard describes the calibration of test sets which perform end-face image
analysis, also known as near-field or grey-scale analysis. The principles, however, may be
applied to test sets of a different type.
This standard addresses the calibration of measurements made on single-mode fibres only;
however, this type of test set may also be used to measure the geometrical parameters of the
cores of multimode fibres, but the evaluation of uncertainties associated with these
measurements is beyond the scope of this standard.
The procedures outlined are to be performed by calibration laboratories and by the
manufacturers or users of geometry test sets, for the purpose of calibrating geometry test sets
and for evaluating the uncertainties in measurements made on calibrated test sets. The
calibration of fibre coating or cable measurement test sets is not covered by this standard. The
object of this standard is to define a standard procedure for the calibration of test sets for
measuring the glass geometry of optical fibres.
1.2 Definitions
For the purpose of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
1.2.1
accredited calibration laboratory
calibration laboratory authorised by the appropriate National Standards laboratory to issue
calibration certificates with a specified uncertainty, which demonstrate traceability to national
standards
1.2.2
artefact
any object that is measured on or used to calibrate a geometry test set. An artefact may be, for
example, an optical fibre or a chromium-on-glass pattern
1.2.3
calibration
process by which the relationship between the values indicated by the geometry test set under
calibration and the known values of the calibration standard is established. The purpose of
calibration is to bring all geometry test sets into substantial agreement with a national
standards laboratory. This may be performed either by adjustment of the geometry test set or
by documentation of a calibration factor(s) in a calibration certificate. The pertaining
environment and instrument conditions at the time of calibration are usually recorded.
Calibration includes estimation of all uncertainties.
1.2.4
calibration chain
chain of transfers from a national standard to the geometry test set through intermediate or
working standards (see figure 1)
61745 © IEC:1998(E) – 5 –
1.2.5
calibration checking
establishing that a geometry test set that has been previously calibrated but has reached its
calibration due date remains within specified uncertainty limits. If the geometry test set has
drifted outside these limits, then re-calibration is required. Otherwise, the re-checking period
can be extended for a stated period. The test set may be checked using a working standard
1.2.6
calibration standard
artefact that is calibrated against a reference standard and is used to calibrate test sets. The
artefact may be a fibre or a chromium-on-glass pattern. Proper use of a calibration standard
ensures traceability. The term includes the reference standard, the transfer standard and the
working standard(s), in descending order of metrological uncertainty
1.2.7
combined standard uncertainty
combination of a number of individual standard uncertainties.
The term "accuracy" should be avoided in this context.
In calibration reports and technical data sheets, the combined standard uncertainty in the
geometry test set measurement is reported as an overall expanded uncertainty with the
applicable confidence level, for example 95,5% or 99,7%.
1.2.8
confidence level
estimation of the probability that the true value of a measured parameter lies within a given
range (expanded uncertainty)
1.2.9
correction offset
number that is added to or subtracted from the measurement result of a test set to correct for a
known physical effect
1.2.10
coverage factor, k
factor used to calculate the expanded uncertainty U from the standard uncertainty
1.2.11
expanded uncertainty, U
range of values within which the true value of the measured parameter, at the stated
confidence level, can be expected to lie. It is also called the confidence interval and is equal to
the coverage factor k times the standard uncertainty u:
U = k ⋅ u
The measurement uncertainty of a geometry test set should be specified in the form of
expanded uncertainty.
NOTE – When the distribution of uncertainties is assumed to be normal and a large number of measurements are
made, then confidence levels of 68,3 %, 95,5 % and 99,7 % correspond to values for k of 1, 2, and 3 respectively
(see clause C.3 ).
1.2.12
geometry test set
instrument used to measure the geometrical parameters of an optical fibre. The parameters
measured will depend on the type of geometry test set
– 6 – 61745 © IEC:1998(E)
1.2.13
infant fibre
fibre whose geometry is to be measured on a calibrated geometry test set
1.2.14
instrument state
description of the measurement conditions of the geometry test set during calibration and
measurement, for instance form-fits used, data filtering schemes employed and
...
IEC 61745
Edition 1.0 1998-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
End-face image analysis procedure for the calibration of optical fibre geometry
test sets
Procédure d’analyse d’image d’extrémité pour l’étalonnage de dispositifs
d’essais de géometrie des fibres optiques
Copyright © 1998 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
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IEC 61745
Edition 1.0 1998-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
End-face image analysis procedure for the calibration of optical fibre geometry
test sets
Procédure d’analyse d’image d’extrémité pour l’étalonnage de dispositifs
d’essais de géometrie des fibres optiques
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
V
CODE PRIX
ICS 33.180.01 ISBN 2-8318-5649-3
– 2 – 61745 © CEI:1998
SOMMAIRE
Pages
AVANT-PROPOS .4
Articles
1 Généralités.6
1.1 Domaine d'application et objet .6
1.2 Définitions.6
1.3 Paramètres géométriques des fibres optiques.12
1.4 Description du dispositif d’essai de géométrie .12
1.5 Prescriptions relatives aux étalons pour étalonnage .14
2 Etalonnage.14
2.1 Remarque préliminaire.14
2.2 Justification de l'étalonnage des dispositifs d'essais de géométrie.14
2.3 Procédure d'étalonnage .16
2.4 Procédure de vérification d'étalonnage.22
2.5 Linéarité spatiale .22
2.6 Etalonnage de la mesure d'erreur de concentricité cœur/gaine.22
2.7 Etalonnage de la mesure de non-circularité.22
3 Evaluation des incertitudes .24
3.1 Remarque préliminaire.24
3.2 Evaluation de l'incertitude dans l'étalonnage de dispositifs d'essais.24
3.3 Evaluation de l'incertitude dans la mesure d'une fibre.28
3.4 Evaluation de l'incertitude dans la mesure d'un masque en chrome.30
3.5 Résumé.32
4 Documentation.32
4.1 Enregistrements.32
4.2 Certificat d'étalonnage .32
4.3 Exemple de certificat d'étalonnage.36
Annexe A (informative) Calcul des facteurs d'étalonnage.40
Annexe B (informative) Exemples pratiques pour la détermination de facteurs
d'étalonnage .46
Annexe C (normative) Calcul des incertitudes.48
Annexe D (informative) Exemples pratiques pour la détermination d'incertitudes.54
Annexe E (informative) Création d'étalons de travail .58
Annexe F (informative) Estimation de l'incertitude dans la mesure de l'erreur
de concentricité cœur/gaine .60
Annexe G (informative) Estimation de l'incertitude dans la mesure de la non-circularité .66
Figure 1 – Exemple d'une chaîne d'étalonnage et accumulation des incertitudes.38
Figure A.1 – Représentation d'un masque d'étalonnage en forme de grille .42
Figure A.2 – Représentation d'un masque d'étalonnage en forme d'anneau .44
Figure A.3 – Calcul du décalage correctif .44
61745 © IEC:1998 – 3 –
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD.5
Clause
1 General.7
1.1 Scope and object.7
1.2 Definitions.7
1.3 Geometrical parameters of optical fibres .13
1.4 Description of geometry test sets .13
1.5 Calibration standard requirements .15
2 Calibration .15
2.1 Introductory remark.15
2.2 Rationale for calibration of geometry test sets .15
2.3 Calibration procedure .17
2.4 Check calibration procedure .23
2.5 Spatial linearity.23
2.6 Calibration of core/cladding concentricity error measurement .23
2.7 Calibration of non-circularity measurement.23
3 Evaluation of uncertainties .25
3.1 Introductory remark.25
3.2 Evaluation of uncertainty in test set calibration .25
3.3 Evaluation of uncertainty in fibre measurement .29
3.4 Evaluation of uncertainty in chromium mask measurement.31
3.5 Summary.33
4 Documentation.33
4.1 Records.33
4.2 Certificate of calibration .33
4.3 Sample calibration certificate .37
Annex A (informative) Derivation of calibration factors .41
Annex B (informative) Worked examples for the determination of calibration factors .47
Annex C (normative) Calculation of uncertainties.49
Annex D (informative) Worked examples for the determination of uncertainties.55
Annex E (informative) Generation of working standards .59
Annex F (informative) Estimation of uncertainty in the measurement of core/cladding
concentricity error .61
Annex G (informative) Estimation of uncertainty in the measurement of non-circularity.67
Figure 1 – Example of a calibration chain and the accumulation of uncertainties .39
Figure A.1 – Representation of a grid calibration mask .43
Figure A.2 – Representation of an annulus calibration mask .45
Figure A.3 – Derivation of correction offset.45
– 4 – 61745 © CEI:1998
COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
__________
PROCÉDURE D'ANALYSE D'IMAGE D’EXTRÉMITÉ POUR L'ÉTALONNAGE
DE DISPOSITIFS D'ESSAIS DE GÉOMÉTRIE DES FIBRES OPTIQUES
AVANT-PROPOS
1) La CEI (Commission Électrotechnique Internationale) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composée
de l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a pour objet de
favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de
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