IEC 62629-1-2:2021
(Main)3D display devices - Part 1-2: Generic - Terminology and letter symbols
3D display devices - Part 1-2: Generic - Terminology and letter symbols
IEC 62629-1-2:2021 provides a list of the terminologies that are frequently used in describing 3D display technologies in the -IEC 62629 series. Terms for various 3D display technologies on stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, volumetric, and :holographic displays are included. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- added new terms related to holographic display and light field display;
- added new terms on the performance specifications used in other IEC 62629 series documents;
- added Annex C to explain the depth perception in 3D displays in more detail.
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IEC 62629-1-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2021-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
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3D display devices –
Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
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copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
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About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
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and French, with equivalent terms in 18 additional languages.
once a month by email.
Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
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If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC 62629-1-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2021-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
3D display devices –
Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 31.120; 31.260 ISBN 978-2-8322-1024-4
– 2 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 © IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references. 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
3.1 General terms . 5
3.2 Terms related to components . 8
3.3 Terms related to performance specifications . 9
Annex A (informative) Definition guidelines for terms which include "image", "view" or
"vision" . 10
A.1 General . 10
A.2 Definition guidelines . 10
A.2.1 Stereoscopic image and stereoscopic view . 10
A.2.2 Convention in using the plural form of stereoscopic image and
stereoscopic view . 11
A.2.3 View and vision . 12
A.2.4 Imaging and vision . 12
Annex B (informative) Classification of 3D display types . 13
B.1 General . 13
B.2 Classification . 13
B.2.1 3D display . 13
B.2.2 Stereoscopic display . 13
B.2.3 Autostereoscopic display . 13
Annex C (informative) Relation between depth perception and 3D display . 15
C.1 General . 15
C.2 Depth perception by binocular parallax when viewing a 3D display . 15
C.3 Convergence accommodation conflict when viewing a 3D display . 15
C.4 Horizontal-parallax-only and full-parallax 3D display . 16
Annex D (informative) Lobe . 18
Annex E (informative) Relationship between integral imaging display and light field
display . 19
Bibliography . 21
Figure A.1 – Difference between "image" and "view" . 10
Figure A.2 – Structure of multi-view display . 11
Figure A.3 – Stereoscopic images and stereoscopic views . 12
Figure B.1 – Classification of 3D displays . 14
Figure C.1 – Depth perception by convergence when viewing a 3D display . 15
Figure C.2 – Vergence-accommodation conflict . 16
Figure C.3 – Horizontal and vertical parallax . 17
Figure D.1 – Lobe of autostereoscopic display . 18
Figure E.1 – Display configurations that reproduce the light field . 20
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
3D DISPLAY DEVICES –
Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as "IEC Publication(s)"). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 62629-1-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 110: Electronic displays. It is an
International Standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2013. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) added new terms related to holographic display and light field display;
b) added new terms on the performance specifications used in other IEC 62629 series
documents;
c) added Annex C to explain the depth perception in 3D displays in more detail.
– 4 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 © IEC 2021
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
110/1287/CDV 110/1330/RVC
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
In this standard, the following print types are used:
• Terms defined within Clause 3: in italics type.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 62629 series, under the general title 3D display devices, can be
found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
3D DISPLAY DEVICES –
Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62629 provides a list of the terminologies that are frequently used in describing
3D display technologies in the IEC 62629 series. Terms for various 3D display technologies on
stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, volumetric, and holographic displays are included.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
3D display
display device giving depth perception with physiological depth cues
Note 1 to entry: Physiological depth cues include accommodation, convergence, binocular parallax, and motion
parallax. The 3D display provides users with all or some of the physiological depth cues so that they can perceive
depth. Physiological depth cues should be distinguished from pictorial depth cues which can also be provided by the
usual 2D displays. Pictorial depth cues are features in an image that give a hint of the depth. Examples of pictorial
depth cues are texture gradient, shadow, occlusion, and vanishing lines. See Annex C.
3.1.2
stereoscopic display
3D display providing binocular parallax
Note 1 to entry: See autostereoscopic display (3.1.3). For classification of the 3D displays, see Annex B.
3.1.3
autostereoscopic display
stereoscopic display that requires no viewing aids
Note 1 to entry: See stereoscopic display (3.1.2). For classification of the 3D displays, see Annex B.
3.1.4
two-view display
two-view autostereoscopic display
autostereoscopic display providing one stereoscopic view
Note 1 to entry: See multi-view display (3.1.5).
– 6 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 © IEC 2021
3.1.5
multi-view display
multi-view autostereoscopic display
autostereoscopic display providing multiple stereoscopic views
Note 1 to entry: See two-view display (3.1.4).
3.1.6
integral imaging display
integral imaging autostereoscopic display
light field display
autostereoscopic display that reproduces ray space
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the light field or ray space that the display reproduces, the display may not be an
autostereoscopic display. For example, if the reproduced light field allows the user to recognize information only at
a pre-defined authorized condition, then the display is a secure display, not an autostereoscopic display. But in the
IEC 62629 series, the light field is limited to the one corresponding to the 3D images such that the display reproducing
the light field is an autostereoscopic display.
Note 2 to entry: If the angular range of the light field reconstruction does not cover the two eyes of the user, the
display is a monocular 3D display, not an autostereoscopic display. However, in the IEC 62629 series, the light field
display is limited to the autostereoscopic display.
Note 3 to entry: An integral imaging display is the same as a light field display. Sometimes, though, it could refer
to a subset of the light field display which uses an array of lenslets or pinholes for the reproduction of light field. See
Annex E.
3.1.7
voxel
volume pixel which can be addressed to control its light intensity
Note 1 to entry: Voxel includes not only the physical element that emits or reflects light but also the optical image
point to which light from the display converges or diverges from.
3.1.8
volumetric display
autostereoscopic display which forms a set of voxels distributed in space
3.1.9
stereoscopic image
pair of images with parallax shown on a stereoscopic display
Note 1 to entry: Stereoscopic images are made by capturing images of an object from slightly different positions
and are used as output of a stereoscopic display. See Annex A.
3.1.10
stereoscopic view
pair of sights provided by a stereoscopic display, which induce stereopsis
Note 1 to entry: Stereoscopic view is generally not the same as stereoscopic image. In some cases, more than a
single monocular image is projected on the retina of an eye by crosstalk. See Annex A.
3.1.11
monocular image
one part of a stereoscopic image
Note 1 to entry: See A.2.2 and Figure A.3.
3.1.12
monocular view
one part of a stereoscopic view
Note 1 to entry: See A.2.2 and Figure A.3.
3.1.13
designed viewing distance
viewing distance recommended by the manufacturer of the 3D display
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed measurement procedure, see IEC 62629-22-1 [3] .
3.1.14
lobe
space wherein one or multiple stereoscopic images are projected in correct angular order by
an autostereoscopic display
Note 1 to entry: See Annex D.
3.1.15
ray space
light field
spatial and angular distribution of light rays
Note 1 to entry: Distribution of the light rays in a space can be described by a plenoptic function, also called light
field, which represents intensity as a 7D function of spatial position (3D), direction (2D), wavelength (1D), and
polarization (1D) of the rays. The 7D plenoptic function can be reduced to a 4D ray space which only represents the
ray angular direction (2D) and the spatial position (2D) intercepting a plane. Although the light field originally means
the plenoptic function, it is also frequently used in its reduced meaning of ray space. In this document, the ray space
and the light field have the same meaning, representing 4D distribution of the light rays.
3.1.16
holographic display
autostereoscopic display that generates continuous wavefront converging to each point of a 3D
image in space by light diffraction
Note 1 to entry: In its broad meaning, holographic display does not require continuity of the wavefront.
Note 2 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IEC TR 62629-41-1 [4].
Note 3 to entry: If the angular range of the wavefront generation does not cover the two eyes of the user, then the
display is a monocular 3D display, not an autostereoscopic display. However, in the IEC 62629 series, the
holographic display is limited to the autostereoscopic display.
3.1.17
holographic stereogram display
autostereoscopic display that provides discrete stereoscopic views by light diffraction
Note 1 to entry: A full parallax holographic stereogram display generates a discrete wavefront converging to each
point of a 3D image and can be considered as the holographic display in its broad meaning.
Note 2 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IEC TR 62629-41-1 [4].
3.1.18
complex amplitude
complex value representing amplitude and phase of the light wave
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IEC TR 62629-41-1 [4].
3.1.19
wavefront
locus of spatial points that share the same phase of the light wave
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IEC TR 62629-41-1 [4].
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.
– 8 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 © IEC 2021
3.1.20
aerial display
display that forms a real image in mid-air by use of an incoherent light source display and a
passive optical component to converge diverging light from the light source display
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IECTR 62629-51-1 [5].
3.2 Terms related to components
3.2.1
active glasses, pl.
glasses whose left and right lenses alternate their optical characteristics, by synchronizing with
displayed sequential images on a stereoscopic display (e.g., synchronizing with TV fields, TV
frame, etc.) to separate the displayed images into left and right monocular views
Note 1 to entry: Usually left and right images are displayed alternately on a screen. When a left image is displayed,
the left lens of
...
IEC 62629-1-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2021-09
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
3D display devices –
Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC online collection - oc.iec.ch
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a Discover our powerful search engine and read freely all the
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical publications previews. With a subscription you will always
committee, …). It also gives information on projects, replaced have access to up to date content tailored to your needs.
and withdrawn publications.
Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published
containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
details all new publications released. Available online and
and French, with equivalent terms in 18 additional languages.
once a month by email.
Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC 62629-1-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2021-09
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
3D display devices –
Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 31.120; 31.260 ISBN 978-2-8322-5344-1
– 2 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references. 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
3.1 General terms . 5
3.2 Terms related to components . 7
3.3 Terms related to performance specifications . 9
Annex A (informative) Definition guidelines for terms which include "image", "view" or
"vision" . 10
A.1 General . 10
A.2 Definition guidelines . 10
A.2.1 Stereoscopic image and stereoscopic view . 10
A.2.2 Convention in using the plural form of stereoscopic image and
stereoscopic view . 11
A.2.3 Viewing angle and binocular vision . 12
A.2.4 Integral imaging display Imaging and vision . 12
Annex B (informative) Classification of 3D display types . 13
B.1 General . 13
B.2 Classification . 13
B.2.1 3D display . 13
B.2.2 Stereoscopic display . 13
B.2.3 Autostereoscopic display . 13
Annex C (informative) Relation between depth perception and 3D display . 15
C.1 General . 15
C.2 Relation between depth perception and 3D display .
C.2 Depth perception by binocular parallax when viewing a 3D display . 15
C.3 Convergence accommodation conflict when viewing a 3D display . 16
C.4 Horizontal-parallax-only and full-parallax 3D display . 17
Annex D (informative) Lobe . 18
Annex E (informative) Relationship between integral imaging display and light field
display . 19
Bibliography . 21
Figure A.1 – Difference between "image" and "view" . 10
Figure A.2 – Structure of multi-view display . 11
Figure A.3 – Stereoscopic images and stereoscopic views . 12
Figure B.1 – Classification of 3D displays . 14
Figure C.1 – Depth perception and 3D display .
Figure C.1 – Depth perception by convergence when viewing a 3D display . 16
Figure C.2 – Vergence-accommodation conflict . 17
Figure C.3 – Horizontal and vertical parallax . 17
Figure D.1 – Lobe of autostereoscopic display . 18
Figure E.1 – Display configurations that reproduce the light field . 20
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
3D DISPLAY DEVICES –
Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as "IEC Publication(s)"). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This redline version of the official IEC Standard allows the user to identify the changes made to
the previous edition IEC 62629-1-2:2013. A vertical bar appears in the margin wherever a change
has been made. Additions are in green text, deletions are in strikethrough red text.
– 4 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
IEC 62629-1-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 110: Electronic displays. It is an
International Standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2013. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) added new terms related to holographic display and light field display;
b) added new terms on the performance specifications used in other IEC 62629 series
documents;
c) added Annex C to explain the depth perception in 3D displays in more detail.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
110/1287/CDV 110/1330/RVC
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
In this standard, the following print types are used:
• Terms defined within Clause 3: in italics type.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 62629 series, under the general title 3D display devices, can be
found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
3D DISPLAY DEVICES –
Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62629 provides a list of the terminologies that are frequently used in describing
3D display technologies in the IEC 62629 series. Terms for various 3D display technologies on
stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, volumetric, and holographic displays are included.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
3D display
display device giving depth perception with physiological depth cues
Note 1 to entry: Physiological depth cues include accommodation, convergence, binocular parallax, and motion
parallax. The 3D display provides users with all or some of the physiological depth cues so that they can perceive
depth. Physiological depth cues should be distinguished from pictorial depth cues which can also be provided by the
usual 2D displays. Pictorial depth cues are features in an image that give a hint of the depth. Examples of pictorial
depth cues are texture gradient, shadow, occlusion, and vanishing lines. See Annex C.
3.1.2
stereoscopic display
3D display providing binocular parallax
Note 1 to entry: See autostereoscopic display (3.1.3). For classification of the 3D displays, see Annex B.
3.1.3
autostereoscopic display
stereoscopic display that requires no viewing aids
Note 1 to entry: See stereoscopic display (3.1.2). For classification of the 3D displays, see Annex B.
3.1.4
two-view display
two-view autostereoscopic display
autostereoscopic display providing one stereoscopic view
Note 1 to entry: See multi-view display (3.1.5).
– 6 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
3.1.5
multi-view display
multi-view autostereoscopic display
autostereoscopic display providing multiple stereoscopic views
Note 1 to entry: See two-view display (3.1.4).
3.1.6
integral imaging display
integral imaging autostereoscopic display
light field display
autostereoscopic display that reproduces ray space
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the light field or ray space that the display reproduces, the display may not be an
autostereoscopic display. For example, if the reproduced light field allows the user to recognize information only at
a pre-defined authorized condition, then the display is a secure display, not an autostereoscopic display. But in the
IEC 62629 series, the light field is limited to the one corresponding to the 3D images such that the display reproducing
the light field is an autostereoscopic display.
Note 2 to entry: If the angular range of the light field reconstruction does not cover the two eyes of the user, the
display is a monocular 3D display, not an autostereoscopic display. However, in the IEC 62629 series, the light field
display is limited to the autostereoscopic display.
Note 3 to entry: An integral imaging display is the same as a light field display. Sometimes, though, it could refer
to a subset of the light field display which uses an array of lenslets or pinholes for the reproduction of light field. See
Annex E.
3.1.7
voxel
volume pixel which can be addressed to control its light intensity
Note 1 to entry: Voxel includes not only the physical element that emits or reflects light but also the optical image
point to which light from the display converges or diverges from.
3.1.8
volumetric display
autostereoscopic display which forms a set of pixels voxels distributed in space
3.1.9
stereoscopic image
pair of images with parallax shown on a stereoscopic display
Note 1 to entry: Stereoscopic images are made by capturing images of an object from slightly different positions
and are used as output of a stereoscopic display. See Annex A.
3.1.10
stereoscopic view
pair of sights provided by a stereoscopic display, which induce stereopsis
Note 1 to entry: Stereoscopic view is generally not the same as stereoscopic image. In some cases, more than a
single monocular image is projected on the retina of an eye by crosstalk. See Annex A.
3.1.11
monocular image
one part of a stereoscopic image
Note 1 to entry: See A.2.2 and Figure A.3.
3.1.12
monocular view
one part of a stereoscopic view
Note 1 to entry: See A.2.2 and Figure A.3.
3.1.13
designed viewing distance
viewing distance recommended by the manufacturer of the 3D display
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed measurement procedure, see IEC 62629-22-1 [3] .
3.1.14
lobe
space wherein one or multiple stereoscopic images are projected in correct angular order by
an autostereoscopic display
Note 1 to entry: See Annex D.
3.1.15
ray space
light field
spatial and angular distribution of light reflected from the surface of an object rays
Note 1 to entry: Distribution of the light rays in a space can be described by a plenoptic function, also called light
field, which represents intensity as a 7D function of spatial position (3D), direction (2D), wavelength (1D), and
polarization (1D) of the rays. The 7D plenoptic function can be reduced to a 4D ray space which only represents the
ray angular direction (2D) and the spatial position (2D) intercepting a plane. Although the light field originally means
the plenoptic function, it is also frequently used in its reduced meaning of ray space. In this document, the ray space
and the light field have the same meaning, representing 4D distribution of the light rays.
3.1.16
holographic display
autostereoscopic display that generates continuous wavefront converging to each point of a 3D
image in space by light diffraction
Note 1 to entry: In its broad meaning, holographic display does not require continuity of the wavefront.
Note 2 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IEC TR 62629-41-1 [4].
Note 3 to entry: If the angular range of the wavefront generation does not cover the two eyes of the user, then the
display is a monocular 3D display, not an autostereoscopic display. However, in the IEC 62629 series, the
holographic display is limited to the autostereoscopic display.
3.1.17
holographic stereogram display
autostereoscopic display that provides discrete stereoscopic views by light diffraction
Note 1 to entry: A full parallax holographic stereogram display generates a discrete wavefront converging to each
point of a 3D image and can be considered as the holographic display in its broad meaning.
Note 2 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IEC TR 62629-41-1 [4].
3.1.18
complex amplitude
complex value representing amplitude and phase of the light wave
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IEC TR 62629-41-1 [4].
3.1.19
wavefront
locus of spatial points that share the same phase of the light wave
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IEC TR 62629-41-1 [4].
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.
– 8 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
3.1.20
aerial display
display that forms a real image in mid-air by use of an incoherent light source display and a
passive optical component to converge diverging light from the light source display
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed explanation, see IECTR 62629-51-1 [5].
3.2 Terms related to components
3.2.1
active glasses, pl.
glasses whose left and right lenses alternate their optical characteristics, by synchronizing with
displayed sequential images on a stereoscopic display (e.g., synchronizing with TV fields, TV
frame, etc.) to separate the displayed images into left and right monocular views
Note 1 to entry: Usually left and right images are displayed alternately on a screen. When a left image is displayed,
the left lens of the active glasses is turned on to transmit the image and the right lens is turned off to cut off the
image. The lenses do not need a function for focusing light.
3.2.2
passive glasses, pl.
glasses whose left and right lenses have complementary but fixed optical characteristics to
separate displayed images on a stereoscopic display into left and right monocular views
Note 1 to entry: Usually left and right images are displayed on a screen with spatial or temporal multiplexing. In the
spatial multiplexing, spatially divided left and right images are displayed at the same time on a screen; each divided
segment in the screen emits polarized light to display the images, and the left and right segments have orthogonal
polarization. The left lens of the passive glasses has a polarization to pass the emitted light of the left images and
to cut off that of the right images, while the right lens passes the right images and cuts off the left images. In the
temporal multiplexing, left and right images are displayed sequentially on a screen with alternating orthographic
polarizations. The left lens of the passive glasses has a polarization to pass the emitted light of the left image frames
to cut off that of the right image frames, while the right lens does the opposite.
3.2.3
polarized glasses, pl.
passive glasses equipped with two polarizers whose polarization properties are opposite to
each other
Note 1 to entry: See linearly polarized glasses (3.2.4) and circularly polarized glasses (3.2.5).
3.2.4
linearly polarized glasses, pl.
passive glasses equipped with two linear polarizers whose polarizing directions are orthogonal
to each other
Note 1 to entry: See polarized glasses (3.2.3) and circularly polarized glasses (3.2.5).
3.2.5
circularly polarized glasses, pl.
passive glasses equipped with two circular polarizers whose rotational directions of circular
polarization are orthogonal to each other
Note 1 to entry: See polarized glasses (3.2.3) and linearly polarized glasses (3.2.4).
3.2.6
patterned retarder
array of two kinds of optical phase retarders arranged alternatively in a plane
3.2.7
parallax barrier
barrier with an array of slits for providing one or multiple stereoscopic views
3.2.8
lenticular lens
lenticular sheet
set of semi-cylindrical lenses that are arranged side by side in a plane
3.2.9
fly-eye lens
set of lenslets that are arranged in a plane
3.2.10
spatial light modulator
device that spatially modulates the complex amplitude of light
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the modulation type, the usual spatial light modulators can be classified into
amplitude-only and phase-only spatial light modulators.
3.3 Terms related to performance specifications
3.3.1
interocular chromatic difference
difference in chromaticity between left and right monocular views
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed measurement procedure, see IEC 62629-12-1 [2].
3.3.2
interocular contrast difference
difference in contrast between left and right monocular views
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed measurement procedure, see IEC 62629-12-1 [2].
3.3.3
interocular luminance difference
difference in luminance between left and right monocular views
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed measurement procedure, see IEC 62629-12-1 [2].
3.3.4
interocular crosstalk
luminance leakage into the observed monocular view of an eye from the monocular image for
the other eye
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed measurement procedure, see IEC 62629-12-1 [2].
3.3.5
3D crosstalk
luminance leakage into an observed monocular view from other monocular images that are not
designed to be seen at the observing position
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed measurement procedure, see IEC 62629-22-1 [3].
3.3.6
ghost
image artefact that the observer perceives due to the incomplete image separation of the left
and right views
Note 1 to entry: For a detailed measurement procedure, see IEC 62629-13-1 [6].
– 10 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
Annex A
(informative)
Definition guidelines for terms which include
"image", "view" or "vision"
A.1 General
The terminology in Clause 3 avoids the definition of such short words as "image," "view" or
"vision" (even though those words are used in many terms in Clause 3), because defining them
explicitly ends up confusing readers, as these words have multiple meanings in daily usage.
Instead, a brief description on how a term which includes one of these words is defined is
presented here to relieve readers’ confusion by indicating the reason why the short word causes
trouble.
A.2 Definition guidelines
A.2.1 Stereoscopic image and stereoscopic view
"Image" and "view" are treated as an output from the display device and an input to a human
eye, respectively. However, "image" is allowed to have another meaning of perceived object in
the brain as an exception because "image" is also treated as a product of "vision", which means
the brain’s information processing of the optical input to the eyes (see Figure A.1). Multi-view
autostereoscopic displays make use of "group pixels," a sequence of pixels that is periodically
arranged on the horizontal line of the display screen to control the emission of light rays (see
th
Figure A.2). Each i pixel in the "group pixels" emits a light ray in the specified direction and
th
thus all of the i pixels have the same light direction. An "image" is composed of a group of
light rays in the same specified direction and therefore any two of the "images" derive from
different light sources. This means that "images" are mutually independent. On the other hand,
a human eye generally receives a plurality of "images" because it has no filter that selects a
specified "image" and thus neighboring "views" are supposed to include the same "image". This
means that "views" are not mutually independent. Readers’ confusion may can come from
unawareness of the difference between "image" and "view," or readers may can confuse what
is presented to people with what is observed by people.
(a) Object (b) Image (c) View d) Image (perceived)
Figure A.1 – Difference between "image" and "view"
(a) Test image Im (b) Test image Im
1 N
Figure A.2 – Structure of multi-view display
A.2.2 Convention in using the plural form of stereoscopic image and stereoscopic
view
In this document, "stereoscopic image" and "stereoscopic view" mean a pair of "images" and
"views" as shown in Figure A.3. Therefore, "stereoscopic image" and "stereoscopic view"
include two "monocular images" and "monocular views", respectively. The stereoscopic display
using glasses and the two-view display present a single "stereoscopic view" in this sense. The
multi-view display presents a collection of "stereoscopic views".
___________
Taken from IEC 62629-22-1.
– 12 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
(a) Stereoscopic display using glasses (b) Multi-view display
Figure A.3 – Stereoscopic images and stereoscopic views
A.2.3 Viewing angle and binocular vision
"Vision" is treated as the brain’s information processing of the optical input to the eyes in order
to generate an "image" in the brain; "vision" therefore has a higher-level meaning unlike "view"
which means an input to a human eye or simple seeing. "View" can be considered as a primary
sense whereas "vision" is a secondary sense in that it needs the fusion of visual information
received by both eyes. Readers may not notice that there is a big difference between "view"
and "vision."
A.2.4 Integral imaging display Imaging and vision
"Imaging" means signal processing in the optical function of the display so that people can
perceive an object in the brain by observing the image of the object. "Imaging" is, therefore,
different from "vision" which is a secondary sense of human beings. Also note that "imaging" is
different from "image", which is an output from the display. Readers may not understand those
differences.
Annex B
(informative)
Classification of 3D display types
B.1 General
The display types targeted described in the IEC 62629 series are classified as in Clause B.2.
B.2 Classification
B.2.1 3D display
The following classification is applied in the IEC 62629 series (see Figure B.1). The
measurement methods of a stereoscopic display using glasses and autostereoscopic displays
of two-view, multi-view, integral imaging, volumetric, and holographic display types are currently
under consideration in the IEC 62629 series:
a) stereoscopic display;
b) autostereoscopic monocular 3D display; and
c) etc other 3D displays.
B.2.2 Stereoscopic display
A stereoscopic display is classified as follows:
a) stereoscopic display using glasses;
b) stereoscopic head-mount display HMD;
c) autostereoscopic display; and
d) etc other stereoscopic displays.
B.2.3 Autostereoscopic display
An autostereoscopic display is classified as follows:
a) two-view (autostereoscopic) display;
b) multi-view (autostereoscopic) display;
c) light field (autostereoscopic) display;
d) integral imaging (autostereoscopic) display; and
e) volumetric display;
f) holographic display; and
g) etc other autostereoscopic displays.
– 14 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
NOTE Most 3D displays provide binocular parallax and hence they can be classified into stereoscopic displays. In
principle, however, there can be 3D displays that do not provide binocular parallax. A monocular 3D display that
gives depth perception by providing accommodation depth cue to a single eye is one example. Therefore, strictly
speaking, a stereoscopic display is a subset of a 3D display. Volumetric display, light field display, and holographic
display have intersections depending on their properties. Some full-parallax light field displays and full-parallax
holographic displays can be considered as a volumetric display if they reproduce ray space or wavefront with
sufficiently high angular density. Holographic stereogram is a subset of the holographic display but it can also be
considered as a light field display. Therefore, it is hard to define a clear boundary among the volumetric, light field,
and holographic displays.
Figure B.1 – Classification of 3D displays
Annex C
(informative)
Relation between depth perception and 3D display
C.1 General
The relation between depth perception and the 3D display is explained in Clause C.2, Clause
C.3, and Clause C.4.
C.2 Relation between depth perception and 3D display
A human perceives depth from two slightly different projections of the world onto the retinas of
the two eyes. When the user watches 3D display, human eyes simultaneously rotate inward as
the 3D displays are not located at an infinite distance (convergence). Also the focal lengths of
the eyes are adjusted to the position of the 3D display (accommodation). When disparity of the
left and the right images is not zero, corresponding points for the left and right image (I and
L
I ) form the retinal images at the different positions on the retina of the left and the right eyes
R
(I′ and I′ ). When the crossing point between these two lines is not located on the 3D display,
L R
depth perception is induced.
Disparity
disparity
I(0)
L
I(0=) = I(I0)(0)
L R
R
3D
3D
display
display
II II
R L
R L
Crossing
crossing
location
location
Convergence
Convergence
(inward rotation)
Accommodation
( inward rotation)
(focal length
change)
II′’
I′I’ R
L R
L
II(0(0))′’ II(0(0))′ ’
L RR
L
Interpupillary
Interpupillary
ddiisstatannccee
IEC 1586/13
Figure C.1 – Depth perception and 3D display
C.2 Depth perception by binocular parallax when viewing a 3D display
Binocular parallax, or the difference between projections of the world onto the retinas of the two
eyes is one of the strong depth cues of humans. Stereoscopic displays provide users with
Accommodation
( focal length
change)
– 16 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
binocular parallax to induce depth perception. When a user watches a stereoscopic display, the
user’s eyes fixate at certain left and right image points (I and I ) which correspond to each
L R
other (see Figure C.1). The two eyes also rotate inward to form the retinal images of the fixated
corresponding image points at the optic axes of the eyes. When the disparity between the
fixated corresponding left and right image points (I and I ) is not zero, the retinal images (A ’
L R L
and A ’) of any physical point on the 3D display screen (A) are formed at different retinal
R
positions in the two eyes with respect to their optic axes. This difference makes the user
perceive that the fixated image point is located at a different depth from the 3D display screen,
inducing the depth perception.
Figure C.1 – Depth perception by convergence when viewing a 3D display
C.3 Convergence accommodation conflict when viewing a 3D display
When a user watches a 3D display, the eyes not only rotate inward (convergence) such that
their optic axes form a crossing location as explained in Clause C.2, but also change their
optical power. The process by which the eye increases or decreases the optical power by
controlling the focal length of the eye lens to form a clear optical image on the retina is called
accommodation. In an ideal case, both the convergence distance (the distance from the eye to
the crossing location) and the accommodation distance (the distance from the eye to the plane
where the eye focuses) are the same and they coincide with the actual object distance (see
Figure C.2). Due to many possible causes, however, the accommodation distance can deviate
from the convergence distance, and this is called vergence accommodation conflict (VAC) or
accommodation convergence conflict. Some 3D displays can also cause VAC. In most cases
where the VAC happens with such 3D displays, the accommodation is fixed to the 3D display
screen distance while the convergence distance is controlled by the disparity in the stereoscopic
views. With the VAC, the depth cue from the vergence response is not consistent with that from
the accommodation response. This VAC is generally considered as a non-desirable
phenomenon which brings side effects in 3D display viewing experiences. The side effects are
usually reduced when one of the vergence and accommodation depth cues is negligible. For
example, when the 3D image is displayed at a far distance from the eye, or when the user’s
age is high and the eye focus control capability decreases, the accommodation depth cue is
much weaker than the vergence depth cue, usually resulting in fewer side effects of the VAC.
Figure C.2 – Vergence-accommodation conflict
C.4 Horizontal-parallax-only and full-parallax 3D display
In natural viewing conditions of an actual 3D object, slightly different image projections of the
3D object are captured at different eye positions. This difference in the image projections is
called parallax (see Figure C.3). The horizontal parallax and vertical parallax refer to the
parallax in horizontally and vertically separated eye positions, respectively. In 3D display
viewing conditions, the parallax observed in the views is often limited in terms of its range,
continuity, and directivity. The terms horizontal-parallax-only 3D display and full-parallax 3D
display, indicate the parallax directivity that the 3D display provides. A horizontal-parallax-only
3D display presents proper parallax in horizontally separated views but not in vertically
separated views. By contrast, a full-parallax 3D display presents proper parallax both in
horizontally and vertically separated views.
Figure C.3 – Horizontal and vertical parallax
– 18 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
Annex D
(informative)
In multi-view displays treated in this document, a sequence of N pixels is repeatedly allocated
th
in a horizontal direction on the screen. In an ideal condition, every light ray from the k pixel in
the sequence passes through the viewpoint at the designed position and every light ray from
th
the (k + 1) pixel through the neighbouring viewpoint whose position is also designed, where k
is from 1 to N-1 and N is larger than 2 (see Figure A.2 Figure A.1). In consequence, a sequence
of N viewpoints is repeatedly allocated in a horizontal direction in front of the screen and,
therefore, intersections of light rays from the screen form an area that includes each sequence
of N viewpoints (see Figure D.1). All the areas are called "lobe" and the area right in front of
the screen and the other areas are usually called "main lobe" and "side lobe", respectively. If
the left and right eyes are located in a lobe, stereopsis is induced, and if they are located in two
consecutive lobes respectively, pseudostereopsis is induced.
NOTE In IEC 62629-22-1 [3], the angular range of a lobe is measured.
Figure D.1 – Lobe of autostereoscopic display
Annex E
(informative)
Relationship between integral imaging display and light field display
The two terms of integral imaging display and light field display generally have the same
meaning. Both integral imaging displays and light field displays generate spatial and angular
distribution of the light rays corresponding to a 3D object. In a usual 2D display panel, light
emitted from each pixel diverges in a broad angular range without any specific direction. In
order to generate the desired light ray distribution, the integral imaging displays and light field
displays use various optical components giving directivity to each pixel light. Typical
components include an array of lenslets, pinholes, or gratings. A stack of the transmission-type
display panels is also used to generate light ray distribution by the combination of the pixels in
different panels. Figure E.1 illustrates a few examples of the display configurations that
reproduce the light ray distribution corresponding to 3D objects.
Although integral imaging display and light field display share the same meaning in general, it
is also observed that sometimes integral imaging displays refer to a special case of the light
field display which uses an array of lenslets or pinholes as shown in Figure E.1(a) and (b). Light
emitted from each pixel is refracted by the lenslet or passes through the pinhole to form a beam
with a specific direction, acting as a ray. Therefore, the integral imaging display transforms the
diverging light from the pixels in the display panel into the light rays with specific directions,
reconstructing the light field corresponding to the desired 3D imagery.
The relationship between the integral imaging display and the light field display is historically
confused. Integral imaging is based on integral photography proposed by Gabriel Lippmann in
1908. In his original proposal, a screen with tiny lenses was used to reproduce the light rays
from real objects. Since this original proposal, integral imaging display which uses an array of
lenslets has been a representative display technique which reproduces the spatial and angular
distribution of the light rays corresponding to a 3D object. More recently, in 1996, "light field
rendering" has been proposed by Marc Levoy [7] who is a researcher in the field of
computational imaging. The term "light field" started to be used to refer to the spatial and
angular distribution of the light rays and became popular. Although the original "light field
rendering" is not a display technique but an image rendering technique, new 3D display
techniques which reproduce the spatial and angular distribution of the light rays corresponding
to a 3D object which do not use a traditional lenslet array such as an integral imaging display
but use new optical components like a stack of the panels, have also been proposed and
developed recently. Nowadays, these 3D displays, including integral imaging displays, are
sometimes called "light field displays" because they reproduce the spatial and angular
distribution of the light rays corresponding to a 3D object, i.e., "the light field". In this sense,
integral imaging display can be thought as a particular type of the light field display which uses
an array of the lenslets for the reproduction of the light field. At the same time, it is also true
that the integral imaging display has remained the most representative technique that
reproduces the light field. In the IEC 62629 series, the two terms, i.e., integral imaging display
and light field display, are generally considered to have the same meaning.
– 20 – IEC 62629-1-2:2021 RLV © IEC 2021
(a) Display panel + lenslet array (b) Display panel + pinhole array
(c) Display panel + grating array (d) Display panel + display panel
NOTE (a) and (b) are sometimes called integral imaging configuration more specifically.
Figure E.1 – Display configurations that reproduce the light field
Bibliography
[1] ISO/DTR 9241-330, Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Part 330: Optical
characteristics of autostereoscopic displays
[1] ISO/TR 9241-331, Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Part 331: Optical
characteristics of autostereoscopic displays
[2] IEC 62629-12-1, 3D display devices – Part 12-1: Measuring methods for stereoscopic
displays using glasses – Optical
[3] IEC 62629-22-1, 3D display devices – Part 22-1: Measuring methods for
autostereoscopic displays – Optical
[4] IEC TR 62629-41-1, 3D Display devices – Part 41-1: Generic introduction of holographic
...
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