ISO 10119:2020
(Main)Carbon fibre — Determination of density
Carbon fibre — Determination of density
This document specifies four methods for the determination of the density of carbon fibre tested as a yarn: — method A: liquid-displacement method; — method B: sink/float method; — method C: density-gradient column method; — method D: gas pycnometer method. Method C is the reference method in cases of dispute, etc.
Fibre de carbone — Détermination de la masse volumique
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10119
Third edition
2020-06
Carbon fibre — Determination of
density
Fibre de carbone — Détermination de la masse volumique
Reference number
ISO 10119:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test specimens — General requirements . 1
5 Conditioning and test conditions . 2
6 Test methods . 2
6.1 Method A: Liquid-displacement method . 2
6.1.1 Principle . 2
6.1.2 Apparatus and materials . 2
6.1.3 Test specimen . 3
6.1.4 Procedure . 3
6.1.5 Expression of results . 4
6.2 Method B: Sink/float method . 5
6.2.1 Principle . 5
6.2.2 Apparatus and materials . 5
6.2.3 Test specimens. 5
6.2.4 Procedure . 6
6.2.5 Expression of results . 6
6.3 Method C: Density-gradient column . 6
6.3.1 Principle . 6
6.3.2 Apparatus and materials . 6
6.3.3 Test specimens. 7
6.3.4 Procedure . 7
6.4 Method D: Gas pycnometer method . 8
6.4.1 Principle . 8
6.4.2 Apparatus and materials . 8
6.4.3 Test specimens. 9
6.4.4 Procedure . 9
7 Precision .10
8 Test report .10
Annex A (normative) Preparation of the density-gradient column .11
Annex B (normative) Calibration of the measurement cell and expansion cell .13
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 13,
Composites and reinforcement fibres.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 10119:2002), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— gas pycnometer method (method D) has been added;
— the calibration of the measurement cell and expansion cell have been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
Introduction
Density is a parameter that characterizes the basic physical properties of carbon fibre, and is also an
important parameter for calculating the tensile strength and tensile modulus of carbon fibre.
ISO 10119:2002 describes three methods (A, B and C) of using liquid to determine the density of carbon
fibre. In this edition, the gas pycnometer method is added as method D.
Gas pycnometer method uses inert gas instead of liquids to measure the volume of fibres, powders and
cellular materials so as to obtain the density. The method give a much higher resolution (i.e. a factor of
100 times better).
With the development of electronic technology, fully automatic instruments are commercially available,
which allow faster throughput testing which are suitable for large scale testing. In addition, there is no
environmental pollution because no organic solvent is used.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10119:2020(E)
Carbon fibre — Determination of density
1 Scope
This document specifies four methods for the determination of the density of carbon fibre tested as a
yarn:
— method A: liquid-displacement method;
— method B: sink/float method;
— method C: density-gradient column method;
— method D: gas pycnometer method.
Method C is the reference method in cases of dispute, etc.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 1675, Plastics — Liquid resins — Determination of density by the pyknometer method
ISO 10548, Carbon fibre — Determination of size content
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
density
mass per unit volume of a substance at a specified temperature
Note 1 to entry: This property is expressed in grams per cubic centimetre or in kilograms per cubic metre at the
specified temperature. The recommended temperature is 23 °C.
4 Test specimens — General requirements
Test specimens shall be taken from desized samples unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and
the customer. To remove the size, use the solvent extraction, chemical digestion or pyrolysis method
specified in ISO 10548. The determination of the density may also be carried out on sized fibre by
agreement between customer and supplier. The density of sized fibre may be taken to be identical to
that of unsized fibre when the size content is low.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 10119:2020(E)
5 Conditioning and test conditions
Before testing, test specimens shall be conditioned in a standard test atmosphere as specified in
ISO 291. During the test, the test apparatus and specimens shall be maintained at the same conditions
as used for conditioning. The preferred conditions are (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity.
6 Test methods
6.1 Method A: Liquid-displacement method
6.1.1 Principle
A specimen is weighed in air and then in a liquid which completely wets out the specimen and which
3
has a known density at least 0,2 g/cm less than that of the specimen. The difference in weight of the
specimen in the two media is due to the Archimedean upthrust.
6.1.2 Apparatus and materials
6.1.2.1 Analytical balance, readable to 0,1 mg, with a maximum permissible error of 0,5 mg, and with
a range from 0 g to 100 g.
6.1.2.2 Suspension wire, made of stainless steel, of diameter 0,4 mm or less, or a specimen support,
made of glass or stainless steel, with perforations so that it can be immersed easily in the immersion
liquid (see Figure 1).
a) Perforated stainless-steel b) Perforated glass c) Stainless-steel gauze
support support support
Figure 1 — Examples of test specimen supports
3
6.1.2.3 Pycnometer or hydrometer, maximum permissible error 0,001 g/cm .
6.1.2.4 Beaker, made of borosilicate glass.
6.1.2.5 Vacuum pump (optional).
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
6.1.2.6 Ultrasonic device (optional).
6.1.2.7 Immersion liquids (examples):
3
ethanol ρ = 0,79 g/cm ;
23
3
acetone ρ = 0,79 g/cm ;
23
3
methanol ρ = 0,80 g/cm ;
23
3
dichloroethane ρ = 1,25 g/cm ;
23
3
o-dichlorobenzene ρ = 1,31 g/cm ;
23
3
trichloroethane ρ = 1,35 g/cm ;
23
3
trichloromethane ρ = 1,48 g/cm ;
23
3
carbon tetrachloride ρ = 1,59 g/cm .
23
WARNING — Take the necessary safety precautions when handling these liquids.
6.1.3 Test specimen
Take a continuous length of yarn and form it into a convenient shape, for example a bow or knot.
6.1.4 Procedure
6.1.4.1 Carry out all weighings using the analytical balance (6.1.2.1).
6.1.4.2 Determine the exact density of the immersion liquid (6.1.2.7) at the temperature of the test,
using the pycnometer (see 6.1.2.3) in accordance with ISO 1675, or the hydrometer (see 6.1.2.3).
6.1.4.3 Weigh the specimen in air to the nearest 0,1 mg (w ). If the specimen is weighed using a
1
suspension wire or specimen support (6.1.2.2), the wire or support shall be tared or weighed and, if
weighed, its weight shall be deducted from subsequent weighings of the specimen.
6.1.4.4 Immerse the test specimen in the beaker (6.1.2.4) containing the immersion liquid (6.1.2.7) and
remove any air bubbles by agitating the specimen or by pressing it. Weigh the specimen to the nearest
0,1 mg (w ), watching the balance display for a few seconds to make sure that it does not drift as a result
2
of convection currents.
The main sources of error are:
a) air bubbles adhering to the surfaces of the specimen when weighing in the immersion liquid;
b) surface tension effects on the specimen or suspension wire;
c) convection currents in the liquid in which the specimen is suspended, to minimize which the
temperature of the liquid and of the air in the balance case should be the same.
A vacuum pump (6.1.2.5) or ultrasonic device (6.1.2.6) can be used to eliminate air bubbles.
In order to minimize the adherence of air bubbles to the test specimen, one of the immersion liquids
listed in 6.1.2.7 should be used. If water is used, it is permissible to add a trace (say 1 part in 10 000) of
surface-active material such as a detergent to the water.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO 10119:2020(E)
Key
1 balance 6 balance
2 support framework 7 suspension hook
3 suspension wire 8 suspension wire
4 beaker 9 test specimen
5 beaker support jack 10 support bridge
Figure 2 — Examples of apparatus for determining density by the liquid-displacement method
6.1.5 Expression of results
The density, in grams per cubic centimetre, of the test specimen at a temperature θ is given by
Formula (1):
w
1
ρρ= × (1)
θ L
w − w
12
where
w is the weight, in grams, of the specimen in air;
1
w is the weight, in grams, of the specimen in the immersion liquid;
2
ρ is the density, in grams per cubic centimetre, of the immersion liquid.
L
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
6.2 Method B: Sink/float method
6.2.1 Principle
This method is based on the observation of the state of equilibrium of the carbon fibre in a liquid
mixture that has the sa
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10119
Third edition
Carbon fibre — Determination of
density
Fibre de carbone — Détermination de la masse volumique
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 10119:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test specimens — General requirements . 1
5 Conditioning and test conditions . 2
6 Test methods . 2
6.1 Method A: Liquid-displacement method . 2
6.1.1 Principle . 2
6.1.2 Apparatus and materials . 2
6.1.3 Test specimen . 3
6.1.4 Procedure . 3
6.1.5 Expression of results . 4
6.2 Method B: Sink/float method . 5
6.2.1 Principle . 5
6.2.2 Apparatus and materials . 5
6.2.3 Test specimens. 5
6.2.4 Procedure . 6
6.2.5 Expression of results . 6
6.3 Method C: Density-gradient column . 6
6.3.1 Principle . 6
6.3.2 Apparatus and materials . 6
6.3.3 Test specimens. 7
6.3.4 Procedure . 7
6.4 Method D: Gas pycnometer method . 8
6.4.1 Principle . 8
6.4.2 Apparatus and materials . 8
6.4.3 Test specimens. 9
6.4.4 Procedure . 9
7 Precision .10
8 Test report .10
Annex A (normative) Preparation of the density-gradient column .11
Annex B (normative) Calibration of the measurement cell and expansion cell .13
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 13,
Composites and reinforcement fibres.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 10119:2002), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— gas pycnometer method (method D) has been added;
— the calibration of the measurement cell and expansion cell have been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
Introduction
Density is a parameter that characterizes the basic physical properties of carbon fibre, and is also an
important parameter for calculating the tensile strength and tensile modulus of carbon fibre.
ISO 10119:2002 describes three methods (A, B and C) of using liquid to determine the density of carbon
fibre. In this edition, the gas pycnometer method is added as method D.
Gas pycnometer method uses inert gas instead of liquids to measure the volume of fibres, powders and
cellular materials so as to obtain the density. The method give a much higher resolution (i.e. a factor of
100 times better).
With the development of electronic technology, fully automatic instruments are commercially available,
which allow faster throughput testing which are suitable for large scale testing. In addition, there is no
environmental pollution because no organic solvent is used.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10119:2020(E)
Carbon fibre — Determination of density
1 Scope
This document specifies four methods for the determination of the density of carbon fibre tested as a
yarn:
— method A: liquid-displacement method;
— method B: sink/float method;
— method C: density-gradient column method;
— method D: gas pycnometer method.
Method C is the reference method in cases of dispute, etc.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 1675, Plastics — Liquid resins — Determination of density by the pyknometer method
ISO 10548, Carbon fibre — Determination of size content
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
density
mass per unit volume of a substance at a specified temperature
Note 1 to entry: This property is expressed in grams per cubic centimetre or in kilograms per cubic metre at the
specified temperature. The recommended temperature is 23 °C.
4 Test specimens — General requirements
Test specimens shall be taken from desized samples unless otherwise agreed between the supplier and
the customer. To remove the size, use the solvent extraction, chemical digestion or pyrolysis method
specified in ISO 10548. The determination of the density may also be carried out on sized fibre by
agreement between customer and supplier. The density of sized fibre may be taken to be identical to
that of unsized fibre when the size content is low.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
5 Conditioning and test conditions
Before testing, test specimens shall be conditioned in a standard test atmosphere as specified in
ISO 291. During the test, the test apparatus and specimens shall be maintained at the same conditions
as used for conditioning. The preferred conditions are (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity.
6 Test methods
6.1 Method A: Liquid-displacement method
6.1.1 Principle
A specimen is weighed in air and then in a liquid which completely wets out the specimen and which
3
has a known density at least 0,2 g/cm less than that of the specimen. The difference in weight of the
specimen in the two media is due to the Archimedean upthrust.
6.1.2 Apparatus and materials
6.1.2.1 Analytical balance, readable to 0,1 mg, with a maximum permissible error of 0,5 mg, and with
a range from 0 g to 100 g.
6.1.2.2 Suspension wire, made of stainless steel, of diameter 0,4 mm or less, or a specimen support,
made of glass or stainless steel, with perforations so that it can be immersed easily in the immersion
liquid (see Figure 1).
a) Perforated stainless-steel b) Perforated glass c) Stainless-steel gauze
support support support
Figure 1 — Examples of test specimen supports
3
6.1.2.3 Pycnometer or hydrometer, maximum permissible error 0,001 g/cm .
6.1.2.4 Beaker, made of borosilicate glass.
6.1.2.5 Vacuum pump (optional).
2 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
6.1.2.6 Ultrasonic device (optional).
6.1.2.7 Immersion liquids (examples):
3
ethanol ρ = 0,79 g/cm ;
23
3
acetone ρ = 0,79 g/cm ;
23
3
methanol ρ = 0,80 g/cm ;
23
3
dichloroethane ρ = 1,25 g/cm ;
23
3
o-dichlorobenzene ρ = 1,31 g/cm ;
23
3
trichloroethane ρ = 1,35 g/cm ;
23
3
trichloromethane ρ = 1,48 g/cm ;
23
3
carbon tetrachloride ρ = 1,59 g/cm .
23
WARNING — Take the necessary safety precautions when handling these liquids.
6.1.3 Test specimen
Take a continuous length of yarn and form it into a convenient shape, for example a bow or knot.
6.1.4 Procedure
6.1.4.1 Carry out all weighings using the analytical balance (6.1.2.1).
6.1.4.2 Determine the exact density of the immersion liquid (6.1.2.7) at the temperature of the test,
using the pycnometer (see 6.1.2.3) in accordance with ISO 1675, or the hydrometer (see 6.1.2.3).
6.1.4.3 Weigh the specimen in air to the nearest 0,1 mg (w ). If the specimen is weighed using a
1
suspension wire or specimen support (6.1.2.2), the wire or support shall be tared or weighed and, if
weighed, its weight shall be deducted from subsequent weighings of the specimen.
6.1.4.4 Immerse the test specimen in the beaker (6.1.2.4) containing the immersion liquid (6.1.2.7) and
remove any air bubbles by agitating the specimen or by pressing it. Weigh the specimen to the nearest
0,1 mg (w ), watching the balance display for a few seconds to make sure that it does not drift as a result
2
of convection currents.
The main sources of error are:
a) air bubbles adhering to the surfaces of the specimen when weighing in the immersion liquid;
b) surface tension effects on the specimen or suspension wire;
c) convection currents in the liquid in which the specimen is suspended, to minimize which the
temperature of the liquid and of the air in the balance case should be the same.
A vacuum pump (6.1.2.5) or ultrasonic device (6.1.2.6) can be used to eliminate air bubbles.
In order to minimize the adherence of air bubbles to the test specimen, one of the immersion liquids
listed in 6.1.2.7 should be used. If water is used, it is permissible to add a trace (say 1 part in 10 000) of
surface-active material such as a detergent to the water.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
Key
1 balance 6 balance
2 support framework 7 suspension hook
3 suspension wire 8 suspension wire
4 beaker 9 test specimen
5 beaker support jack 10 support bridge
Figure 2 — Examples of apparatus for determining density by the liquid-displacement method
6.1.5 Expression of results
The density, in grams per cubic centimetre, of the test specimen at a temperature θ is given by
Formula (1):
w
1
ρρ= × (1)
θ L
w − w
12
where
w is the weight, in grams, of the specimen in air;
1
w is the weight, in grams, of the specimen in the immersion liquid;
2
ρ is the density, in grams per cubic centimetre, of the immersion liquid.
L
4 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 10119:2020(E)
6.2 Method B: Sink/float method
6.2.1 Principle
This method is based on the observation of the state of equilibrium of the carbon fibre in a liquid
mixture that has the same density
...
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