ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014
(Main)Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) — Part 3: Reference architecture views
Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) — Part 3: Reference architecture views
ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014 provides Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) views. The architecture views include business, operational, systems, and technical perspectives, and these views are presented in functional, logical, and/or physical views where applicable. ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014 focuses on high-level architecture views which can be further developed by system developers and implementers for specific applications and services.
Technologies de l'information — Réseaux de capteurs: Architecture de référence pour réseaux de capteurs — Partie 3: Vues de l'architecture de référence
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 29182-3
First edition
2014-02-15
Information technology — Sensor
networks: Sensor Network Reference
Architecture (SNRA) —
Part 3:
Reference architecture views
Technologies de l’information — Réseaux de capteurs: Architecture de
référence pour réseaux de capteurs —
Partie 3: Vues de l’architecture de référence
Reference number
ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2014
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 1
5 Purpose of Sensor Network Reference Architecture . 2
6 Overview of Sensor Network Reference Architecture . 3
7 Business architecture .11
8 Information architecture .12
8.1 Introduction .12
8.2 Application architecture .12
8.3 Data architecture .12
9 Technical architecture .13
9.1 Introduction .13
9.2 Physical View .16
9.3 System View .17
9.4 System Functionality .19
9.5 Technical View .19
Bibliography .22
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 29182-3 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology.
ISO/IEC 29182 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Sensor
networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA):
— Part 1: General overview and requirements
— Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology
— Part 3: Reference architecture views
— Part 4: Entity models
— Part 5: Interface definitions
— Part 6: Applications
— Part 7: Interoperability guidelines
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
Introduction
A wide range of applications has been proposed for sensor networks. In practice, however, sensor
networks have been built and deployed for a relatively small number of applications. This is partly due
to the lack of a business case for certain applications and partly due to technical challenges in building
a non-trivial sensor network of reasonable complexity. The main reason for this impediment is multi-
disciplinary expertise – such as sensors, communications and networking, signal processing, electronics,
computing, and cyber security – is required to design a sensor network. Presently, the design process
is so complex that one can leverage little from one sensor network design to another. It appears as if
one has to start from almost scratch every time one wishes to design and deploy a sensor network. Yet,
upon closer inspection, there are many commonalities in instantiations of sensor networks that realize
various applications. These commonalities include similarities in the choice of network architecture and
the entities/functional blocks that are used in the architecture.
The purpose of the ISO/IEC 29182 series of International Standards (ISs) is to
— provide guidance to facilitate the design and development of sensor networks,
— improve interoperability of sensor networks, and
— make sensor network components plug-and-play, so that it becomes fairly easy to add/remove
sensor nodes to/from an existing sensor network.
The ISO/IEC 29182 series can be used by sensor network designers, software developers, system
integrators, and service providers to meet customer requirements, including any applicable
interoperability requirements.
The ISO/IEC 29182 series comprises seven parts. Brief descriptions of these parts are given next.
ISO/IEC 29182-1 provides a general overview and the requirements for the sensor network reference
architecture.
ISO/IEC 29182-2 provides definitions for the terminology and vocabulary used in the reference
architecture.
ISO/IEC 29182-3 presents the reference architecture from various viewpoints, such as business,
operational, system, technical, functional, and logical views.
This part of ISO/IEC 29182 categorizes the entities comprising the reference architecture into two
classes of physical and functional entities and presents models for the entities.
ISO/IEC 29182-5 provides detailed information on the interfaces among various entities in the reference
architecture.
ISO/IEC 29182-6 provides detailed information on the development of International Standardized
Profiles.
ISO/IEC 29182-7 provides design principles for the reference architecture that take the interoperability
requirements into account.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor
Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) —
Part 3:
Reference architecture views
1 Scope
This International Standard (IS) provides Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) views. The
architecture views include business, operational, systems, and technical perspectives, and these views
are presented in functional, logical, and/or physical views where applicable. This IS focuses on high-
level architecture views which can be further developed by system developers and implementers for
specific applications and services.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 29182-1, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 1: General overview and requirements
ISO/IEC 29182-2, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology
ISO/IEC 29182-4, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 4: Entity models
ISO/IEC 29182-5, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 5: Interface definitions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 29182-2 apply.
4 Abbreviated terms
1D One-dimensional
2D Two-dimensional
3D Three-dimensional
AL Application Layer
BFL Basic Function Layer
CIP Collaborative Information Processing
CLM Cross Layer Management
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CPU Computer Processing Unit
GHL Gateway Hardware Layer
GPS Global Positioning System
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
IS International Standard
OGC Open Geospatial Consortium
OS Operating System
PV Physical View
RA Reference Architecture
SL Service Layer
SNHL Sensor Node Hardware Layer
SNRA Sensor Network Reference Architecture
SOA Service-Oriented Architecture
SV System View
TS Technical Standards
TV Technical View
5 Purpose of Sensor Network Reference Architecture
This International Standard provides reference architecture views consistent with the requirements
which are defined in ISO/IEC 29182-1 (General overview and requirements) and can be utilized more
effectively with other Parts, especially with ISO/IEC 29182-4 (Entity Models) and ISO/IEC 29182-5
(Interface Definitions).
A Reference Architecture (RA) is a generalized architecture of several end systems that share one or
more common domains, giving direction downward and requiring compliance upward. Therefore, an
architecture for a certain application will contain some, most, or all of the reference architecture. In
other words, the developer can reuse entities and elements in the reference architecture that fit his or
her application architecture and ignore the rest of entities and elements in the reference architecture.
In addition, the RA provides standards and policies for building a specific architecture.
RAs provide a consistent point of departure for implementing solutions so that each implementation:
a) Follows a consistent decomposition and design pattern;
b) Reduces cost by exploiting opportunities for reuse of services, products, data definitions, etc.;
c) Reduces schedule by starting with a core architecture to be tailored for implementation; and
d) Reduces risk by:
— Incorporating required global capabilities; and
— Taking advantaged of lessons learned and related expertise.
The Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) outlines “what” the overall structured approach
is for facilitating interoperability and the SNRA, from the details of this structure, indicates “how” the
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
architecture and its entities will operate through the development of interface standards. In short, the
SNRA provides rules and guidance for developing and presenting architecture descriptions.
This standard provides not only multiple perspectives of SNRA (e.g. business, information, and technical)
but also multiple views of the technical architecture (e.g. physical, system, operational, etc.) describing a
sensor network (e.g. business, information, application, and data). The combination of these architecture
perspectives and views forms a comprehensive architectural description of the sensor network system.
The reference architecture perspectives and views are to:
a) Show how Sensor Networks operate in a homogeneous or a heterogeneous system;
b) Show the systems of equipment and the flows of information that support the sensor networks; and
c) Show the technical rules and guidelines that allow these systems to interoperate.
Typically, a developer begins depicting an architecture with desires and needs for the data/information
that could be provided by a sensor network or sensor networks and that could meet the desires and
needs (e.g. then translated into a set of requirements). Additionally, the developer needs to have an
understanding of the technology available and also the roadmap of technologies to come. For example,
the desires and needs could be a computer and a set of sensor nodes (thus, a sensor network) in a car to
monitor and control subsystems, or alternatively they could be a large system of systems, such as the
sensor networks by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to monitor worldwide
weather in order to predict weather patterns and to provide warnings if necessary. Each developer will
have specific requirements concerning the capabilities that a sensor node or sensor network should have
for target applications and services. The developer also needs to make many decisions in developing
a sensor network architecture including whether a sensor network will perform data processing to
provide high level information to a user, or a sensor network will make the raw data available to a user
who will use its own applications to process the raw data. The Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) can provide the developer with various options and understanding for the developments, and
more importantly, SNRA provides the developer with the architecture starting point.
The SNRA supports the development of interoperating and interacting architectures. It defines the
multiple perspectives of SNRA and the multiple views of the technical architecture. Each view is
composed of sets of architecture data elements that are depicted via graphic, tabular, or textual
products. The SNRA also clearly defines the relationships between these architectural views and the
data elements they contain.
6 Overview of Sensor Network Reference Architecture
Sensor network is a system of distributed sensor nodes communicating with each other and also
interacting with other sensor networks that monitors environments external to the sensor network in
order to acquire, process, transfer, and provide information extracted from a physical world.
This Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) consists of a set of domains which are concerned
with gathering raw data from each domain’s physical environment, processing raw data into information,
and delivering information to a user or users. The user can be a human or a machine/software (e.g.
automated command and control system). In cases where a sensor network has a sensor node or sensor
nodes equipped with an actuator or actuators, information in the forms of a decision can flow from the
user to the actuator(s) attached to the sensor node to provide an actuation command.
Each sensor network consists of various entities such as sensor nodes, actuators, a network, processing (at
a local sensor node, a gateway, and/or fusion centre), applications used by the sensor nodes, applications
1)
used by the users , and finally the user. Figure 1 shows a high level physical view of multiple sensor
network domains although there are other domains not captured in the figure. Most sensor network
domains are designed to be disparate as each sensor network focuses on its own specific application.
This figure is to emphasize the importance of interoperability among dissimilar networks, sensors, and
1) [When the user is a person] Personal information belongs to individuals. It shall be implemented with any
protection means when personal information is connected to networks. [Reference: NIST-IR7628, Smart Grid Cyber
Security Vol.2 “Privacy and the Smart Grid”, and OECD: “Privacy Principles”]
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
disparate data contents and formats. Figure 1 also shows that sensing can occur in all geospatial expanses
(e.g. space, air, maritime, ground, and subsurface (e.g. underground, and below ocean/lake/river
surface)). In each geospatial expanse, there are many capabilities that sensor networks can provide as
shown in the figure. In space, a sensor network formed by the sensor nodes in a constellation of satellites
can provide data and information about Earth’s weather, air pollution, oceanic current movements,
and so on. In the air, air traffic control cannot be performed without sensor networks (e.g. radars).
In maritime, ships rely on GPS for navigating the oceans. The sensor networks can also be effectively
used for maritime container tracking, tagging of, and protection for the contents of the containers, On
the ground, many different sensor networks are found as there exist many different applications, (e.g.
intelligent highway, transportation, supply chain management, medical, military, industrial, finance,
first responders, governmental, home, environmental monitoring, perimeter protection and intrusion
prevention, health/situation monitoring of elderly or patients, and so on).
Figure 1 — High level physical graphic of sensor network domains
In summary Figure 1 shows that there are many dissimilar sensor networks in various geospatial
expanses, and within each expanse, there are many disparate sensor network applications and services
where the disparity exists in types of sensors in the sensor network, networks that support the sensor
networks, and data formats utilized by the sensors and the communication networks.
Figure 1 also attempts to illustrate an interoperable sensor network reference architecture, consisting
of multiple horizontally interoperable subsystems or modules and the interfaces between those
subsystems and modules. Interoperability also needs to exist vertically to transmit the information
seamlessly within the hierarchical structure of the sensor networks supporting a complex system of
systems. Both horizontal and vertical interoperability can be achieved by a standard developing process
that promotes open architecture and also by standardization of interfaces between subdivisions (both
subsystems and sensor networks), layered structures in sensor networks and its applications. For the
reference architecture to fulfil the requirements of interoperability, existing interoperability standards
should be used to describe sensor network systems. Additionally, the needs for new standards, to satisfy
new technologies, applications and services of sensor networks, can be identified from the sensor
network reference architecture.
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
Figure 2 describes the sensor network reference architecture by identifying the main entities of sensor
networks and the interfaces between the main entities which make up a sensor network. The detailed
descriptions of the interfaces (e.g. Interface 1, Interface 2, …, Interface 5) can be found in ISO/IEC 29182-
5.
The main entities identified are:
a) Sensor Nodes, and a sensor node has:
— Sensor Node Hardware Layer (SNHL);
— Basic Functions Layer (BFL);
— Service Layer (SL);
— Application Layer (AL); and
— Cross Layer Management (CLM);
b) Gateway and a gateway is likely to have the same or similar layers and layer structure as those in
the sensor node); thus, a gateway has:
— Gateway Hardware Layer (GHL);
— Basic Functions Layer (BFL);
— Service Layer (SL);
— Application Layer (AL); and
— Cross Layer Management (CLM);
c) External Environment through Access Network and Backbone Network connecting to service
providers and users.
In Service Provider, it is likely to have the similar layer structure as the one in a gateway.
The interfaces between these main entities, identified in grey colour-filled boxes in Figure 2, are:
a) Within a sensor node, there are:
— Interface between Sensor Node Hardware Layer and Basic Functions Layer (SNHL / BFL);
— Interface between Basic Functions Layer and Service Layer (BFL / SL);
— Interface between Service Layer and Application Layer (SL / AL); and
— Interfaces between Cross Layer Management and Applications Layer, Service Layer, and Basic
Functions Layer (CLM / AL-SL-BFL);
b) Interface between a Sensor Node to a Sensor Node within a Sensor Network; and
c) Interface between Sensor Network Gateway Node and other networks (ISO/IEC 29182-1, Figure 3
designates “Backbone Network and Access Network” as “Other Networks,” which is also shown in
Figure 9 of this standard).
The interfaces between Sensor Node Hardware Layer and Basic Functions Layer (SNHL / BFL) are
realized by the functions reside in SNHL and those that reside in BFL.
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
Figure 2 — Overview of sensor network interfaces in a sensor node, sensor node to sensor node,
and sensor node to the External Environment
Figure 3 describes the physical architecture of a sensor node, which can be mapped to the Sensor Node
Hardware depicted in Figure 2, sensor node physical reference architecture. The sensor node physical
reference architecture includes:
— Computer processing unit (CPU): A CPU embedded in a sensor node enables the node become
intelligent. It hosts an Operating System (OS), application algorithms, and other software. A CPU
could be located outside of a sensor node and a sensor node transmits its measurements to the CPU
for processing.
— Storage: A storage device is a memory unit which can be embedded in a sensor node or can be
located outside of the node. The memory unit stores various event data experienced by the node, e.g.
measurements, processed data if an on-the-node processing is performed, and other event data.
— Sensor: Sensor or sensing element is a measuring device of external environment of a certain
phenomenology. Typically, this device converts raw measurements into a stream of measureable
electrical signal. Depending on the type of a sensing device, the device can measure acoustics,
seismic or vibration, magnetic, various light spectra (e.g. visual, infrared, etc.), electromagnetic (e.g.
radio frequencies), temperature, gas, pressure, motion, contaminants, objects, etc. Depending on
the complexity and technology implemented in the sensor, the sensor can measure 1-dimensional,
2-dimensional, and 3-dimensional signals along with time tagging.
— Communication unit: A communication unit is an essential component of a sensor node. This
communication unit provides either wired or wireless data link which is used to transmit the data
collected by the sensor or sensing element and any processed data if available in real-time or in non-
real-time. For the case of non-real-time data transmission, a type of storage device is required.
— Actuator(s): An actuator may reside in a sensor node or outside of the sensor node. Actuators are
means to interact with physical environments, e.g. automatic temperature control. Actuator(s) can
receive information (e.g. command) directly from sensor after data processing through wired or
wireless data link.
— Power supply: A sensor node will require a power supply. If a sensor node is physically connected
via a wire, such sensor node typically does not require on-board power supply, e.g. batteries. In case
of a wireless sensor node, a battery is required. Power management for a sensor node is a critical
matter, and a power management utility firmware may be hosted in the CPU, especially for the
sensor nodes remotely located wirelessly.
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
Power supply to power a sensor node is a critical element for sensor nodes and thus for an entire sensor
network. This criticality becomes even greater for a wireless, geographically dispersed sensor network.
The power supply is typically primary batteries (non-rechargeable); however, the idea of self-generating
power sources leveraging natural phenomena (e.g. sun light (solar), vibration, wind, so-called energy
harvesting methodologies) are under research and development.
The power supply will greatly depend on the type of sensor and sensor node functions. Power management
on remote sensors is of great importance to the functionality of the sensor node. The remoteness of
the sensor node will dictate the power supply capacity and power usage management. The required
frequency of inter-nodal communications will also dictate how the power should be managed.
The interface lines inside of the sensor node shown in Figure 3 are not specified. This is because the
implementation of a sensor node is highly dependent on application requirements and on its hardware
constraints.
Figure 3 — Sensor node physical reference architecture
Figure 4 illustrates a set of functional entities that realizes various sensor network services, and it
depicts the functional view of the sensor network reference architecture. This sensor network functional
architecture lists many significant functions in a sensor network, but this figure does not include all
functions. This functional architecture shows three domains, namely:
— Sensing Domain: This domain interfaces with sensors, gateways, and other entities (e.g. storage
devices) in a sensor network or sensor networks. This domain receives data from the sensor
network(s) and transmits to Service Domain via Network Domain per requests made by users.
Additionally, Sensing Domain can have capabilities to process measurements (e.g. raw data) from
sensors in the sensor network via local area network and/or wide area network.
— Network Domain: This domain provides data/information links between Sensing Domain and
Service Domain.
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ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014(E)
— Service Domain: This domain hosts various applications that provide requested services by users. To
perform the required applications, this domain can also support various data processing capabilities
from data (e.g. measurements) and/or information (e.g. data from processing the measurements)
from Sensing Domain via Network Domain.
And this figure also shows two groups, shown in the vertical rectangular box:
— Data, Information, and Communication Group: This group of functions is responsible for data
processing, information generation, and communications of the data and in
...
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
ISO/IEC JTC 1 Secretariat: ANSI
Voting begins on Voting terminates on
2013-01-14 2013-04-14
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ КОММИСИЯ • COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
Reference architecture for sensor network applications and
services —
Part 3:
Reference architecture views
Architecture de référence pour applications et services de réseaux de capteurs —
Partie 3: Vues de l'architecture de référence
ICS 35.110
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee
secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at
publication stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
PURPOSES,
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME
STANDARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
International Organization for Standardization, 2013
©
International Electrotechnical Commission, 2013
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
under the applicable laws of the user's country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO's
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO/IEC 2013 — All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative References . 1
3 Terms and Definitions . 1
4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) . 1
5 Purpose of Sensor Network Reference Architecture . 3
6 Overview of Sensor Network Reference Architecture . 4
7 Business Architecture . 11
8 Information Architecture . 12
8.1 Application Architecture . 12
8.2 Data Architecture . 12
9 Technical Architecture . 13
9.1 Introduction . 13
9.1 Physical View . 16
9.2 System View . 17
9.3 System Functionality . 19
9.4 Technical View . 19
Bibliography . 21
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 29182-3 was prepared by Working Group ISO/IEC JTC 1/WG 7.
ISO/IEC 29182 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Sensor
networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA):
ISO/IEC 29182-1 Information technology – Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 1: General overview and requirements
ISO/IEC 29182-2 Information technology – Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 2: Vocabulary/Terminology
ISO/IEC 29182-3 Information technology – Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 3: Architecture Views
ISO/IEC 29182-4 Information technology – Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 4: Entity models
ISO/IEC 29182-5 Information technology – Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 5: Interface definitions
ISO/IEC 29182-6 Information technology – Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 6: Application profiles
ISO/IEC 29182-7 Information technology – Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 7: Interoperability Guidelines
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Introduction
A wide range of applications has been proposed for sensor networks. In practice, however, sensor networks
have been built and deployed for a relatively small number of applications. This is partly due to the lack of a
business case for certain applications and partly due to technical challenges in building a non-trivial sensor
network of reasonable complexity. The main reason for this impediment is multi-disciplinary expertise – such
as sensors, communications and networking, signal processing, electronics, computing, and cyber security –is
required to design a sensor network. Presently, the design process is so complex that one can leverage little
from one sensor network design to another. It appears as if one has to start from almost scratch every time
one wishes to design and deploy a sensor network. Yet, upon closer inspection, there are many
commonalities in instantiations of sensor networks that realize various applications. These commonalities
include similarities in the choice of network architecture and the entities/functional blocks that are used in the
architecture.
The purpose of the ISO/IEC 29182 family of International Standards (ISs) is to
provide guidance to facilitate the design and development of sensor networks,
improve interoperability of sensor networks, and
make sensor networks plug-and-play, so that it becomes fairly easy to add/remove sensor nodes
to/from an existing sensor network.
The ISO/IEC 29182 family of standards can be used by sensor network designers, software developers, and
service providers to meet customer requirements, including any applicable interoperability requirements.
The ISO/IEC 29182 family of standards is comprised of seven parts. Brief descriptions of these parts are
given next, followed by an introduction to Part 4.
Part 1 provides a general overview and the requirements for the sensor network reference architecture.
Part 2 provides definitions for the terminology and vocabulary used in the reference architecture.
Part 3 presents the reference architecture from various viewpoints, such as business, operational, system,
technical, functional, and logical views.
Part 4 categorizes the entities comprising the reference architecture into two classes of physical and functional
entities and presents models for the entities.
Part 5 provides detailed information on the interfaces among various entities in the reference architecture.
Part 6 provides the application profiles that are derived from studies of use cases, scenarios, etc., for sensor-
network-based applications and services.
Part 7 provides design principles for the reference architecture that take the interoperability requirements into
account.
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DRAFT ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Information technology — Sensor Networks: Sensor Network
Reference Architecture – Part 3: Reference Architecture Views
1 Scope
This International Standard (IS) provides Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) views. The
architecture views include business, operational, systems, and technical perspectives, and these views are
presented in functional, logical, and/or physical views where applicable. This IS focuses on high-level
architecture views which can be further developed by system developers and implementers for specific
applications and services.
This International Standard provides reference architecture views consistent with the requirements which are
defined in Part 1 (General overview and requirements) and can be utilized more effectively with other Parts,
especially with Part 4 (Entity Models) and Part 5 (Interface Definitions).
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 29182-1, Information technology –Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 1: General overview and requirements
ISO/IEC 29182-2, Information technology –Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 2: Vocabulary/Terminology
ISO/IEC 29182-4, Information technology –Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 4: Entity models
ISO/IEC 29182-5, Information technology –Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 5: Interface Definitions
ISO/IEC 29182-6, Information technology –Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 6: Application Profiles
ISO/IEC 29182-7, Information technology –Sensor Network: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) –
Part 7: Interoperability guidelines
3 Terms and Definitions
The terms and definitions used in this document are provided in ISO/IEC 29182-2 – Vocabulary/Terminology.
4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms)
1D One-dimensional
2D Two-dimensional
3D Three-dimensional
BFL Basic Function Layer
CIP Collaborative Information Processing
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
CLM Cross Layer Management
CPU Computer Processing Unit
GHL Gateway Hardware Layer
GPS Global Positioning System
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
IS International Standard
PV Physical View
RA Reference Architecture
SL Service Layer
SNHL Sensor Node Hardware Layer
SNRA Sensor Network Reference Architecture
SOA Service-Oriented Architecture
SV System View
TS Technical Standards
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
5 Purpose of Sensor Network Reference Architecture
A Reference Architecture (RA) is a generalized architecture of several end systems that share one or more
common domains, giving direction downward and requiring compliance upward. Therefore, an architecture for
a certain application will contain some, most, or all of the reference architecture. In other words, the developer
can reuse entities and elements in the reference architecture that fit his or her application architecture and
ignore the rest of entities and elements in the reference architecture. In addition, the RA provides standards
and policies for building a specific architecture.
RAs provide a consistent point of departure for implementing solutions so that each implementation:
Follows a consistent decomposition and design pattern;
Reduces cost by exploiting opportunities for reuse of services, products, data definitions, etc.;
Reduces schedule by starting with a core architecture to be tailored for implementation; and
Reduces risk by:
o Incorporating required global capabilities; and
o Taking advantaged of lessons learned and related expertise.
The Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) outlines “what” the overall structured approach is for
facilitating interoperability and, through the details of this structure, indicates “how” the architecture and its
entities will operate through the development of interface standards. In short, the SNRA provides rules and
guidance for developing and presenting architecture descriptions.
This standard provides not only multiple perspectives of SNRA (e.g., business, information, and technical) but
also multiple views of the technical architecture (e.g., physical, system, operational, etc.) describing a sensor
network (e.g., business, information, application, and data). The combination of these architecture perspectives
and views forms a comprehensive architectural description of the sensor network system. The reference
architecture perspectives and views are to:
Show how Sensor Networks operate in a homogeneous or a heterogeneous system;
Show the systems of equipment and the flows of information that support the sensor networks; and
Show the technical rules and guidelines that allow these systems to interoperate.
Typically, a developer begins depicting an architecture with desires and needs for the data/information that
could be provided by a sensor network or sensor networks and that could meet the desires and needs (e.g.,
then translated into a set of requirements). Additionally, the developer needs to have an understanding of the
technology available and also the roadmap of technologies to come. For example, the desires and needs
could be a computer and a set of sensor nodes (thus, a sensor network) in a car to monitor and control
subsystems, or alternatively they could be a large system of systems, such as the sensor networks by National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to monitor worldwide weather in order to predict weather
patterns and to provide warnings if necessary. Each developer will have specific requirements concerning the
capabilities that a sensor node or sensor network should have for target applications and services. The
developer also needs to make many decisions in developing a sensor network architecture including whether a
sensor network will perform data processing to provide high level information to a user, or a sensor network will
make the raw data available to a user who will use its own applications to process the raw data. The Sensor
Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) can provide the developer with various options and understanding for
the developments, and more importantly, SNRA provides the developer with the architecture starting point.
The SNRA supports the development of interoperating and interacting architectures. It defines the multiple
perspectives of SNRA and the multiple views of the technical architecture. Each view is composed of sets of
architecture data elements that are depicted via graphic, tabular, or textual products. The SNRA also clearly
defines the relationships between these architectural views and the data elements they contain.
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
6 Overview of Sensor Network Reference Architecture
Sensor network is a system of distributed sensor nodes communicating with each other and also interacting
with other sensor networks that monitors environments external to the sensor network in order to acquire,
process, transfer, and provide information extracted from a physical world.
This Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) consists of a set of domains which are concerned with
gathering raw data from each domain’s physical environment, processing raw data into information, and
delivering information to a user or users. The user can be a human or a machine/software (e.g., automated
command and control system). In cases where a sensor network has a sensor node or sensor nodes
equipped with an actuator or actuators, information in the forms of a decision can flow from the user to the
actuator(s) attached to the sensor node to provide an actuation command.
Each sensor network consists of various entities such as sensor nodes, actuators, a network, processing (at a
local sensor node, a gateway, and/or fusion centre), applications used by the sensor nodes, applications used
1
by the users , and finally the user. Figure 1 shows a high level physical view of multiple sensor network
domains although there are other domains not captured in the figure. Most sensor network domains are
designed to be dissimilar and disparate as each sensor network focuses on its own specific application. This
figure is to emphasize the importance of interoperability among dissimilar networks, sensors, and disparate data
contents and formats. Figure 1 also shows that sensing can occur in all geospatial expanses (e.g., space, air,
maritime, ground, and subsurface (e.g., underground, and below ocean/lake/river surface)). In each geospatial
expanse, there are many capabilities that sensor networks can provide as shown in the figure. In space, a
sensor network formed by the sensor nodes in a constellation of satellites can provide data and information
about Earth’s weather, air pollution, oceanic current movements, and so on. In the air, air traffic control cannot
be performed without sensor networks (e.g., radars). In maritime, ships rely on GPS for navigating the oceans.
The sensor networks can also be effectively used for maritime container tracking, tagging of, and protection for
the contents of the containers, On the ground, many different sensor networks are found as there exist many
different applications, (e.g., intelligent highway, transportation, supply chain management, medical, military,
industrial, finance, first responders, governmental, home, environmental monitoring, perimeter protection and
intrusion prevention, health/situation monitoring of elderly or patients, and so on).
1
[When the user is a person] Personal information belongs to individuals. It shall be implemented any protection means
when personal information is connected to networks. [Reference: NIST-IR7628, Smart Grid Cyber Security Vol.2 “Privacy
and the Smart Grid”, and OECD: “Privacy Principles”]
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Interoperability amongst:
• Networks
• Sensing
Space
• Sensors
Standardization of
• Processing
• Data
− Central
Sensor Networks at
− Distributed
various levels
• Data/Info Exchange
− Contents
Information on:
− Security
• Motion
• Services
• Fire
• Intrusion
• Disaster
Information on:
• Etc.
• Health
• Emergency
• GPS
Air
• Monitoring
• Etc.
Air Traffic Control
Maritime
Oceanic
Military
Industrial
Federal, State, Local
Finance
Commercial
Intelligent Highway
Ground
VVehehiicucullarar
Home
Transportation
Sub-surface
Police, Fire, Emergency
Medical
Figure 1. High level physical graphic of sensor network domains.
In summary Figure 1 shows that there are many dissimilar sensor networks in various geospatial expanses, and
within each expanse, there are many disparate sensor network applications and services where the disparity
exists in types of sensors in the sensor network, networks that support the sensor networks, and data formats
utilized by the sensors and the communication networks.
Figure 1 also attempts to illustrate an interoperable sensor network reference architecture, consisting of multiple
horizontally interoperable subsystems or modules and the interfaces between those subsystems and modules.
Interoperability also needs to exist vertically to transmit the information seamlessly within the hierarchical
structure of the sensor networks supporting a complex system of systems. Both horizontal and vertical
interoperability can be achieved by a standard developing process that promotes open architecture and also by
standardization of interfaces between subdivisions (both subsystems and sensor networks), layered structures
in sensor networks and its applications. For the reference architecture to fulfil the requirements of
interoperability, existing interoperability standards should be used to describe sensor network systems.
Additionally, the needs for new standards, to satisfy new technologies, applications and services of sensor
networks, can be identified from the sensor network reference architecture.
Figure 2 describes the sensor network reference architecture by identifying the main entities of sensor networks
and the interfaces between the main entities which make up a sensor network. The detailed descriptions of
the interfaces (e.g., Interface 1, Interface 2, …, Interface 5) can be found in Part 5 – Interface Definitions – of
this International Standard series.
The main entities identified are:
1. Sensor Nodes, and a sensor node has:
Sensor Node Hardware Layer (SNHL);
Basic Functions Layer (BFL);
Service Layer (SL);
Application Layer (AL); and
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Cross Layer Management (CLM);
2. Gateway and a gateway is likely to have the same or similar layers and layer structure as those in the
sensor node); thus, a gateway has:
Gateway Hardware Layer (GHL);
Basic Functions Layer (BFL);
Service Layer (SL);
Application Layer (AL); and
Cross Layer Management (CLM);
3. External Environment through Access Network and Backbone Network connecting to service providers
and users.
In Service Provider, it is likely to have the similar layer structure as the one in a gateway.
The interfaces between these main entities, identified in grey colour-filled boxes in Figure 2, are:
1. Within a sensor node, there are:
Interface between Sensor Node Hardware Layer and Basic Functions Layer (SNHL / BFL);
Interface between Basic Functions Layer and Service Layer (BFL / SL);
Interface between Service Layer and Application Layer (SL / AL); and
Interfaces between Management Cross Layer and Applications Layer, Service Layer, and Basic
Functions Layer (CLM / AL-SL-BFL);
2. Interface between a Sensor Node to a Sensor Node within a Sensor Network; and
3. Interface between Sensor Network Gateway Node and other networks (ISO/IEC 29182-1 Figure 3
designates “Backbone Network and Access Network” as “Other Networks,” which is also shown in
Figure 9 of this standard).
The interfaces between Sensor Node Hardware Layer and Basic Functions Layer (SNHL / BFL) are realized by
the functions reside in SNHL and those that reside in BFL.
External Environment
Gateway
Sensor Node
Interface 1
Service Provider User
Sensor Node
Backbone
Network
Application Layer (AL)
Interface 3
Access
Interface – SL / AL
Network
Service Layer (SL)
Interface 5
Interface 2
Interface 4
Interface – BFL / SL
Basic Functions Layer (BFL)
Interface – NH / BFL
Sensor Node Hardware Layer
(SNHL)
Figure 2. Overview of sensor network interfaces in a sensor node, sensor node to sensor node, and
sensor node to the External Environment.
6 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved
Cross Layer Management
Interface –
CLM / (AL-SL-BFL)
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Device Management
Data Storage
Service Management
Data Mining CIP
Information Communication
Security Management
Data Fusion Others
Business Management
Data Processing
Information Provisioning
User Management
Wide
Security Management
Local Area
Data
Area
Networks Communication
Service Management
Network
Device Management
Data Acquisition Data Storage
Communication
Protocol Stack Service Management
CIP Data Fusion
Security Management
Feature Extraction
Communication
Data Aggregation
Support functions
Network Management
Others
Data Processing Data Communication Feedback & Control
Data, Information, & Communications Control & Management
Figure 3. Sensor Network Functional Architecture.
Figure 1 illustrates a set of functional entities that realizes various sensor network services, and it depicts the
functional view of the sensor network reference architecture. This sensor network functional architecture lists
many significant functions in a sensor network, but not all functions are included.
In the sensor network functional architecture shown in Figure 1, Sensing Domain transports data/information to
Service Domain through Local Area Networks or Wide Area Network. As shown in the figure, there are two
main groups responsible for data and information generation: Data, Information, & Communications Group and
Control & Management Group within Sensing Domain. Data, Information & Communication Group provides
functions such as data acquisition, data storage, data processing (e.g., Collaborative processing, data
aggregation, feature extraction, data fusion, etc.), data communication (e.g., communication protocol,
communication support function, etc.). Control & Management provides functions such as sensing device
management, service management, network management, security management. Once data/information is
passed to Service Domain, the data/information is processed by the functions such as data mining, information
extraction, data fusion and other relevant functions not shown in the figure. Additionally, the data/information
can be stored, communicated, and provisioned in Service Domain.
Sensing Domain
Table 1 describes the functional entities in Sensing Domain depicted in Figure 1. Comprehensive description
of the entities can be found in Part 4 – Entity Models of this IS series.
Table 1. Function model and descriptions in Sensing Domain.
Functional Entities Descriptions
Data acquisition Sense and capture data from the environment for applications.
Data storage Store sensor data, control instructions, and management data.
Data processing Use data/signal processing algorithms to extract requested or useful information
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 7
Service
Sensing Network
Domain
Domain Domain
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ISO/IEC DIS 29182-3
Functional Entities Descriptions
from sensor data and metadata. The information extraction algorithms include
collaborative information processing (e.g., data fusion, feature extraction, data
aggregation and data presentatio
...
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