ISO/TC 61/SC 13 - Composites and reinforcement fibres

This document specifies a method for determining the cross tensional strength of the bonded plates of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) to metal assemblies, with a standard specimen loaded in cross tension and under specified conditions of preparation, conditioning and testing. This method is intended for testing those bonded plates used in bonding carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) to metal assemblies.

This document specifies a system of designating textile glass yarns (including single, multiple-wound, folded (plied), cabled and textured yarns, strands, slivers and rovings) based on their linear density expressed in the tex system.

This document specifies three test methods used for determining the average diameter (i.e. the average value of actual diameters) of staple fibres or filaments in a textile glass product.

This document specifies the test conditions for the determination of the tensile properties of isotropic and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites, based upon the general principles given in ISO 527-1. NOTE 1 Unidirectional reinforced materials are covered by ISO 527-5. The methods are used to investigate the tensile behaviour of the test specimens and for determining the tensile strength, tensile modulus, Poisson's ratios and other aspects of the tensile stress-strain relationship under the defined conditions. The test method is suitable for use with the following materials: — fibre-reinforced thermosetting and thermoplastic composites incorporating non-unidirectional reinforcements such as mats, woven fabrics, woven rovings, chopped strands, combinations of such reinforcements, hybrids, rovings, short or milled fibres or preimpregnated materials (prepregs); NOTE 2 Injection moulded specimens are covered by ISO 527-2. — combinations of the above with unidirectional reinforcements and multidirectional reinforced materials constructed from unidirectional layers, provided such laminates are symmetrical; NOTE 3 Materials with completely or mainly unidirectional reinforcements are covered by ISO 527-5. — finished products made from materials mentioned above. The reinforcement fibres covered include glass fibres, carbon fibres, aramid fibres and other similar fibres.

This document specifies the test conditions for the determination of the tensile properties of unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites, based upon the general principles given in ISO 527-1. NOTE Isotropic and orthotropic reinforced materials are covered by ISO 527-4. The methods are used to investigate the tensile behaviour of the test specimens and for determining the tensile strength, tensile modulus, Poisson's ratios and other aspects of the tensile stress-strain relationship under the conditions defined. The test method is suitable for all polymer matrix systems reinforced with unidirectional fibres and which meet the requirements, including failure mode, set out in this document. The method is suitable for composites with either thermoplastic or thermosetting matrices, including preimpregnated materials (prepregs). The reinforcements covered include carbon fibres, glass fibres, aramid fibres and other similar fibres. The reinforcement geometries covered include unidirectional (i.e. completely aligned) fibres and rovings and unidirectional fabrics and tapes. The method is not normally suitable for multidirectional materials composed of several unidirectional layers at different angles (see ISO 527-4).

This document specifies a method for determining the lap-shear strength of the adhesive joint between carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) and metal adherends, using a standard specimen loaded in tension and under specified conditions of preparation, conditioning and testing. This method is intended for assessing the suitability of adhesives to be used for bonding a carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRPs) to a metal.

This document specifies a thermogravimetric method for the determination of fibre weight content by weight percent, of carbon fibre reinforced composites. This method applies to pre-products, such as, prepregs, parts and products of carbon fibre reinforced composites.

This document specifies the test method for the determination of adhesive fracture energy of adhesively bonded plates of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) and metal using a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen. The test method is also applicable to bonded joints between metals and other composite materials, such as glass fibre reinforced plastics.

This document specifies accelerated moisture absorption properties and supersaturated conditioning by moisture for fibre-reinforced plastics) using sealed pressure vessel at higher temperature than 100 °C with saturated water vapour at used heating temperature. The purpose of this moisture absorbing procedure is to screen test specimens with moisture by mechanical or thermal properties. This document applies to carbon-fibre materials and their products with either thermoset or thermoplastic matrices, with a Tg greater than 150 °C. This document can also apply to materials reinforced with other fibres (e.g. glass-fibres) with a Tg greater than 150 °C.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the mass per unit area. It also specifies five methods (Method A to Method E) for the determination of the fibre mass per unit area of moulding compounds and prepregs. The five methods are as follows: — Method A: Extraction by Soxhlet; — Method B: Extraction by immersion in solvent in a beaker; — Method C: Decomposition by loss ignition; — Method D: Extraction by wet combustion; — Method E: Method by calculation. This document is applicable to the following types of materials: — moulding compound and preimpregnated unidirectional sheet, tape, fabric and mats; — prepregs in which any type of reinforcement (aramid, carbon, glass, etc.) and any type of matrix (thermosetting or thermoplastic) has been used. Typically, reinforcement fibres are coated with sizing or finishes. These normally dissolve with the resin and are, therefore, included in the resin content. This document is not applicable to the following types of prepregs: — those containing reinforcements which are soluble (or partly soluble) in the solvents used to dissolve the resin.

This document specifies four methods for the determination of the density of carbon fibre tested as a yarn: — method A: liquid-displacement method; — method B: sink/float method; — method C: density-gradient column method; — method D: gas pycnometer method. Method C is the reference method in cases of dispute, etc.

1.1 This document specifies a procedure for the initial qualification of composite materials in order to allow quality control, material selection and preliminary design to be undertaken. It provides a single procedure allowing quicker and lower cost qualification compared to multiple bi-lateral qualification against different bespoke user needs. This document focuses on developing B-basis design allowables. 1.2 The procedure comprises a standard qualification plan (SQP) that includes the minimum common test requirements for more highly anisotropic composite materials. Further test requirements are encompassed in an extended qualification plan (EQP), which includes options representing specific in-service features. A reduced qualification plan (RQP) scheme, using the same core structure of test plate preparation and test methods as the SQP, is available for less highly anisotropic and tending towards nominally isotropic composite materials. 1.3 The procedure is suitable for fibre-reinforced thermoset, and thermoplastic, based material systems intended for structural or semi-structural applications. Individual test method standards referred to in this document provide more details as to the classes and types of composite materials that are covered in each case. 1.4 Annexes A and B are included to support presentation of the data obtained in a consistent database and to provide statistical procedures for the determination of B-basis design allowables, respectively.

This document specifies the apparatus, the reagents and the procedure to be used in conducting the neutral salt spray (NSS), acetic acid salt spray (AASS) and copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray (CASS) tests for assessment of the galvanic corrosion resistance of joints and bonded structures between carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) and metallic materials, with or without permanent or temporary insulation for the galvanic current.

This document specifies a method using a shear test apparatus for measuring the in-plane shear stress/shear strain response, shear modulus and shear strength of continuous-fibre-reinforced plastic composite materials with fibre orientations of 0° and 0°/90°. This method is applicable to thermoset and thermoplastic matrix laminates made from unidirectional layers/non-woven fabrics and/or fabrics including unidirectional fabrics, with the fibres oriented at 0° and 0°/90° to the specimen axis, where the lay-up is symmetrical and balanced about the specimen mid-plane. The method is suitable for determining shear properties in both the linear and nonlinear load-deformation range even at shear strains greater than 5 %. Short and long fibre-reinforced plastic composites can also be tested using this document.

This document specifies a flexural test method for determining the through-thickness (out-of-plane) tensile properties of laminated carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites, including strength, fracture strain, and modulus. This document is applicable to unidirectional CFRP (UD-CFRP) laminates. In addition, the calculation of effective volume is also described due to size effects of the through-thickness tensile strength.

This document specifies a procedure for determining the interlaminar strength, and modulus, by double beam shear (DBS) tests of fibre-reinforced plastic composites. The method is suitable for use with glass or carbon fibre-reinforced plastic composites with thermoset matrices, providing an acceptable interlaminar failure is obtained. This document only applies to laminate with a symmetrical and balanced lay‐up as it avoids bending/twisting or bending/extension coupling deformations (see 6.2). The preferred lay-up is unidirectional, with fibres aligned along the specimen (axial) length. The suitability of the test for specific lay-ups, matrices and fibres (e.g. natural) are assessed by trial tests to ensure the correct delamination failures are obtained.

This document specifies five test methods used for the determination of the diameter and cross-sectional area of single carbon fibre filaments. The shape of the cross-section of the filaments from different suppliers can vary significantly. The term "diameter" used in this document applies to all cases, from a "true" diameter, where the filament is exactly circular in cross-section, to an "apparent" diameter where the filament is not circular. The methods proposed are not necessarily directly applicable to all types of filament. The product specification determines the method to be used. If there is no specification, the selection of the appropriate method is a matter of judgement. The details given here are considered to be sufficiently precise to enable this choice to be made.

ISO 2797:2017 establishes a basis for a specification for textile glass rovings, whether direct rovings or assembled rovings.

ISO 5025:2017 specifies a method for determining the width and length of a woven-fabric reinforcement in the form of a roll[1] . [1] Attention is drawn to ISO 22198 which is a related International Standard dealing with textiles.

ISO 30012:2016 specifies test methods for measurement of the size and aspect ratio of crushed carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP), especially for recycling purpose. In this International Standard the shape of crushed CFRP, the fragment, is treated as a rectangular shape, and the measurement of the long and short sides of the shape is described. It applies to fragments of the following average dimensions: - length of the long side: 5 mm to 50 mm; - width of the short side: 1 mm to 10 mm. ISO 30012:2016 provides three measuring methods, two methods are manual methods using microscope and scale and the third method is an automatic method using a measuring apparatus. Crushed CFRP obtained from thermosetting or thermoplastic resin matrices are covered by this International Standard. NOTE If the crushed CFRP contain a lot of small fragments and fine particle, it is intended to screen out by a sieve of 1 mm size before the measurement.

ISO 10122:2014 provides a basis for specifications applicable to tubular braided sleeves used as reinforcements in plastics. It deals with tubular sleeves braided from all types of yarn or roving.

ISO 1887:2014 specifies a method for the determination of the combustible-matter content of products made from textile glass, such as continuous-filament yarns, staple-fibre yarns, rovings, chopped strands, milled fibres, fabrics, chopped-strand and continuous-filament mats, and other glass reinforcements.

ISO 15114:2014 specifies a method for the determination of mode II shear load delamination resistance. GIIC, (critical energy release rate), of unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites using the calibrated end-loaded split (C-ELS) test. It is applicable to carbon-fibre and glass-fibre reinforced thermosets and thermoplastics. The scope is not necessarily limited to these fibres and lay-ups, but for laminates with other types of fibres or lay-ups, no recommendations for specimen dimensions and fibre volume content are currently available.

ISO 13931:2013 specifies two methods (i.e. method A and method B) for the determination of the volume resistivity of carbon fibre.

ISO 12817:2013 specifies the test method to determine the open-hole compressive strength of laminated fibre-reinforced plastic composites. The laminate is intended to be a balanced and symmetrical lay-up or be otherwise homogeneous through the thickness. ISO 12817:2013 applies to all textile diameter fibre types (carbon, glass, aramids, etc.) and matrices (e.g. thermoset, thermoplastic) that meet its requirements. ISO 12817:2013 includes three methods: method 1 (short specimen with support fixture); method 2 (short specimen without support fixture); method 3 (long specimen with support fixture as in ASTM D 6484M-09, methods A and B).

This International Standard specifies a procedure for determining the plain-pin bearing strength of fibre-reinforced plastic composites. The method described in this International Standard is applicable to fibre-reinforced plastic composites with either thermoset or thermoplastic matrices.

ISO 3342:2011 specifies a method for the determination of the tensile breaking force of textile glass mats. The method is intended for chopped-strand mat but is equally applicable to certain types of continuous-strand mat usually intended for pultrusion.

ISO 2559:2011 provides a basis for specifications which is applicable only to textile glass mats that are made from chopped or continuous strands bonded together by chemical or mechanical means and that are used for the reinforcement of plastics. It is not applicable to surfacing mats, staple-fibre mats or glass mats (or bats) of the type used for thermal and acoustic insulation.

ISO 4604:2011 specifies a method of determining the conventional flexural stiffness of reinforcement fabrics by means of a fixed-angle flexometer. This method is not suitable for testing fabrics that are limp or that have a marked tendency to curl or twist or fray.

ISO 4900:2011 specifies a method for the determination of the contact mouldability of textile glass mats and fabrics. NOTE The hand lay-up method of moulding is generally not regarded as lending itself to objective determinations. However, if the process is carried out by the same operator, useful comparisons can be drawn between results obtained with different mats or fabrics.

ISO 3598:2011 provides a basis for a specification applicable to textile glass yarns (strands, slivers, single yarns, folded yarns and cable yarns). It does not apply to textured yarns, rovings, chopped strands, milled fibres, pre-impregnated yarns, etc. It does not cover all requirements for specialized applications. Where such other requirements are necessary, they are, or will be, given in other appropriate International Standards.

ISO 8516:2011 provides a basis for a specification applicable to textured yarns made from single or folded yarns of textile glass. Textured glass yarns can be produced by several types of process. They can be made starting either from a single strand or from two or more strands in which one or more have been "opened" to give the "bulky" aspect of textured yarn. Textured glass yarn is used in various applications, for example insulation, filtration, the manufacture of decorative textiles, the reinforcement of plastics and the manufacture of packing materials.

ISO 4602:2010 specifies two methods of determining the number of yarns per unit length of warp and weft of woven textile-reinforcement fabrics made of glass, carbon, aramid or any other (textile-diameter) reinforcement fibre.

ISO 3343:2010 specifies a method for determining the twist balance index of folded yarn and cabled yarn made from textile glass, carbon, aramid or any other reinforcement fibre.

ISO 2558:2010 specifies a method of determining the time taken for a tensile load to break the bond between the strands of a textile glass chopped-strand mat, used for the reinforcement of plastics, which is immersed in styrene.

ISO 3375:2009 specifies a method for the determination of the stiffness of textile glass rovings.

ISO 18352:2009 specifies a method for determining the residual compression strength of multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminate plates that have been damaged by impact prior to the application of in-plane compressive loading. The test method is suitable for continuous-fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composites. Application of the method is limited to fibre-reinforced plastic laminates with multidirectional reinforcements manufactured from unidirectional prepreg tapes/fabrics or woven fabrics. The test method is referred to as the compression-after-impact (CAI) test when used to determine the residual compression strength of an impacted plate. It can be used to obtain data for material specification, material evaluation, research and development, or construction of a composite database.

ISO 1899:2009 specifies a method for the determination of the linear density of glass-fibre, carbon-fibre, aramid-fibre and any other reinforcement-fibre yarns. It is applicable to all types of yarn, including single yarns, double and cabled yarns, textured yarns, rovings and staple-fibre yarns.

ISO 1890:2009 specifies a method for the determination of twist in yarns made from textile glass, carbon, aramid or any other reinforcement fibres. The method applies to single yarns (one twist) and to folded or cabled yarns (two or more twists). For folded and cabled yarns, the method is generally applied only to the final twist step. The International Standard is applicable to package-wound yarns. If the measurement is carried out on yarns taken from a beam (or warp) or from a fabric, the result is of an indicative nature only. The method is not applicable to products made from staple fibres.

ISO 14127:2008 specifies methods for calculating the resin, fibre and void contents of a carbon-fibre-reinforced composite from the densities of the resin, the fibre and the composite and the mass of fibre in the composite (method A) and for calculating the fibre content from the thickness of the composite (method B). Method A specifies three different resin removal procedures for the determination of the mass of fibre in the composite (viz a combustion procedure, a procedure by digestion in nitric acid and a procedure by digestion in a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide). The selection of the procedure to be used is made by considering the combustibility of the resin used in the composite, its ability to decompose and the type of resin concerned. It should be noted that method A is only of limited applicability when filled resins are present that could prevent complete dissolution and/or combustibility of the resin. Method B (thickness measurement method) is only applicable to laminates moulded from prepregs of known fibre mass per unit area.

ISO 22314:2006 specifies a method of determining the length of the fibres present in a fibre-reinforced product. The method is applicable to moulding materials and to moulded parts. The test conditions specified limit the application of this method to thermoplastics reinforced with short glass fibres (less than 1 mm long), i.e. fibres whose length is less than or equal to 7,5 mm prior to incorporation in the moulding material and moulding.

ISO 9163:2005 specifies two methods for the determination of the tensile stress at break of an impregnated roving: a reference method using test specimens produced with moulded epoxy tabs; a short method using test specimens with no tabs or simple cardboard or composite tabs. The methods are applicable to both assembled (multistrand) and direct (multifilament) rovings; nevertheless the reference method may be used for various linear densities, but the short method is described for 1200 tex rovings only, which is the linear density that allows the roving to spread out most easily to give a flat tape.

ISO 1268-4:2005 describes the preparation of test plates from layers of preimpregnated unidirectional fibre or fabric (prepregs) under pressure and temperature in various types of equipment (for example, autoclave, bladder press, hydraulic press or vacuum bag equipment). It applies to all reinforcements and resins. This method is applicable to reinforcements preimpregnated either with a partially cured thermosetting resin or with a thermoplastic resin. The test plate is formed by stacking layers of the preimpregnated material in the required sequence and orientation, followed by compaction and final consolidation under pressure/vacuum at a temperature above ambient. The prepared test plates are subsequently machined into the required test specimens. Standard plates prepared in this manner may be used either for evaluating the components, i.e. the reinforcement, finish, resin, etc., or for verifying the overall quality of the finished product.

ISO 1268-10:2005 specifies the general principles to be followed while injection moulding test specimens of bulk moulding compound (BMC) and gives details of mould designs for preparing one type of specimen for use in establishing reproducible moulding conditions. Where appropriate, this part of ISO 1268 may be applied to sheet moulding compound (SMC) formulated for injection moulding. Its purpose is to promote uniformity in describing the main parameters of the moulding process and also to establish uniform practice in reporting moulding conditions. The particular conditions required for the reproducible preparation of test specimens which will give comparable results will vary for each material used. These conditions are given in the International Standard for the relevant material or are to be agreed upon between interested parties.