ISO/TC 61/SC 13/WG 1 - Reinforcements and reinforcement products

This document specifies test methods for the experimental characterization of in-plane permeability of fibrous reinforcements for liquid composite moulding. Requirements for test equipment, test methods and data analysis are detailed, to ensure optimal accuracy and reproducibility of the results.

This document specifies a method using a thermal imaging camera for measuring the heat transfer parameter of PAN-based 12 K carbon fibre tow with a filament diameter of 7 µm. This document is applicable to both sized and unsized carbon fibres. NOTE At the time of publication, the experience is on 12 K tow. Other tows will be included when the experience becomes available.

This document specifies a system of designating textile glass yarns (including single, multiple-wound, folded (plied), cabled and textured yarns, strands, slivers and rovings) based on their linear density expressed in the tex system.

This document specifies three test methods used for determining the average diameter (i.e. the average value of actual diameters) of staple fibres or filaments in a textile glass product.

This document specifies four methods for the determination of the density of carbon fibre tested as a yarn: — method A: liquid-displacement method; — method B: sink/float method; — method C: density-gradient column method; — method D: gas pycnometer method. Method C is the reference method in cases of dispute, etc.

This document specifies five test methods used for the determination of the diameter and cross-sectional area of single carbon fibre filaments. The shape of the cross-section of the filaments from different suppliers can vary significantly. The term "diameter" used in this document applies to all cases, from a "true" diameter, where the filament is exactly circular in cross-section, to an "apparent" diameter where the filament is not circular. The methods proposed are not necessarily directly applicable to all types of filament. The product specification determines the method to be used. If there is no specification, the selection of the appropriate method is a matter of judgement. The details given here are considered to be sufficiently precise to enable this choice to be made.

ISO 2797:2017 establishes a basis for a specification for textile glass rovings, whether direct rovings or assembled rovings.

ISO 5025:2017 specifies a method for determining the width and length of a woven-fabric reinforcement in the form of a roll[1] . [1] Attention is drawn to ISO 22198 which is a related International Standard dealing with textiles.

ISO 1887:2014 specifies a method for the determination of the combustible-matter content of products made from textile glass, such as continuous-filament yarns, staple-fibre yarns, rovings, chopped strands, milled fibres, fabrics, chopped-strand and continuous-filament mats, and other glass reinforcements.

ISO 10122:2014 provides a basis for specifications applicable to tubular braided sleeves used as reinforcements in plastics. It deals with tubular sleeves braided from all types of yarn or roving.

ISO 13931:2013 specifies two methods (i.e. method A and method B) for the determination of the volume resistivity of carbon fibre.

ISO 3342:2011 specifies a method for the determination of the tensile breaking force of textile glass mats. The method is intended for chopped-strand mat but is equally applicable to certain types of continuous-strand mat usually intended for pultrusion.

ISO 2559:2011 provides a basis for specifications which is applicable only to textile glass mats that are made from chopped or continuous strands bonded together by chemical or mechanical means and that are used for the reinforcement of plastics. It is not applicable to surfacing mats, staple-fibre mats or glass mats (or bats) of the type used for thermal and acoustic insulation.

ISO 4604:2011 specifies a method of determining the conventional flexural stiffness of reinforcement fabrics by means of a fixed-angle flexometer. This method is not suitable for testing fabrics that are limp or that have a marked tendency to curl or twist or fray.

ISO 4900:2011 specifies a method for the determination of the contact mouldability of textile glass mats and fabrics. NOTE The hand lay-up method of moulding is generally not regarded as lending itself to objective determinations. However, if the process is carried out by the same operator, useful comparisons can be drawn between results obtained with different mats or fabrics.

ISO 3598:2011 provides a basis for a specification applicable to textile glass yarns (strands, slivers, single yarns, folded yarns and cable yarns). It does not apply to textured yarns, rovings, chopped strands, milled fibres, pre-impregnated yarns, etc. It does not cover all requirements for specialized applications. Where such other requirements are necessary, they are, or will be, given in other appropriate International Standards.

ISO 8516:2011 provides a basis for a specification applicable to textured yarns made from single or folded yarns of textile glass. Textured glass yarns can be produced by several types of process. They can be made starting either from a single strand or from two or more strands in which one or more have been "opened" to give the "bulky" aspect of textured yarn. Textured glass yarn is used in various applications, for example insulation, filtration, the manufacture of decorative textiles, the reinforcement of plastics and the manufacture of packing materials.

ISO 3343:2010 specifies a method for determining the twist balance index of folded yarn and cabled yarn made from textile glass, carbon, aramid or any other reinforcement fibre.

ISO 4602:2010 specifies two methods of determining the number of yarns per unit length of warp and weft of woven textile-reinforcement fabrics made of glass, carbon, aramid or any other (textile-diameter) reinforcement fibre.

ISO 2558:2010 specifies a method of determining the time taken for a tensile load to break the bond between the strands of a textile glass chopped-strand mat, used for the reinforcement of plastics, which is immersed in styrene.

ISO 3375:2009 specifies a method for the determination of the stiffness of textile glass rovings.

ISO 1899:2009 specifies a method for the determination of the linear density of glass-fibre, carbon-fibre, aramid-fibre and any other reinforcement-fibre yarns. It is applicable to all types of yarn, including single yarns, double and cabled yarns, textured yarns, rovings and staple-fibre yarns.

ISO 1890:2009 specifies a method for the determination of twist in yarns made from textile glass, carbon, aramid or any other reinforcement fibres. The method applies to single yarns (one twist) and to folded or cabled yarns (two or more twists). For folded and cabled yarns, the method is generally applied only to the final twist step. The International Standard is applicable to package-wound yarns. If the measurement is carried out on yarns taken from a beam (or warp) or from a fabric, the result is of an indicative nature only. The method is not applicable to products made from staple fibres.

ISO 9163:2005 specifies two methods for the determination of the tensile stress at break of an impregnated roving: a reference method using test specimens produced with moulded epoxy tabs; a short method using test specimens with no tabs or simple cardboard or composite tabs. The methods are applicable to both assembled (multistrand) and direct (multifilament) rovings; nevertheless the reference method may be used for various linear densities, but the short method is described for 1200 tex rovings only, which is the linear density that allows the roving to spread out most easily to give a flat tape.

ISO 10618:2004 specifies a method of test for the determination of the tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity and strain at maximum load of a resin-impregnated yarn specimen. The method is applicable to yarns (continuous and staple-fibre yarns) of carbon fibre for use as reinforcements in composite materials.

ISO 15039 specifies two methods for the determination of the percentage of size (coating) on the glass fibre that is soluble an acetone. These test methods are applicable to continuous rovings only.

ISO 10548 specifies test methods for the determination of the size content of carbon fibre yarn. It is applicable to continuous-filament yarns and staple-fibre yarns.

This International Standard specifies a method for determining the mass per unit area of mats (either choppedstrand mat or continuous-strand mat) or fabrics which may be manufactured with glass or carbon or aramid yarns.

1.1 This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the tensile breaking force and elongation at break of glass yarns taken from packages. 1.2 The method is applicable to various types of glass yarn (single, folded, cabled, strands, structures without twist, rovings, etc.). It is basically intended for single, folded and cabled glass yarns having a diameter of less than 2mm, or a linear density lower than 2000 tex , taken from packages. Heavier yarns may be also tested providing the test conditions are acceptable to all interested parties. 1.3 The method is not applicable to glass yarns which, in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere and under a pre-tension of 5 mN/tex , are elongated by more than 0,5% . Such yarns can be tested using a lower pre-tension (for example 2,5 mN/tex or 1 mN/tex ), acceptable to all interested parties. This would occur mainly when dealing with staple- fibre yarns. NOTE 1 Though the determination may be run on beamed yarn or on yarns taken from fabrics, the results must be considered as indicative only. NOTE 2 This test method is primarily intended for material characterization and quality control. Fibre-to-fibre abrasion and other factors such as insufficiently uniform tension (catenary) will increase variability and generate low test values. This will consequently impede accurate correlation between performance of the yarns and end use applications. Extreme care should be taken in considering this method for specification purposes. NOTE 3 Though this International Standard provides the possibility of determining the elongation at break, this practice is not recommended, however. Indeed, a correct assessment of the elongation will only be obtained using an extensometer; it will not be obtained by measuring the distance traversed by the moving clamp. On the other hand, experience shows that the use of an extensometer is quite delicate and often causes damage to the specimen.

1.1 This International Standard establishes a system of designation for filament yarns of carbon fibre which may be used as the basis for specifications. 1.2 This designation system is applicable to filament yarns used for the reinforcement of polymer composites. It does not apply to discontinuous fibre products pyrolized in the form of staple yarns, woven fabrics, braids, knits, mats, etc. 1.3 The types of filament yarns are differentiated from each other by a classification system based on appropriate levels of the designatory properties: a) tensile modulus of elasticity; b) tensile strength; c) linear density. 1.4 It is not intended to imply that materials having the same designation give the same performance. This International Standard does not provide engineering data, performance data or data on processing conditions which may be required to specify a material for a particular application and/or method of processing. 1.5 In order to specify a filament yarn for a particular application or to ensure reproducible processing, additional requirements may be given in data block 3 (see clause 3).

Describes a method of test for the determination of the tensile properties of a single-filament specimen. Applicable to single filaments of carbon fibres, taken from multifilament yarns, woven fabrics, braids and related products.

Cancels and replaces the first edition (1979). Specifies a method for the determination of the tensile breaking force and elongation at break of frayed strips of woven textile glass fabrics conditioned in a standard test atmosphere. The method is applicable to unimpregnated textile glass fabrics and to textile glass fabrics that have been impregnated with sizing or stiffening materials, but not to fabrics coated with rubber or plastics.

Applies to tapes braided from all types of yarn or roving used as reinforcements in plastics. Deals with designation, characteristics to be specified, defects, sampling and selection of test pieces, test methods, packaging and ordering.

The principle of the method specified is based on measuring the thickness of conditioned test specimens under a known pressure by means of a suitable apparatus. Applies to textile-glass woven fabrics of single or folded yarns, rovings, textured yarns or combinations of these yarns having a thickness of 0,1 mm or more.

ISO 1888:2006 specifies longitudinal-profile and transverse-section methods for determining the average diameter (i.e. the average value of actual diameters) of staple fibres or filaments in a textile glass product. This diameter must not be confused with the nominal diameter which is used in the designation of yarns and materials manufactured from these yarns and corresponds to the average diameter but rounded to the nearest whole number.

This International Standard specifies three methods for the determination of the density of carbon fibre yarn: method A: liquid-displacement method; method B: sink/float method; method C: density-gradient column method. Method C is the reference method.

Provides a basis for a specification applicable to fabrics woven from yarn made from textile glass, carbon or aramid and generally used for plastics reinforcements. Replaces the first edition.