ISO 24615-1:2014
(Main)Language resource management — Syntactic annotation framework (SynAF) — Part 1: Syntactic model
Language resource management — Syntactic annotation framework (SynAF) — Part 1: Syntactic model
ISO 24615-1:2014 describes the syntactic annotation framework (SynAF), a high level model for representing the syntactic annotation of linguistic data, with the objective of supporting interoperability across language resources or language processing components. ISO 24615-1:2014 is complementary and closely related to ISO 24611 (MAF, morpho-syntactic annotation framework) and provides a metamodel for syntactic representations as well as reference data categories for representing both constituency and dependency information in sentences or other comparable utterances and segments.
Gestion de ressources linguistiques — Cadre d'annotation syntaxique (SynAF) — Partie 1: Modèle syntaxique
Cette partie de l'ISO 24615 décrit le cadre d'annotation syntaxique (SynAF), modèle de haut niveau pour représenter l'annotation syntaxique des données linguistiques, dans le but d'offrir l'interopérabilité entre les ressources linguistiques ou les composants du traitement de la langue. La présente partie de l'ISO 24615 est complémentaire par rapport à l'ISO 24611 (MAF, cadre d'annotation morpho-syntaxique) et y est étroitement liée. Elle fournit un métamodèle pour les représentations syntaxiques, avec les catégories de données de référence destinées à représenter tout aussi bien des informations de constituance que des informations de dépendance, dans des phrases ou autres énonciations et segments du même ordre.
Upravljanje z jezikovnimi viri - Ogrodje za skladenjsko označevanje (SynAF) - 1. del: Model skladnje
Ta del standarda ISO 24615 opisuje ogrodje za skladenjsko označevanje (SynAF), ki je večravninski model za predstavitev skladenjskega označevanja jezikovnih podatkov, da se zagotovi podpora interoperabilnosti med jezikovnimi viri ali komponentami za obdelavo jezikov. Ta del standarda ISO 24615 dopolnjuje standard ISO 24611 (MAF, ogrodje za oblikoskladenjsko označevanje) in je tesno povezan z njim, pri čemer določa metamodel za skladenjske predstavitve in referenčne podatkovne kategorije za predstavitev podatkov o sestavi ter odvisnosti v stavkih ali drugih primerljivih izjavah in segmentih.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2018
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 24615:2013
Upravljanje z jezikovnimi viri - Ogrodje za skladenjsko označevanje (SynAF) - 1.
del: Model skladnje
Language resource management -- Syntactic annotation framework (SynAF) -- Part 1:
Syntactic model
Gestion de ressources langagières -- Cadre d'annotation syntaxique (SynAF) -- Partie 1:
Modèle syntaxique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 24615-1:2014
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24615-1
First edition
2014-02-01
Language resource management —
Syntactic annotation framework
(SynAF) —
Part 1:
Syntactic model
Gestion de ressources langagières — Cadre d’annotation syntaxique
(SynAF) —
Partie 1: Modèle syntaxique
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 SynAF metamodel . 4
4.1 Introduction . 4
4.2 SynAF metamodel . . 4
Annex A (normative) Data categories for SynAF . 7
Annex B (informative) Relation to the Linguistic Annotation Framework .18
Bibliography .20
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
This first edition of ISO 24615-1 cancels and replaces ISO 24615:2010, of which it constitutes a minor
revision.
ISO 24615 (all parts) is designed to coordinate closely with ISO 24612, Language resource management —
Linguistic annotation framework (LAF), ISO 24613:2008, Language resource management — Lexical
markup framework (LMF), and ISO 24611, Language resource management — Morpho-syntactic
annotation framework.
ISO 24615 consists of the following parts, under the general title Language resource management —
Syntactic annotation framework (SynAF):
— Part 1: Syntactic model
The following part is under preparation:
— Part 2: XML serialization ()
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Introduction
ISO 24615 is based on numerous projects and pre-standardisation activities that have taken place in
[9]
the last few years (see Abeillé, 2001 ), to provide reference models and formats for the representation
of syntactic information, whether as the output of a syntactic parser, or as annotations of language
resources (treebanks). For several years, the Penn Treebank initiative has served as a de facto standard for
treebanking, but more recent works e.g. the Negra/Tiger initiative (see: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.
de/projekte/TIGER/TIGERCorpus/) in Germany or the ISST initiative in Italy [see Montemagni (2003)
[18]
] demonstrate the viability of a more coherent framework that can account for both (hierarchical)
constituency and dependency phenomena in syntactic annotation.
The eContent project “LIRICS”, has been seminal in gathering a group of experts, who initiated the
ISO 24615 (SynAF) project. While preparing SynAF, this group confirmed that existing initiatives indeed
share a common data model that offers a good basis for the SynAF metamodel (see the study made in
Deliverable D.3.1 “Evaluation of initiatives for morpho-syntactic and syntactic annotation” of the EU
project LIRICS, available at http://lirics.loria.fr/doc_pub/Del3_1_V2.pdf).
This part of ISO 24615 proposes a metamodel for syntactic annotation together with a list of relevant
data categories for syntactic annotation. The data categories are available on the ISOCat server (http://
www.isocat.org/) in the syntax profile (as defined in ISO 12620:2009).
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24615-1:2014(E)
Language resource management — Syntactic annotation
framework (SynAF) —
Part 1:
Syntactic model
1 Scope
This part of ISO 24615 describes the syntactic annotation framework (SynAF), a high level model for
representing the syntactic annotation of linguistic data, with the objective of supporting interoperability
across language resources or language processing components. This part of ISO 24615 is complementary
and closely related to ISO 24611 (MAF, morpho-syntactic annotation framework) and provides a
metamodel for syntactic representations as well as reference data categories for representing both
constituency and dependency information in sentences or other comparable utterances and segments.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 1: Theory and application
ISO 12620:2009, Terminology and other language and content resources — Specification of data categories
and management of a Data Category Registry for language resources
ISO 24611:2012, Language resource management — Morpho-syntactic annotation framework
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1:2000, ISO 12620:2009,
ISO 24611:2012 and the following apply.
3.1
adjunct
non-essential element associated with a verb as opposed to syntactic arguments (3.19)
Note 1 to entry: Adverbs are possible adjuncts for a sentence.
3.2
chunk
non-recursive constituent (3.4)
3.3
clause
group of phrases (3.14), usually containing a predicate
Note 1 to entry: A clause can be either a main clause (3.10) or a subordinate clause (3.17). In languages distinguishing
finiteness, clauses whose predicate is a verb can be either finite or non-finite, depending on the form of the verb.
A main clause alone can build a complete sentence (3.15). In the SynAF model, a clause is a special case of a
constituent (3.4).
3.4
constituent
syntactic grouping of words [into phrases (3.14)], phrases [into clauses (3.3) or other phrases] or clauses
[into a sentence (3.15)] on the base of structural (or hierarchical) properties
3.5
dependency
dependency relation
syntactic relation between word forms (3.24) or constituents (3.4) on the basis of the grammaticalfunctions
(3.7) that constituents play in relation to each other
3.6
syntactic edge
edge
triplet with a source node (3.12), a target node, and optional annotations (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Non-terminal nodes (3.13) have an outgoing constituency syntactic edge.
3.7
grammatical function
grammatical role of a wordform (3.24) or constituent (3.4) within its embedding syntactic environment
Note 1 to entry: For example, a noun phrase (NP) can act as a subject within a sentence (3.15), or a noun may act as
a subject dependent of a verb in a dependency graph. There is a grammatical relation between the subject – NP and
the main verb in a sentence. All grammatical relations (subject – predicate, head – modifier, etc.) are subsumed
under the concept of dependency relations (3.5), whether between terminal or non-terminal nodes.
3.8
syntactic head
head
part of a constituent (3.4) which determines its distribution (the syntactic environments in which the
constituent may appear) and its grammatical properties (e.g. if the grammatical gender of the head is
feminine, then the gender of the entire constituent will be feminine)
Note 1 to entry: The head of a constituent usually cannot be left out.
3.9
linguistic annotation
annotation
feature-value pair denoting a linguistic property of a linguistic segment
3.10
main clause
clause (3.3), which can act on its own as a complete sentence (3.15)
Note 1 to entry: In languages distinguishing finiteness, the main clause is usually finite. Example: The train is late.
3.11
modifier
part of a constituent (3.4) which ascribes a property to the head (3.8) of the constituent
Note 1 to entry: A modifier can be placed before or after the head of the phrase (3.14) (pre-modifier or post-
modifier). Modifiers are optional in a constituent.
3.12
node
syntactic node
word form (3.24) or constituent (3.4) seen as an elementary syntactic component of a syntactic analysis
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.13
non-terminal node
syntactic node (3.12) which is not a word form (3.24)
Note 1 to entry: A non-terminal node has an outgoing constituency edge (3.6).
3.14
phrase
group of word forms (3.24) (usually containing one or more words) which can fulfill a grammatical
function (3.7), e.g. in a clause (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: Empty phrases are permitted (being non-realised pronouns, sometimes marked as “pro”, and
having the role of subjects in clauses). A phrase is typically named after its head (3.8), for example noun phrases,
verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases. Phrases have been informally
described as “bloated words”, in that the parts of the phrase added to the head elaborate and specify the reference
of the head. In our model, a phrase is a special case of a constituent (3.4).
3.15
sentence
related group of word forms (3.24) containing a predication, usually expressing a complete thought and
forming the basic unit of discourse structure
Note 1 to entry: A sentence consists of one or more clauses (
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 24615:2013
8SUDYOMDQMH]MH]LNRYQLPLYLUL2JURGMH]DVNODGHQMVNRR]QDþHYDQMH 6\Q$)
GHO 0RGHOVNODGQMH
Language resource management -- Syntactic annotation framework (SynAF) -- Part 1:
Syntactic model
Gestion de ressources langagières -- Cadre d'annotation syntaxique (SynAF) -- Partie 1:
Modèle syntaxique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 24615-1:2014
ICS:
01.020 7HUPLQRORJLMD QDþHODLQ Terminology (principles and
NRRUGLQDFLMD coordination)
35.060 Jeziki, ki se uporabljajo v Languages used in
informacijski tehniki in information technology
tehnologiji
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24615-1
First edition
2014-02-01
Language resource management —
Syntactic annotation framework
(SynAF) —
Part 1:
Syntactic model
Gestion de ressources langagières — Cadre d’annotation syntaxique
(SynAF) —
Partie 1: Modèle syntaxique
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 SynAF metamodel . 4
4.1 Introduction . 4
4.2 SynAF metamodel . . 4
Annex A (normative) Data categories for SynAF . 7
Annex B (informative) Relation to the Linguistic Annotation Framework .18
Bibliography .20
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
This first edition of ISO 24615-1 cancels and replaces ISO 24615:2010, of which it constitutes a minor
revision.
ISO 24615 (all parts) is designed to coordinate closely with ISO 24612, Language resource management —
Linguistic annotation framework (LAF), ISO 24613:2008, Language resource management — Lexical
markup framework (LMF), and ISO 24611, Language resource management — Morpho-syntactic
annotation framework.
ISO 24615 consists of the following parts, under the general title Language resource management —
Syntactic annotation framework (SynAF):
— Part 1: Syntactic model
The following part is under preparation:
— Part 2: XML serialization ()
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Introduction
ISO 24615 is based on numerous projects and pre-standardisation activities that have taken place in
[9]
the last few years (see Abeillé, 2001 ), to provide reference models and formats for the representation
of syntactic information, whether as the output of a syntactic parser, or as annotations of language
resources (treebanks). For several years, the Penn Treebank initiative has served as a de facto standard for
treebanking, but more recent works e.g. the Negra/Tiger initiative (see: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.
de/projekte/TIGER/TIGERCorpus/) in Germany or the ISST initiative in Italy [see Montemagni (2003)
[18]
] demonstrate the viability of a more coherent framework that can account for both (hierarchical)
constituency and dependency phenomena in syntactic annotation.
The eContent project “LIRICS”, has been seminal in gathering a group of experts, who initiated the
ISO 24615 (SynAF) project. While preparing SynAF, this group confirmed that existing initiatives indeed
share a common data model that offers a good basis for the SynAF metamodel (see the study made in
Deliverable D.3.1 “Evaluation of initiatives for morpho-syntactic and syntactic annotation” of the EU
project LIRICS, available at http://lirics.loria.fr/doc_pub/Del3_1_V2.pdf).
This part of ISO 24615 proposes a metamodel for syntactic annotation together with a list of relevant
data categories for syntactic annotation. The data categories are available on the ISOCat server (http://
www.isocat.org/) in the syntax profile (as defined in ISO 12620:2009).
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24615-1:2014(E)
Language resource management — Syntactic annotation
framework (SynAF) —
Part 1:
Syntactic model
1 Scope
This part of ISO 24615 describes the syntactic annotation framework (SynAF), a high level model for
representing the syntactic annotation of linguistic data, with the objective of supporting interoperability
across language resources or language processing components. This part of ISO 24615 is complementary
and closely related to ISO 24611 (MAF, morpho-syntactic annotation framework) and provides a
metamodel for syntactic representations as well as reference data categories for representing both
constituency and dependency information in sentences or other comparable utterances and segments.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 1: Theory and application
ISO 12620:2009, Terminology and other language and content resources — Specification of data categories
and management of a Data Category Registry for language resources
ISO 24611:2012, Language resource management — Morpho-syntactic annotation framework
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1:2000, ISO 12620:2009,
ISO 24611:2012 and the following apply.
3.1
adjunct
non-essential element associated with a verb as opposed to syntactic arguments (3.19)
Note 1 to entry: Adverbs are possible adjuncts for a sentence.
3.2
chunk
non-recursive constituent (3.4)
3.3
clause
group of phrases (3.14), usually containing a predicate
Note 1 to entry: A clause can be either a main clause (3.10) or a subordinate clause (3.17). In languages distinguishing
finiteness, clauses whose predicate is a verb can be either finite or non-finite, depending on the form of the verb.
A main clause alone can build a complete sentence (3.15). In the SynAF model, a clause is a special case of a
constituent (3.4).
3.4
constituent
syntactic grouping of words [into phrases (3.14)], phrases [into clauses (3.3) or other phrases] or clauses
[into a sentence (3.15)] on the base of structural (or hierarchical) properties
3.5
dependency
dependency relation
syntactic relation between word forms (3.24) or constituents (3.4) on the basis of the grammaticalfunctions
(3.7) that constituents play in relation to each other
3.6
syntactic edge
edge
triplet with a source node (3.12), a target node, and optional annotations (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Non-terminal nodes (3.13) have an outgoing constituency syntactic edge.
3.7
grammatical function
grammatical role of a wordform (3.24) or constituent (3.4) within its embedding syntactic environment
Note 1 to entry: For example, a noun phrase (NP) can act as a subject within a sentence (3.15), or a noun may act as
a subject dependent of a verb in a dependency graph. There is a grammatical relation between the subject – NP and
the main verb in a sentence. All grammatical relations (subject – predicate, head – modifier, etc.) are subsumed
under the concept of dependency relations (3.5), whether between terminal or non-terminal nodes.
3.8
syntactic head
head
part of a constituent (3.4) which determines its distribution (the syntactic environments in which the
constituent may appear) and its grammatical properties (e.g. if the grammatical gender of the head is
feminine, then the gender of the entire constituent will be feminine)
Note 1 to entry: The head of a constituent usually cannot be left out.
3.9
linguistic annotation
annotation
feature-value pair denoting a linguistic property of a linguistic segment
3.10
main clause
clause (3.3), which can act on its own as a complete sentence (3.15)
Note 1 to entry: In languages distinguishing finiteness, the main clause is usually finite. Example: The train is late.
3.11
modifier
part of a constituent (3.4) which ascribes a property to the head (3.8) of the constituent
Note 1 to entry: A modifier can be placed before or after the head of the phrase (3.14) (pre-modifier or post-
modifier). Modifiers are optional in a constituent.
3.12
node
syntactic node
word form (3.24) or constituent (3.4) seen as an elementary syntactic component of a syntactic analysis
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.13
non-terminal node
syntactic node (3.12) which is not a word form (3.24)
Note 1 to entry: A non-terminal node has an outgoing constituency edge (3.6).
3.14
phrase
group of word forms (3.24) (usually containing one or more words) which can fulfill a grammatical
function (3.7), e.g. in a clause (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: Empty phrases are permitted (being non-realised pronouns, sometimes marked as “pro”, and
having the role of subjects in clauses). A phrase is typically named after its head (3.8), for example noun phrases,
verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases. Phrases have been informally
described as “bloated words”, in that the parts of the phrase added to the head elaborate and specify the reference
of the head. In our model, a phrase is a special case of a constituent (3.4).
3.15
sentence
related group of word forms (3.24) containing a predication, usually expressing a complete thought and
forming the basic unit of discourse structure
Note 1 to entry: A sentence consists of one or more clauses (3.3). When describing speech, it is common to talk
about “
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24615-1
First edition
2014-02-01
Language resource management —
Syntactic annotation framework
(SynAF) —
Part 1:
Syntactic model
Gestion de ressources langagières — Cadre d’annotation syntaxique
(SynAF) —
Partie 1: Modèle syntaxique
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 SynAF metamodel . 4
4.1 Introduction . 4
4.2 SynAF metamodel . . 4
Annex A (normative) Data categories for SynAF . 7
Annex B (informative) Relation to the Linguistic Annotation Framework .18
Bibliography .20
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
This first edition of ISO 24615-1 cancels and replaces ISO 24615:2010, of which it constitutes a minor
revision.
ISO 24615 (all parts) is designed to coordinate closely with ISO 24612, Language resource management —
Linguistic annotation framework (LAF), ISO 24613:2008, Language resource management — Lexical
markup framework (LMF), and ISO 24611, Language resource management — Morpho-syntactic
annotation framework.
ISO 24615 consists of the following parts, under the general title Language resource management —
Syntactic annotation framework (SynAF):
— Part 1: Syntactic model
The following part is under preparation:
— Part 2: XML serialization ()
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Introduction
ISO 24615 is based on numerous projects and pre-standardisation activities that have taken place in
[9]
the last few years (see Abeillé, 2001 ), to provide reference models and formats for the representation
of syntactic information, whether as the output of a syntactic parser, or as annotations of language
resources (treebanks). For several years, the Penn Treebank initiative has served as a de facto standard for
treebanking, but more recent works e.g. the Negra/Tiger initiative (see: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.
de/projekte/TIGER/TIGERCorpus/) in Germany or the ISST initiative in Italy [see Montemagni (2003)
[18]
] demonstrate the viability of a more coherent framework that can account for both (hierarchical)
constituency and dependency phenomena in syntactic annotation.
The eContent project “LIRICS”, has been seminal in gathering a group of experts, who initiated the
ISO 24615 (SynAF) project. While preparing SynAF, this group confirmed that existing initiatives indeed
share a common data model that offers a good basis for the SynAF metamodel (see the study made in
Deliverable D.3.1 “Evaluation of initiatives for morpho-syntactic and syntactic annotation” of the EU
project LIRICS, available at http://lirics.loria.fr/doc_pub/Del3_1_V2.pdf).
This part of ISO 24615 proposes a metamodel for syntactic annotation together with a list of relevant
data categories for syntactic annotation. The data categories are available on the ISOCat server (http://
www.isocat.org/) in the syntax profile (as defined in ISO 12620:2009).
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24615-1:2014(E)
Language resource management — Syntactic annotation
framework (SynAF) —
Part 1:
Syntactic model
1 Scope
This part of ISO 24615 describes the syntactic annotation framework (SynAF), a high level model for
representing the syntactic annotation of linguistic data, with the objective of supporting interoperability
across language resources or language processing components. This part of ISO 24615 is complementary
and closely related to ISO 24611 (MAF, morpho-syntactic annotation framework) and provides a
metamodel for syntactic representations as well as reference data categories for representing both
constituency and dependency information in sentences or other comparable utterances and segments.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 1: Theory and application
ISO 12620:2009, Terminology and other language and content resources — Specification of data categories
and management of a Data Category Registry for language resources
ISO 24611:2012, Language resource management — Morpho-syntactic annotation framework
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1:2000, ISO 12620:2009,
ISO 24611:2012 and the following apply.
3.1
adjunct
non-essential element associated with a verb as opposed to syntactic arguments (3.19)
Note 1 to entry: Adverbs are possible adjuncts for a sentence.
3.2
chunk
non-recursive constituent (3.4)
3.3
clause
group of phrases (3.14), usually containing a predicate
Note 1 to entry: A clause can be either a main clause (3.10) or a subordinate clause (3.17). In languages distinguishing
finiteness, clauses whose predicate is a verb can be either finite or non-finite, depending on the form of the verb.
A main clause alone can build a complete sentence (3.15). In the SynAF model, a clause is a special case of a
constituent (3.4).
3.4
constituent
syntactic grouping of words [into phrases (3.14)], phrases [into clauses (3.3) or other phrases] or clauses
[into a sentence (3.15)] on the base of structural (or hierarchical) properties
3.5
dependency
dependency relation
syntactic relation between word forms (3.24) or constituents (3.4) on the basis of the grammaticalfunctions
(3.7) that constituents play in relation to each other
3.6
syntactic edge
edge
triplet with a source node (3.12), a target node, and optional annotations (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Non-terminal nodes (3.13) have an outgoing constituency syntactic edge.
3.7
grammatical function
grammatical role of a wordform (3.24) or constituent (3.4) within its embedding syntactic environment
Note 1 to entry: For example, a noun phrase (NP) can act as a subject within a sentence (3.15), or a noun may act as
a subject dependent of a verb in a dependency graph. There is a grammatical relation between the subject – NP and
the main verb in a sentence. All grammatical relations (subject – predicate, head – modifier, etc.) are subsumed
under the concept of dependency relations (3.5), whether between terminal or non-terminal nodes.
3.8
syntactic head
head
part of a constituent (3.4) which determines its distribution (the syntactic environments in which the
constituent may appear) and its grammatical properties (e.g. if the grammatical gender of the head is
feminine, then the gender of the entire constituent will be feminine)
Note 1 to entry: The head of a constituent usually cannot be left out.
3.9
linguistic annotation
annotation
feature-value pair denoting a linguistic property of a linguistic segment
3.10
main clause
clause (3.3), which can act on its own as a complete sentence (3.15)
Note 1 to entry: In languages distinguishing finiteness, the main clause is usually finite. Example: The train is late.
3.11
modifier
part of a constituent (3.4) which ascribes a property to the head (3.8) of the constituent
Note 1 to entry: A modifier can be placed before or after the head of the phrase (3.14) (pre-modifier or post-
modifier). Modifiers are optional in a constituent.
3.12
node
syntactic node
word form (3.24) or constituent (3.4) seen as an elementary syntactic component of a syntactic analysis
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.13
non-terminal node
syntactic node (3.12) which is not a word form (3.24)
Note 1 to entry: A non-terminal node has an outgoing constituency edge (3.6).
3.14
phrase
group of word forms (3.24) (usually containing one or more words) which can fulfill a grammatical
function (3.7), e.g. in a clause (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: Empty phrases are permitted (being non-realised pronouns, sometimes marked as “pro”, and
having the role of subjects in clauses). A phrase is typically named after its head (3.8), for example noun phrases,
verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases. Phrases have been informally
described as “bloated words”, in that the parts of the phrase added to the head elaborate and specify the reference
of the head. In our model, a phrase is a special case of a constituent (3.4).
3.15
sentence
related group of word forms (3.24) containing a predication, usually expressing a complete thought and
forming the basic unit of discourse structure
Note 1 to entry: A sentence consists of one or more clauses (3.3). When describing speech, it is common to talk
about “utterances” rather than sentences.
3.16
span
pair of points (p1, p2), where p1 ⩽ p2, identifying the segment of the document to which an annotation
(3.9) is applied
Note 1 to entry: A multiple span is a sequence of spans where the ending point of each span is less than or equal to
the starting point of the subsequent span.
3.17
subordinate clause
clause which fulfils a grammatical function (3.7) in a phrase (3.14) [for example a relative clause (3.3)
modifying the head (3.8) noun of a nominal phrase] or in another clause
Note 1 to entry: A subordinate clause usually does not act on its own as a sentence, but is part of a larger sentence.
3.18
subcategorization frame
set of restrictions indicating the properties of the syntactic arguments (3.19) that can or must occur with
a verb
EXAMPLE Alfred (/syntacticArgument/) reads a book (/syntacticArgument/) today (/adjunct/).
Note 1 to entry: The subject, indirect object and direct object are subcategorized grammatical functions (3.7)
within a sentence; they are dependents of the verb (i.e. they can appear in subcategorization frames).
3.19
syntactic argument
functionally essential element that is required and given its interpretation by the head o
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 24615-1
Première édition
2014-02
Gestion de ressources linguistiques —
Cadre d'annotation syntaxique
(SynAF) —
Partie 1:
Modèle syntaxique
Language resource management — Syntactic annotation framework
(SynAF) —
Part 1: Syntactic model
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2014
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2014
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
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Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Métamodèle SynAF . 4
4.1 Introduction . 4
4.2 Métamodèle SynAF . 5
4.2.1 Vue d’ensemble . 5
4.2.2 Classe SyntacticNode. 5
4.2.3 Classe T_Node . 5
4.2.4 Classe NT_Node . 5
4.2.5 Classe SyntacticEdge . 5
4.2.6 Classe Annotation . 5
Annexe A (normative) Catégories de données pour SynAF. 7
Annexe B (informative) Relation avec le cadre d’annotation linguistique .17
Bibliographie .19
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/directives).
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www .iso .org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation
de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation
mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien
suivant: www .iso .org/iso/fr/avant-propos .html.
Le comité chargé de l'élaboration du présent document est l’ISO/TC 37, Langage et terminologie, sous-
comité SC 4, Gestion des ressources linguistiques.
Cette première édition de l’ISO 24615-1 annule et remplace l’ISO 24615:2010 dont elle constitue une
révision mineure.
L’ISO 24615, dans toutes ses parties, est conçue de manière coordonnée avec l’ISO 24612, Gestion des
ressources linguistiques – Cadre d’annotation linguistique (LAF), l’ISO 24613:2008, Gestion des ressources
linguistiques – Cadre d’annotation lexicale (LMF), et l’ISO 24611, Gestion des ressources langagières –
Cadre d’annotation morpho-syntaxique.
L’ISO 24615 comporte les parties suivantes, sous le titre général Gestion des ressources linguistiques –
Cadre d’annotation syntaxique (SynAF):
— Partie 1: Modèle syntaxique
La partie suivante est en cours d’élaboration:
— Part 2: Sérialisation XML ()
iv © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
L’ISO 24615 se fonde sur de nombreux projets et activités de pré-normalisation qui ont été menés au
[9]
cours des dernières années (voir Abeillé, 2001 ) en vue de constituer des modèles de référence et
des formats pour la représentation de l’information syntaxique, soit sous forme de sortie d’analyseur
syntaxique, soit sous forme d’annotations de ressources linguistiques (treebanks). Depuis plusieurs
années l’initiative Penn Treebank constitue le standard de facto pour l’annotation syntaxique, mais
des travaux plus récents, par exemple l’initiative Negra/Tiger (voir http: //www .ims .uni -stuttgart
.de/projekte/TIGER/TIGERCorpus/) en Allemagne ou l’initiative ISST en Italie (voir Montemagni
[18]
(2003) ) démontre la viabilité d’un cadre plus cohérent qui tient compte à la fois des constituants
hiérarchiques et des phénomènes de dépendance syntaxique dans l’annotation syntaxique.
Le projet eContent “LIRICS” est un projet majeur car il a rassemblé un groupe d’experts, initiateur du projet
ISO 24615 (SynAF). Lors de la préparation de SynAF, ce groupe a confirmé que les initiatives actuelles
partagent effectivement un modèle de données commun qui offre une bonne base de départ pour le
métamodèle SynAF (voir l’étude “Evaluation of initiatives for morpho-syntactic and syntactic annotation”
du projet européen LIRICS, disponible à l’adresse http: //lirics .loria .fr/doc _pub/Del3 _1 _V2 .pdf).
Cette partie de l’ISO 24615 propose un métamodèle pour l’annotation syntaxique ainsi qu’une liste
de catégories de données pertinente pour l’annotation syntaxique. Les catégories de données sont
disponibles sur le serveur ISOCat (http: //www .isocat .org/) au sein du profil syntaxe (tel que défini
dans l’ISO 12620:2009).
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 24615-1:2014(F)
Gestion de ressources linguistiques — Cadre d'annotation
syntaxique (SynAF) —
Partie 1:
Modèle syntaxique
1 Domaine d'application
Cette partie de l’ISO 24615 décrit le cadre d’annotation syntaxique (SynAF), modèle de haut niveau pour
représenter l’annotation syntaxique des données linguistiques, dans le but d’offrir l’interopérabilité
entre les ressources linguistiques ou les composants du traitement de la langue. La présente partie
de l’ISO 24615 est complémentaire par rapport à l’ISO 24611 (MAF, cadre d’annotation morpho-
syntaxique) et y est étroitement liée. Elle fournit un métamodèle pour les représentations syntaxiques,
avec les catégories de données de référence destinées à représenter tout aussi bien des informations de
constituance que des informations de dépendance, dans des phrases ou autres énonciations et segments
du même ordre.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont indispensables à l'application de ce document. Pour les références datées,
seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document référencé
s’applique (incluant ses éventuels amendements).
ISO 1087-1:2000, Travaux terminologiques — Vocabulaire — Partie 1: Théorie et application
ISO 12620:2009, Terminologie et autres ressources langagières et ressources de contenu — Spécification
de catégories de données et gestion d’un registre de catégories de données pour les ressources langagières
ISO 24611:2012, Gestion des ressources langagières — Cadre d'annotation morphosyntaxique (MAF)
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions figurant dans l’ISO 1087-1:2000,
l’ISO 12620:2009, l’ISO 24611:2012 ainsi que ce les suivants s’appliquent.
3.1
circonstant
élément non essentiel associé à un verbe en opposition avec les arguments syntaxiques (3.19)
Note 1 à l'article: Les adverbes sont des circonstants possibles pour une phrase.
3.2
bloc
bloc syntaxique
constituant non récursif (3.4)
Note 1 à l'article: Le terme «bloc» est la traduction en français du terme anglais «chunk»
3.3
proposition
groupe de syntagmes (3.14), qui comprend habituellement un prédicat
Note 1 à l'article: Une proposition peut être soit une proposition principale (3.10) soit une proposition subordonnée
(3.17). Dans les langues qui distinguent la finitude, les propositions dont le prédicat est un verbe peuvent être
soit finies soit non-finies, en fonction de la forme du verbe. Une proposition principale peut constituer à elle seule
une phrase complète (3.15). Dans le modèle SynAF, une proposition est un cas particulier de constituant (3.4).
3.4
constituant
groupement syntaxique de mots [en syntagmes (3.14)], de syntagmes [en propositions (3.3) ou d’autres
syntagmes] ou de propositions [en une phrase (3.15)], sur la base de propriétés structurelles (ou
hiérarchiques)
3.5
dépendance
relation de dépendance
relation syntaxique entre mots-formes (3.24) ou constituants (3.4) sur la base des fonctions grammaticales
(3.7) que les constituants assument les uns par rapport aux autres
3.6
arc syntaxique
arc
triplet avec un nœud source (3.12), un nœud cible, et des annotations optionnelles (3.9)
Note 1 à l'article: Les nœuds non-terminaux (3.13) ont un arc syntaxique sortant de constituance.
3.7
fonction grammaticale
rôle grammatical d’un mot-forme (3.24) ou d’un constituant (3.4) dans son environnement syntaxique
enchâssant
Note 1 à l'article: par exemple, un syntagme nominal (SN) peut jouer le rôle du sujet dans une phrase (3.15), ou
un nom celui du sujet dépendant d’un verbe dans un graphe de dépendance. Il y a un lien grammatical entre
le sujet – SN et le verbe principal d’une phrase. Toutes les relations grammaticales (sujet – prédicat, tête –
modificateur, etc.) sont subsumées sous le concept de relation de dépendance (3.5), que cela soit entre nœuds
terminaux ou nœuds non-terminaux.
3.8
tête syntaxique
tête
partie d’un constituant (3.4) qui détermine sa distribution (l’environnement syntaxique dans lequel le
constituant peut apparaître) et ses propriétés grammaticales (ex: si le genre grammatical de la tête est
féminin, alors le genre de la totalité du constituant sera féminin)
Note 1 à l'article: La tête d’un constituant ne peut habituellement pas être négligée.
3.9
annotation linguistique
annotation
paire attribut-valeur dénotant une propriété linguistique d’un segment linguistique
3.10
proposition principale
proposition (3.3) qui peut fonctionner toute seule comme une phrase complète (3.15)
Note 1 à l'article: Dans les langues distinguant la finitude, la proposition principale est habituellement finie.
Exemple: Le train est en retard.
2 © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés
3.11
modificateur
partie d’un constituant (3.4) qui attribue une propriété à la tête (3.8) dudit constituant
Note 1 à l'article: Un modificateur peut être situé avant ou après la tête du syntagme (3.14) (pré-modificateur ou
post-modi
...
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ISO
СТАНДАРТ 24615-1
Первое издание
2014-02-01
Управление языковыми ресурсами.
Система синтаксического
аннотирования (SynAF).
Часть 1. Синтаксическая модель
Language resource management. — Syntactic annotation framework
(SynAF) —
Part 1: Syntactic·model
Ответственность за подготовку русской версии несёт GOST R
(Российская Федерация) в соответствии со статьёй 18.1 Устава ISO
Ссылочный номер
©
ISO 2014
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предварительного письменного согласия ISO по соответствующему адресу, указанному ниже, или комитета-члена ISO в стране
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ii © ISO 2014 — Все права сохраняются
Содержание Страница
Предисловие . iv
Введение . v
1 Область применения . 1
2 Нормативные ссылки . 1
3 Термины и определения . 1
4 Метамодель SynAF . 4
4.1 Вводные замечания . 4
4.2 Описание метамодели SynAF . 5
Приложение A (нормативное) Категории данных для метамодели SynAF . 7
Приложение B (информативное) Связь с системой лингвистического аннотирования . 16
Библиография . 18
Предисловие
Международная организация по стандартизации (ISO) является всемирной федерацией национальных
организаций по стандартизации (комитетов-членов ISO). Разработка международных стандартов
обычно осуществляется техническими комитетами ISO. Каждый комитет-член, заинтересованный в
деятельности, для которой был создан технический комитет, имеет право быть представленным в
этом комитете. Международные правительственные и неправительственные организации, имеющие
связь с ISO, также принимают участие в работе. ISO работает в тесном сотрудничестве с
Международной электротехнической комиссией (IEC) по всем вопросам стандартизации в области
электротехники.
Процедуры разработки, использованные при создании настоящего документа, и надлежащие операции
его дальнейшего сопровождения описаны в Части 1 Директив ISO/IEC, в которых особенно важны
критерии утверждения и приёмки различных документов ISO. Проект настоящего документа был
подготовлен в полном соответствии с правилами, приведёнными в Части 2 Директив ISO/IEC
(см. www.iso.org/directives).
Принимается во внимание тот факт, что некоторые из элементов данного документа могут быть
объектом патентных прав, однако ISO не принимает на себя никаких обязательств по определению
отдельных или всех таких прав. Подробные сведения о патентных правах, выявляемых в процессе
разработки того или иного документа, подлежат включению в его введение и/или в перечень
полученных ISO деклараций (см. www.iso.org/patents).
Любая торговая марка, фигурирующая в настоящем документе, является информацией,
представляемой исключительно для удобства пользователей стандарта, и не может считаться
признаком выражаемого предпочтения.
Разъяснение специфических терминов и формулировок ISO, касающихся оценки соответствия
конкретным нормативным документам, равно как и приверженности ISO принципам Всемирной
торговой организации (ВТО) в части устранения технических барьеров в торговле, можно найти на
сайте ISO по унифицированному указателю информационного ресурса (URL) Foreword —
Supplementary information.
Настоящий документ был подготовлен подкомитетом SC 4 “Управление языковыми ресурсами”
Технического комитета ISO/TC 37 “Терминология и другие языковые и информационные ресурсы”.
Настоящее первое издание ISO 24615-1 отменяет и заменяет собой стандарт ISO 24615:2010,
претерпевший минимальные изменения.
ISO 24615 (во всех его частях) предназначен для использования в сочетании со стандартами
ISO 24612 “Управление языковыми ресурсами. Система лингвистического аннотирования (LAF)”,
ISO 24613:2008, “Управление языковыми ресурсами. Схема лексической разметки (LMF)” и ISO 24611
“Управление языковыми ресурсами. Система морфосинтаксического аннотирования (MAF)”.
ISO 24615 состоит из следующих частей, объединённых общим заголовком “Управление языковыми
ресурсами. Система синтаксического аннотирования (SynAF)”:
— Часть 1. Синтаксическая модель
и находящаяся в стадии разработки
— Часть 2. Индексирование XML-документов ().
iv © ISO 2014 — Все права сохраняются
Введение
В основе стандартов серии ISO 24615 лежат многочисленные проекты и мероприятия последнего
десятка лет, предшествовавшие стандартизации [9] и обеспечившие создание различных моделей и
форматов представления синтаксической информации в виде механизмов синтаксического анализа
или аннотирования языковых ресурсов (корпусов с синтаксической разметкой). В течение целого ряда
лет стандартом де-факто для процедур синтаксического аннотирования служил инициативный проект
Penn Treebank (синтаксически аннотированный текстовый корпус Пенсильванского университета).
Однако в более поздних работах — таких как инициативный проект Negra/Tiger в Германии (см.
http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/projekte/TIGER/TIGERCorpus/) и проект ISST в Италии [18] — были
продемонстрированы более связные, более согласованные и более понятные системы
синтаксического анализа, способные в равной степени учитывать как отношения иерархической
соподчинённости компонентов, так и явление зависимости в синтаксическом аннотировании.
Особенно плодотворным в этом смысле оказался проект электронных информационных ресурсов
“LIRICS”, который позволил объединить усилия группы экспертов, инициировавшей разработку проекта
Международного стандарта ISO 24615, касающегося системы синтаксического аннотирования (SynAF).
Эта группа в процессе разработки системы SynAF установила тот факт, что в действительности в
рамках всех перечисленных выше инициативных проектов используется общая модель данных,
которая создаёт хорошую основу для построения метамодели системы синтаксического
аннотирования [см. результаты исследований, представленные в информационном бюллетене
Deliverable D.3.1 по проекту Европейского Союза LIRICS; эта публикация касается оценки
инициативных проектов систем морфосинтаксического и синтаксического аннотирования (“Evaluation of
initiatives for morpho-syntactic and syntactic annotation”) и размещена по адресу
http://lirics.loria.fr/doc_pub/Del3_1_V2.pdf].
В настоящей части ISO 24615 предлагается метамодель синтаксического аннотирования совместно с
перечнем релевантных категорий данных для синтаксического аннотирования. Соответствующие
категории данных доступны на сервере ISOCat (http://www.isocat.org/) в синтаксическом профиле (как
он определён в ISO 12620:2009).
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ СТАНДАРТ ISO 24615-1:2014(R)
Управление языковыми ресурсами. Система синтаксического
аннотирования (SynAF).
Часть 1.
Синтаксическая модель
1 Область применения
Первая часть ISO 24615 содержит описание системы синтаксического аннотирования (SynAF), которая
является высокоуровневой моделью для представления синтаксической аннотации лингвистической
информации в целях обеспечения надлежащего взаимодействия между языковыми ресурсами или
компонентами процесса обработки языковых данных. Эта часть ISO 24615 служит дополнением
стандарта ISO 24611 (относящегося к системе морфосинтаксического аннотирования) и тесно связана
с ним, поскольку предоставляет метамодель для формирования синтаксических представлений и
эталонные категории данных для отображения местоположения и зависимости информационных
объектов в рамках сложных предложений или других сопоставимых высказываний и сегментов.
2 Нормативные ссылки
Перечисленные ниже ссылочные документы обязательны для применения данного документа. В
случае датированных ссылок действующим является только указанное издание. Применительно к
недатированным ссылочным документам применяются их самые последние издания (включая все
последующие изменения):
ISO 1087-1:2000, Терминологическая работа. Словарь. Часть 1. Теория и применение
ISO 12620:2009, Терминология, другие языковые ресурсы и ресурсы содержания. Спецификация
категорий данных и ведение реестра категорий данных для языковых ресурсов
ISO 24611:2012, Управление языковыми ресурсами. Система морфосинтаксического аннотирования
3 Термины и определения
Для целей данного документа используются термины и определения из стандартов ISO 1087-1:2000,
ISO 12620:2009, ISO 24611:2012, а также терминология, приведённая ниже.
3.1
обстоятельственное слово, обстоятельство, адъюнкт
adjunct
второстепенный элемент, ассоциируемый с глаголом, в отличие от синтаксических аргументов (3.19)
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: Обстоятельственными словами в предложении могут быть наречия.
3.2
фрагмент
chunk
нерекурсивная составляющая (3.4)
3.3
клауза, элементарное предложение
clause
группа фраз (3.14), обычно содержащая некоторое высказывание
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: Клауза может быть главным предложением (3.10) или подчинённым
предложением (3.17). В тех языках, где существует понятие законченности действия, клаузы с глагольным
сказуемым могут быть как законченными, так и незаконченными — в зависимости от конкретной формы глагола.
Главное предложение может само по себе являться законченным предложением (3.15). В модели SynAF клауза
представляет собой особый случай конституенты (3.4).
3.4
конституента, составляющая
constituent
синтаксическая группировка слов [во фразе (3.14)], фраз [в предложении (3.3) либо в другой фразе] или
элементарных предложений [в сложном предложении (3.15)] на основе выделения их структурных (или
иерархических) свойств
3.5
зависимость, отношение зависимости
dependency
dependency relation
синтаксическая связь между словоформами (3.24) или конституентами (3.4), устанавливаемая на основе
грамматических функций (3.7), которые выполняются конституентами относительно друг друга
3.6
(синтаксическая) дуга
syntactic edge
edge
тройка элементов, образуемая исходным узлом (3.12), целевым узлом и не обязательными
аннотациями (3.9)
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: Нетерминальные узлы (3.13) имеют исходящую дугу синтаксической
конституентности.
3.7
грамматическая функция
grammatical function
грамматическая роль, выполняемая словоформой (3.24) или конституентой (3.4) в рамках своего
синтаксического окружения
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: Например, именная группа (NP) или имя существительное может играть внутри
предложения (3.15) роль подлежащего — соответственно положению глагола в схеме графа отношения подчинённости.
Между именной группой как подлежащим и основным глаголом предложения существует грамматическая связь. Все
грамматические отношения (подлежащее — сказуемое, главное слово — модификатор и др.) категоризируются в
соответствии с концепцией отношения зависимости (3.5) между терминальными или нетерминальными узлами.
3.8
(синтаксическая) вершина, главное слово
syntactic head
head
та часть конституенты (3.4), которая определяет область её действия (конкретное синтаксическое
окружение, в котором может появляться конституента) и грамматические характеристики (например,
если главное слово — женского рода, то грамматический род конституенты в целом тоже будет женским)
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: Присутствие главного слова конституенты обязательно.
3.9
(лингвистическая) аннотация
linguistic annotation
annotation
пара “характеристика — значение”, представляющая лингвистическое свойство лингвистического сегмента
3.10
главное предложение
main clause
клауза (3.3), которая может сама по себе быть законченным предложением (3.15)
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: В языках, предусматривающих различение завершённости и незавершённости
действия, главное предложение обычно бывает законченным высказыванием. Пример: Поезд опаздывает.
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3.11
модификатор
modifier
часть конституенты (3.4), описывающая свойство её главного слова (3.8)
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: Модификатор может располагаться до или после главного слова (вершины)
фразы (3.14), являясь пре-модификатором или пост-модификатором, соответственно. Модификаторы в
конституенте не обязательны.
3.12
(синтаксический) узел
node
syntactic node
словоформа (3.24) или конституента (3.4), рассматриваемая как элементарный синтаксический
компонент дерева синтаксического анализа
3.13
нетерминальный узел
non-terminal node
синтаксический узел (3.12), не являющийся словоформой (3.24)
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: Нетерминальный узел имеет исходящую дугу коституентности (3.6).
3.14
фраза, синтаксическая конструкция
phrase
группа словоформ (3.24) (обычно состоящая из одного или нескольких слов), которая может выполнять
определённую грамматическую функцию (3.7), например, в элементарном предложении (3.3)
Примечание 1 к словарной статье: Допускается присутствие пустых фраз (представленных неопределённо-
личными местоимениями, которые в английском языке иногда снабжаются пометой “pro” и в элементарных
предложениях выступают в роли подлежащего). Фраза, как пр
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