ISO 22328-2:2024

Security and resilience - Emergency management - Part 2: Guidelines for the implementation of a community-based early warning system for landslides

This document gives guidelines for the implementation of a community-based disaster early warning system (EWS) for landslides. It complements the generic guidelines in ISO 22328-1. It describes the methods and procedures, implementation methods and activities specifically related to landslides. This document is applicable to communities vulnerable to landslides, without taking secondary/indirect effects into consideration.

Sécurité et résilience — Gestion des urgences — Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour la mise en oeuvre d'un système d'alerte locale immédiat de glissement de terrain

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 22-Oct-2024
• ICS: 03.100.01 - Company organization and management in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 292 - Security and resilience
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 292 - Security and resilience
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 23-Oct-2024
• Due Date: 12-Jul-2024
• Completion Date: 23-Oct-2024

Relations

• Revises: ISO 22327:2018 - Security and resilience - Emergency management - Guidelines for implementation of a community-based landslide early warning system
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Overview

ISO 22328-2:2024 - "Security and resilience - Emergency management - Part 2: Guidelines for the implementation of a community-based early warning system for landslides" provides practical guidance for establishing and sustaining a community-based early warning system (EWS) for landslides. It complements the generic EWS guidance in ISO 22328-1 and aligns with ISO 22322 (public warning) and ISO 22315 (evacuation planning). The standard is applicable to communities vulnerable to landslides and focuses on direct landslide hazards (not secondary/indirect effects).

Key Topics

The standard addresses five main technical areas and requirements for an effective landslide EWS:

• Risk assessment

  • Mapping landslide susceptibility and hazard, identifying triggers (e.g., rainfall, earthquake), and documenting past/current/future exposure.
  • Assessing community vulnerability and resilience (physical, social, economic, institutional).
  • Integrating assessments into a landslide risk reduction plan and prioritizing investments.

• Monitoring and warning service

  • Monitoring triggers (precipitation, seismic events), surface movement (remote sensing, surface deformation meters) and subsurface changes (soil moisture, pore pressure, water table).
  • Transferring monitoring data to community preparedness teams for processing and producing warnings.
  • Integrating dissemination between national authorities, local teams and communities.

• Dissemination and communication of knowledge

  • Developing public displays and landslide hazard maps, evacuation maps/routes and shelters.
  • Producing tailored public education materials, campaigns, workshops and targeted outreach.
  • Ensuring warnings and guidance are delivered in formats understandable to local communities.

• Response capability

  • Assigning roles to community disaster preparedness teams (receiving warnings, disseminating messages, leading evacuations).
  • Developing evacuation plans, standard operating procedures and command frameworks (illustrative annexes included).

• Sustainability and commitment

  • Ensuring authorities and communities commit to maintaining the EWS over time.

The standard includes informative annexes with examples of signs, evacuation frameworks and SOPs to support implementation.

Applications

Who will use ISO 22328-2:

• Local and municipal governments, emergency management agencies and civil protection authorities
• Community preparedness teams and NGOs working in disaster risk reduction
• Urban planners, geotechnical engineers and consultants designing landslide risk mitigation
• Organizations implementing public education, evacuation planning and community-based monitoring

Typical uses:

• Designing, implementing and operating a community-based landslide EWS
• Developing hazard and vulnerability maps, evacuation routes and public-warning materials
• Training and capacity-building for community responders

Related standards

• ISO 22328-1 - Generic guidelines for community-based EWS
• ISO 22322 - Public warning guidelines
• ISO 22315 - Mass evacuation planning
• ISO 22300 - Vocabulary for security and resilience

Keywords: ISO 22328-2, landslide EWS, community-based early warning system, landslide hazard map, monitoring and warning service, evacuation plan, community preparedness.

Standards Content (Sample)

International
Standard
ISO 22328-2
First edition
Security and resilience —
2024-10
Emergency management —
Part 2:
Guidelines for the implementation
of a community-based early
warning system for landslides
Sécurité et résilience — Gestion des urgences —
Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour la mise en oeuvre d'un système
d'alerte locale immédiat de glissement de terrain
Reference number
© ISO 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Landslide early warning system . 1
4.1 General .1
4.2 Risk assessment .2
4.2.1 General .2
4.2.2 Understanding the landslide hazard .2
4.2.3 Understanding the landslide vulnerability .2
4.2.4 Development of landslide risk reduction plan .3
4.3 Dissemination and communication of knowledge .3
4.4 M onitoring and warning service .3
4.5 Response capability .4
4.6 Commitment of the authority and the community at risk to the sustainability of the
landslide early warning system .5
Annex A (informative) Example of a public display of landslide evacuation plan sign . 6
Annex B (informative) Example of an evacuation plan sign . 7
Annex C (informative) Example of a framework of landslide warning and evacuation command . 8
Annex D (informative) Example of an evacuation standard operating procedure .10
Bibliography . 14

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 292, Security and resilience, Subcommittee SC
1, Emergency management.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22327:2018), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— this document has been aligned with the generic guidelines on EWS in ISO 22328-1, with the addition
of specific information related to landslides. This document has also been aligned with ISO 22322 and
ISO 22315.
— some terms have been removed from Clause 3;
— the seven main sub-systems of landslide EWS have been revised to five main sub-system. The "Response
capability" has been added as one of the main systems, and the previous three main sub-systems from
the first edition have been merged into the "response capability" sub-system: (1) establishment of a
disaster preparedness team; (2) development of an evacuation route and map; (3) development of
standard operating procedures.
— Annexes A and B have been modified by adding ISO 22578:2022, Figures A.4 and A.6;
— Annexes C and D and the Bibliography have been updated.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22328 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
Landslides are one of the commonly occurring natural hazards. Landslides can occur in different types of
topographic and environmental settings. The occurrence of landslides can increase significantly due to
uncontrolled land use development and human interference into slopes. In many countries, landslides cause
substantial socio-economical losses and lead to environmental changes.
Landslide mitigation can be carried out both by structural and non-structural efforts. Structural mitigation
includes adjustment of slope geometry, slope reinforcement, and protection and improvement of drainage
systems, all of which involve a high cost. The alternative option of relocation is not practical for residents living
in areas prone to landslides. As a result, non-structural mitigation can be effective in reducing disaster risk
by improving the community's preparedness, for example, by implementing an early warning system (EWS).
[5]
This document complements the generic guidelines on EWS described in ISO 22328-1 with specific
[4]
information related to landslides. It is also complementary to the guidelines on public warning in ISO 22322
[3]
as well as the guidelines on planning mass evacuations in ISO 22315.

v
International Standard ISO 22328-2:2024(en)
Security and resilience — Emergency management —
Part 2:
Guidelines for the implementation of a community-based
early warning system for landslides
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for the implementation of a community-based disaster early warning system
[5]
(EWS) for landslides. It complements the generic guidelines in ISO 22328-1. It describes the methods and
procedures, implementation methods and activities specifically related to landslides.
This document is applicable to communities vulnerable to landslides, without taking secondary/indirect
effects into consideration.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 22300, Security and resilience — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 22300 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
mass movement
displacement of materials such as soil, rock, mud, snow or a combination of matter down a slope under the
influence of gravity
3.2
landslide
wide variety of processes that result in the slow movement downward and outward of slope-forming
materials including rock, soil, artificial fill or a combination of these under the influence of gravity
4 Landslide early warning system
4.1 General
[5]
The community-based landslide EWS should be based on ISO 22328-1. It should involve community
participation in the landslide risk reduction plan based on their understanding of landslide hazard, exposure,
vulnerability and resilience.
4.2 Risk assessment
4.2.1 General
[5]
In addition to the guidelines on risk assessment in ISO 22328-1:2020, 4.2, the following actions should be taken.
The community disaster preparedness teams should conduct a risk identification to understand the
landslide hazard, exposure, vulnerability and resilience at a landslide-prone area. This includes identifying
knowledge for developing a landslide risk reduction plan that includes:
— the identification of the environmental condition in vulnerable communities to classify the types of
landslide according to References [7] to [9], and past, current and future ranges of landslide susceptibility
as well as the potential triggers, hazards and the potential physical extent of landslides;
— an understanding of the indicators of ground movement (i.e. cracks and subsidence, appearance of water
springs, fractures of structure and tilting poles and trees) to determine the past, current and future
spatiotemporal landslide pattern and, based on that information, to propose the placement of landslide
EWS instruments and an evacuation shelter;
— the past, current and future exposures and hazards as well as the vulnerability and resilience of assets,
including people, related to landslides;
— assets enabling the affected community to move development away from the past, current and potentially-
in-the-future affected landslide area and to restrict the establishment of new assets on the potentially
prone area;
— land use and land reclamation relating to regulations by local government that have a significant impact
on the intensity of landslide damage;
— the prioritization of investment in an EWS and evacuation infrastructure.
4.2.2 Understanding the landslide hazard
Proper understanding of the landslide susceptibility and hazard requires knowledge of the factors that
initiate landslide occurrence (e.g. rainfall, earthquake, poor land management), landslide characteristics,
and the likelihood and magnitude of landslide occurrence.
A landslide susceptibility and hazard map should be developed and updated by a community-preparedness
team to identify the geographical and geological areas susceptible to landslide occurrence. This map is then
developed into an evacuation plan (see examples in Annexes A and B). The landslide susceptibility or hazard
map should:
— actively involve public participation in its development;
— address local knowledge;
— follow guidance from landslide experts (see Annex D).
4.2.3 Understanding the landslide vulnerability
A vulnerability and resilience assessment analyses the exposed assets, conditions and capacities the
community at risk has to deal with related to the landslide susceptib
...