ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012

Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test methods — Part 6: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012 defines test methods for determining the conformance of radio frequency identification (RFID) devices (tags and interrogators) for item management with the specifications given in ISO/IEC 18000-6, but does not apply to the testing of conformity with regulatory or similar requirements. The test methods require only that the mandatory functions, and any optional functions which are implemented, are verified. This can, in appropriate circumstances, be supplemented by further, application-specific functionality criteria that are not available in general cases. The interrogator and tag conformance parameters in ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012 are the following: · type-specific conformance parameters including nominal values and tolerances; · parameters that apply directly affecting system functionality and inter-operability. The following is not included in ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012: · parameters that are already included in regulatory test requirements. Unless otherwise specified, the tests in ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012 are to be applied exclusively to RFID tags and interrogators defined in ISO/IEC 18000-6.

Technologies de l'information — Méthodes d'essai de conformité du dispositif d'identification de radiofréquence — Partie 6: Méthodes d'essai pour des communications d'une interface d'air à 860 MHz et jusqu'à 960 MHz

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 29-Jul-2012
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Jul-2012
• ICS: 35.040 - Information coding
• ICS: 35.040.50 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 - Radio communications
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 10-Oct-2017
• Completion Date: 10-Oct-2017

RELATIONS

• Replaced By: ISO/IEC 18047-6:2017 - Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test methods — Part 6: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2014
• Replaces: ISO/IEC TR 18047-6:2011 - Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test methods — Part 6: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
• Effective Date: 23-Apr-2011
• Consolidated By: ISO 15257:2017 - Cathodic protection — Competence levels of cathodic protection persons — Basis for a certification scheme
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 18047-6
First edition
2012-08-01
Information technology — Radio
frequency identification device
conformance test methods —
Part 6:
Test methods for air interface
communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
Technologies de l'information — Méthodes d'essai de conformité du
dispositif d'identification de radiofréquence —
Partie 6: Méthodes d'essai pour des communications d'une interface
d'air à 860 MHz et jusqu'à 960 MHz
Reference number
ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
ISO/IEC 2012
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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2012

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or

ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ iv

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... v

1  Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

2  Normative references ............................................................................................................................ 1

3  Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms ......................................................................... 2

3.1  Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 2

3.2  Symbols .................................................................................................................................................. 2

3.3  Abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................. 2

3.4  Default conditions applicable to the test methods ............................................................................ 3

4  Setup of test equipment ........................................................................................................................ 3

4.1  Setup of test equipment for interrogator tests ................................................................................... 3

4.2  Setup of test equipment for tag tests .................................................................................................. 5

5  Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type A ................................................................................ 6

5.1  Functional tests of interrogator ........................................................................................................... 6

5.2  Functional tests of tag .......................................................................................................................... 8

6  Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type B .............................................................................. 11

6.1  Functional tests of interrogator ......................................................................................................... 11

6.2  Functional tests of tag ........................................................................................................................ 12

7  Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type C .............................................................................. 16

7.1  Functional tests of interrogator ......................................................................................................... 16

7.2  Functional tests of tag ........................................................................................................................ 24

8  Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type D .............................................................................. 36

8.1  Functional tests of interrogator ......................................................................................................... 36

8.2  Functional tests of tag ........................................................................................................................ 39

9  Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Battery Assisted Passive (BAP) Type C ....................... 44

9.1  Tag functional tests ............................................................................................................................. 44

10  Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Manchester Mode Battery Assisted Passive (BAP)

Type C ................................................................................................................................................... 45

10.1  Functional tests of interrogator ......................................................................................................... 46

10.2  Functional tests of tag ........................................................................................................................ 51

11  Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Sensor support ................................................................ 60

11.1  Tag functional tests ............................................................................................................................. 60

Annex A (informative) Test measurement site ............................................................................................... 62

Annex B (normative) Command coding for conformance tests for the different types of

ISO/IEC 18000-6 ................................................................................................................................... 72

Annex C (normative) Technical performance of the generic electronic test instruments ........................ 74

Annex D (normative) Tag emulator ................................................................................................................. 75

Annex E (informative) Measurement examples ............................................................................................. 77

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 78

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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical

Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of

ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees

established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC

technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental

and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information

technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International

Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as

an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO/IEC 18047-6 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,

Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.

This first edition of International Standard ISO/IEC 18047-6 cancels and replaces the previous edition of

Technical Report ISO/IEC TR 18047-6:2011.

ISO/IEC 18047 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Radio

frequency identification device conformance test methods:
 Part 2: Test methods for air interface communications below 135 kHz

 Part 3: Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz [Technical Report]

 Part 4: Test methods for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz [Technical Report]

 Part 6: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

 Part 7: Test methods for active air interface communications at 433 MHz [Technical Report]

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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
Introduction

ISO/IEC 18000 defines the air interfaces for radio frequency identification (RFID) devices used in item

management applications. ISO/IEC 18000-6 defines the air interface for these devices operating at

frequencies from 860 MHz to 960 MHz.

ISO/IEC 18047 provides test methods for conformance with the various parts of ISO/IEC 18000.

Each part of ISO/IEC 18047 contains all measurements required to be made on a product in order to establish

whether it conforms to the corresponding part of ISO/IEC 18000. For this part of ISO/IEC 18047, each

interrogator and each tag needs to support at least one of the types A or B or C or D.

NOTE Test methods for interrogator and tag performance are covered by the multiple parts of ISO/IEC 18046.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
Information technology — Radio frequency identification device
conformance test methods —
Part 6:
Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to
960 MHz
1 Scope

This part of ISO/IEC 18047 defines test methods for determining the conformance of radio frequency

identification (RFID) devices (tags and interrogators) for item management with the specifications given in

ISO/IEC 18000-6, but does not apply to the testing of conformity with regulatory or similar requirements.

The test methods require only that the mandatory functions, and any optional functions which are

implemented, are verified. This can, in appropriate circumstances, be supplemented by further, application-

specific functionality criteria that are not available in the general case.

The interrogator and tag conformance parameters in this part of ISO/IEC 18047 are the following:

 type-specific conformance parameters including nominal values and tolerances;

 parameters that apply directly affecting system functionality and inter-operability.

The following is not included in this part of ISO/IEC 18047:
 parameters that are already included in regulatory test requirements;

Unless otherwise specified, the tests in this part of ISO/IEC TR 18047 are to be applied exclusively to

RFID tags and interrogators defined in ISO/IEC 18000-6.
Clause 5 describes all necessary conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type A.
Clause 6 describes all necessary conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type B.
Clause 7 describes all necessary conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type C.
Clause 8 describes all necessary conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type D.

Clause 10 describes all necessary conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 clause 11.5 Manchester mode

BAP Type C.
2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated

references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced

document (including any amendment s) applies.
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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)

ISO/IEC 18000-6, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 6:

Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz

ISO/IEC 19762 (all parts), Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC)

techniques — Harmonized vocabulary
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762 apply.

3.2 Symbols

For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following apply.

D Modulation depth of data coding pulse
d1 Distance between the interrogator and test antenna
d2 Distance between test antenna and DUT tag
ds Distance between the interrogator antenna and sense antenna
dT,IA Interrogator antenna to tag distance
dT,MA Measurement antenna to tag distance
dTE Distance between the interrogator antenna and tag emulator
GI Interrogator antenna gain
GIA Gain of interrogator antenna
GMA Gain of measurement antenna
K Calibration factor
L Maximum interrogator antenna dimension
M Modulation index
PI Delivered power at the carrier frequency
PM Measured power at the carrier frequency
Tf Fall time
Tr Rise time
3.3 Abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the abbreviated terms given in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following apply.

DUT Device under test
RCS Radar cross-section
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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
RCS Change in radar cross-section
RBW Resolution bandwidth
VBW Video bandwidth
3.4 Default conditions applicable to the test methods
3.4.1 Test environment

Unless otherwise specified, testing shall take place in an environment of temperature 23 °C  3 °C and of

non-condensing humidity from 40 % to 60 %.
3.4.2 Pre-conditioning

The interrogators and tags to be tested shall be conditioned to the test environment for a period of 24 hours

before testing.
3.4.3 Default tolerance

Unless otherwise specified, a default tolerance of  5 % shall be applied to the quantity values given to specify

the characteristics of the test equipment (e.g. linear dimensions) and the test method procedures (e.g. test

equipment adjustments).
3.4.4 Noise floor at test location

Noise floor at test location shall be measured for at least 1 minute with the spectrum analyser using the same

conditions as for the measurement of the DUT.

The maximum of the measured noise amplitude measured in a 10 kHz bandwidth shall be -60 dB from

0,5 GHz to 2 GHz and -90 dBm around the frequency of the main signal of the tag backscatter signal.

Special attention has to be given to spurious emissions, e.g., insufficiently shielded computer monitors. The

electromagnetic test conditions of the measurements shall be checked by performing the measurements with

and without a tag in the field.
3.4.5 Total measurement uncertainty

The total measurement uncertainty for each quantity determined by these test methods shall be stated in the

test report.
NOTE Basic information is given in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008.
4 Setup of test equipment
4.1 Setup of test equipment for interrogator tests
4.1.1 General
The DUT shall be an interrogator including an antenna.

All conformance measurements and setups shall be done in an anechoic chamber as defined in Annex A.

Dependent of the regulatory requirements all measurements shall be done at one of the test frequencies

in Table 1.
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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
Table 1 — Test frequencies
Test carrier frequency Comment
866 MHz Recommended for tests under European regulations
915 MHz Recommended for tests under Korean, Australian or US regulations
953 MHz Recommended for tests under Japan regulations

NOTE With the test frequencies specified in Table 1 all frequencies of the entire band from 860 MHz to 960 MHz are

within  2,9 % of one of the test frequencies. All practically used frequencies in the frequency bands 860-870 MHz, 900 –

930 MHz and 950-960 MHz are within  1,7 % of the test frequencies.

NOTE The test frequency of 953 MHz may be skipped in case no region of the world requires frequencies above

930 MHz anymore and the tag will not be used above 930 MHz.
4.1.2 Sense antenna

Where applicable, tests shall be carried out using a sense antenna, which shall be a substantially non-reactive

non-radiating load of 50  equipped with an antenna connector. The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) at

the 50  connector shall not be greater than 2 : 1 over the frequency range of the measurement.

4.1.3 Test apparatus and test circuits for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type A, Type B and Type C interrogator

4.1.3.1 Interrogator modulation test setup

For this test the sense antenna shall always be placed and orientated for optimum field strength reception in

the direction of the major power radiation of the DUT interrogator antenna according Figure 1 at a distance d

of 0,8 – 1,1 m.
Figure 1 — Interrogator modulation test setup
4.1.3.2 Interrogator demodulation and turn around time test setup

For this test the tag emulator as defined in Annex F shall be placed and orientated for optimum field strength

reception in the direction of the major power radiation of the DUT interrogator antenna according Figure 2 at a

distance d of 0,8 – 1,1 m.
Figure 2 — Interrogator demodulation and turn around test setup
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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
4.2 Setup of test equipment for tag tests
4.2.1 General

The DUT shall be a tag including all means in order to be capable to communicate with an interrogator.

When tests require use of an interrogator this shall be measurement equipment that fulfills the requirements in

order to act as interrogator and in particular it shall support the minimum tag response to interrogator

command turn around time.

All conformance measurements and setups shall be done in an anechoic chamber as defined in Annex A.

Dependent of the regulatory requirements all measurements shall be done at one of the test frequencies

in Table 1.

4.2.2 Test apparatus and test circuits for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type A, Type B, Type C and Type D tags

4.2.2.1 Tag demodulation and turn around time test setup

For this test the tag shall be placed and oriented for optimum field strength reception in the direction of the

major power radiation of the interrogator.
Figure 3 — Tag demodulation test setup
4.2.2.2 Tag backscatter test setup

For this test the test interrogator antenna setup, where the interrogator may alternately also be realized with a

signal generator according Annex C, shall consist of a set of two mechanically assembled antennas

specifically designed to reduce the signal coupling between each other. One shall be used as interrogator

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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)

antenna while the second, shall be used as measurement antenna and shall be connected either to a

spectrum analyser or to an oscilloscope as specified according to Annex C.

The tag under test shall be placed at this focal point and oriented for optimum field strength reception.

The distances between the tag and the antennas are d and d respectively (see Figure 3).

T,IA T,MA
The tag backscatter test setup parameters are defined in Table 2.
Table 2 — Tag backscatter setup parameters
Symbol Name Description
d Interrogator antenna to tag distance 0,8 – 1,1 m
T,IA
d Measurement antenna to tag distance 0,8 – 1,1 m
T,MA
G Gain of interrogator antenna The maximum 3 dB beam width shall be  35°
G Gain of measurement antenna The maximum 3 dB beam width shall be  35°
4.2.2.3 Tag response time
The setup for this test shall be as described in 5.2.2.1.
4.2.2.4 Tag bit rate accuracy test setup
The setup for this test shall be as described in 5.2.2.1.
4.2.2.5 Tag state storage time test setup
The setup for this test shall be as described in 5.2.2.1.
5 Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type A
5.1 Functional tests of interrogator
5.1.1 Interrogator modulation test
5.1.1.1 Test objective

The objective of this test is to verify that the interrogator provides the appropriate modulation waveform

required for operation of tags.
5.1.1.2 Test procedure

The interrogator shall transmit an Init_round_all command at the maximum power allowed under the

regulations of the selected carrier frequency for testing.

In case the interrogator is intended for operation of non-overlapping RF bands, then this test shall be done for

each RF band.

A digital oscilloscope as specified in Annex C and the sense antenna shall be used to record the waveform

provided by the interrogator.
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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
5.1.1.3 Test report

The test report shall give the measured values of the parameters according Table 3. The pass/fail condition is

determined whether the measured values are within the requirements as specified in ISO/IEC 18000-6.

Furthermore, the DUT and the sense antenna orientation and position, as well as the used interrogator output

power and the used operation frequency shall be recorded.
Table 3 — Measurements to be made
Parameter Conditions
D Default modulation operation mode
Tapr Default modulation operation mode
Tapf Default modulation operation mode
5.1.2 Interrogator demodulation and turn around time
5.1.2.1 Test objective
The objectives of this test are to verify whether the interrogator is capable of
 demodulating signals from the tags,

 receiving the data transmitted by the tag emulator after the minimum specified turn-around time.

5.1.2.2 Test procedure

The interrogator shall transmit an Init_round_all command (see clause B.1.1) at the maximum power allowed

under the regulations of the selected carrier frequency for testing.

After the command provided by the interrogator has been sent and after the minimum turn around time, a tag

emulator as specified in Annex D shall transmit a typical response to the Init_round_all command at a

minimum RCS specified in ISO/IEC 18000-6 Tag: 7d. The tag emulator does not need to demodulate the

command, but shall only detect its end to respond after the minimum turn-around time.

When the interrogator is intended for operation of non-overlapping RF bands this test shall be done for each

RF band.

Measurements shall be for both the minimum and maximum tag response data rate, i.e. the turn around time

from interrogator command to tag response.

In case the interrogator is design for shorter communication distances, then the distance d may be

decreased and the actual used value shall be mentioned in test report.

The interrogator (digital) demodulator shall accept the tag response including verification of the CRC.

5.1.2.3 Test report

The test report shall contain the tag emulator distance to the interrogator and the RCS value setup in the tag

emulator. Furthermore, also the set up turnaround time from the tag emulator, the DUT and the tag emulator

orientation and position, as well as the used interrogator output power and the used operation frequency shall

be recorded.
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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
5.2 Functional tests of tag
5.2.1 Tag demodulation and turn around time
5.2.1.1 Test objective
The objectives of this test are to verify whether the tag is capable of
 demodulating signals from the interrogator,

 receiving the data transmitted by the interrogator after the minimum specified response to command turn-

around time.
5.2.1.2 Test procedure

The test interrogator shall transmit an Init_round_all (see clause B.1.1) command.

The tag (DUT) shall receive the command provided by the interrogator and shall provide an appropriate

response. After complete reception of the tag response the interrogator shall generate a Next_slot command

within the minimum specified turn around time between tag response and interrogator command.

Measurements shall be done by verifying that the tag detected the command appropriately by means of

evaluation of its response. Measurements shall be done at P = 1,2 P .
I I,min

In case the interrogator is design for shorter communication distances, then the distance d may be

decreased and the actual used value shall be mentioned in test report.

The test shall be seen as successful, when it could be shown that the tag sent the correct response for both

commands including verification of the CRC.

The interrogator waveform shall contain the setups of the waveform for the respective types according to

Table 4.
Table 4 — Setups of waveforms
Setup number Setup description Parameter setting
A-1 Minimum modulation depth D = Dmin
A-2 Medium modulation depth D = (Dmax + Dmin)/2
A-3 Maximum modulation depth D = Dmax
5.2.1.3 Test report

The test result shall be recorded as successful or unsuccessful. The test report shall contain the tag distance

to the interrogator. Furthermore, also the set up turn around time from the tag response to interrogator

command, the DUT and the interrogator orientation and position, as well as the used interrogator output

power and the used operation frequency shall be recorded.
5.2.2 Tag backscatter
5.2.2.1 Test objective

The objective of this test is to verify that the tag provides the appropriate modulation waveform and

backscatter strength required to be successfully detected and received by the interrogator.

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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)

Measurements are carried out in an anechoic chamber in bistatic antennas configuration as shown in Figure 3

with the tag positioned in the far field of the transmit antenna.
5.2.2.2 Test procedure

Measurements shall be done with power P , where P is the minimum power allowing the DUT tag

I,min I,min
activation.

A vector signal analyser as specified in Annex C shall be used to record the quadrature baseband voltages I

and Q versus time.

Test setup shall be calibrated to determine antennas gain and mismatch and also cables loss, to be taking

into account for all power measurements.
Delta radar cross-section measurement procedure:
1) The signal generator shall be set to the required test frequency.

2) The signal generator amplitude shall be set to a value that allows the DUT tag activation.

3) Using the power meter determine the power at the entrance of the transmit antenna Pe, which is

defined as the average power measured over at least 100µs period during the continues waves

signal following the signal generator command.

4) The signal analyser shall be set to measure the quadrature baseband I and Q power versus time,

with a sampling rate of at least 5 Msps.

5) With the tag placed in the anechoic chamber, the analyser shall be set to capture the complex IQ

power for at least during 10 symbols of tag reply.

6) Calculate the difference of power from the DUT tag backscattering according the following equation:

2 2
P (rms) (I  I )  (Q  Q ), where Z is the wave resistance of the
tag r,1 r,0 r,1 r,0
2 Z
measurement equipment and usually 50 .
7) Calculate the ∆RCS of the DUT tag using the radar equation given below:
4 d 4
 
tag
RCS 
 
P G  G 
 
e 0t 0 r
5.2.2.3 Test report

The test report shall give the measured values of RCS. The pass/fail condition is determined whether the

measured values are within the requirements as specified in figures in ISO/IEC 18000-6 and the evaluated

RCS is at least above the value from ISO/IEC 18000-6. Furthermore, the DUT and the interrogator

orientation and position, as well as the used interrogator output power and the used operation frequency shall

be recorded.
5.2.3 Tag response time
5.2.3.1 Test purpose

The objective of this test is to verify the tag response time Trs referencing the parameters in ISO/IEC 18000-6.

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ISO/IEC 18047-6:2012(E)
5.2.3.2 Test procedure

The interrogator shall transmit a Init_round_all command (See clause B.1.1) at the maximum power allowed

under the regulations of the selected carrier frequency for testing.
The measurements shall be done using the tag backscatter test setup.
The response time shall be measured by a scope as specified in Annex C.
NOTE An example for the measurements is given in clause E.1.
5.2.3.3 Test report

The test report shall give the measured values of turn around time. The pass/fail condition is determined

whether the measured values are within the requirements for the response time specified to the respective

Type.
5.2.4 Tag bit rate
5.2.4.1 Test objective

The objective of this test is to verify the bit rate accuracy and data rate of the return link by verification of the

Trlb parameter.
5.2.4.2 Test procedure

The interrogator shall transmit a Init_round_all command (See clause B.1.1) at the maximum power allowed

under the regulations of the selected carrier frequency for testing.
The tag response waveform shall b
...