ISO 18185-1:2007
(Main)Freight containers — Electronic seals — Part 1: Communication protocol
Freight containers — Electronic seals — Part 1: Communication protocol
ISO 18185-1:2007 provides a system for the identification and presentation of information about freight container electronic seals. The identification system provides an unambiguous and unique identification of the container seal, its status and related information. The presentation of this information is provided through a radio-communications interface providing seal identification and a method for determining whether a freight container's seal has been opened. ISO 18185-1:2007 specifies a read-only, non-reusable freight container seal identification system, with an associated system for verifying the accuracy of use, having a seal status identification system, a battery status indicator, a unique seal identifier including the identification of the manufacturer, seal (tag) type. ISO 18185-1:2007 is used in conjunction with the other parts of ISO 18185. It applies to all electronic seals used on freight containers covered by ISO 668, ISO 1496-1 to ISO 1496-5, and ISO 8323. Wherever appropriate and practicable, it also applies to freight containers other than those covered by these International Standards.
Conteneurs pour le transport de marchandises — Scellés électroniques — Partie 1: Protocole de communication
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18185-1
First edition
2007-05-01
Freight containers — Electronic seals —
Part 1:
Communication protocol
Conteneurs pour le transport de marchandises — Scellés
électroniques —
Partie 1: Protocole de communication
Reference number
ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Common requirements. 2
5 Seal data . 3
6 Data link layer protocol for electronic seal . 4
6.1 433 MHz long range data link layer protocol for type A systems . 5
6.2 SRL data link layer definition for type A systems . 18
6.3 2,4 GHz LRL layer data protocol for type B systems. 19
6.4 SRL data link layer definition for type B systems . 22
Bibliography . 23
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 18185-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 104, Freight containers, Subcommittee SC 4,
Identification and communication.
ISO 18185 consists of the following parts, under the general title Freight containers — Electronic seals:
⎯ Part 1: Communication protocol
⎯ Part 2: Application requirements
⎯ Part 3: Environmental characteristics
⎯ Part 4: Data protection
⎯ Part 5: Physical layer
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
Introduction
The communication protocol for an electronic seal for freight containers has been developed by the committee
to provide for the data link requirements related to the unambiguous interrogation and maintenance of the
integrity of a freight container seal from point of sealing to point of opening.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
Freight containers — Electronic seals —
Part 1:
Communication protocol
1 Scope
This part of ISO 18185 provides a system for the identification and presentation of information about freight
container electronic seals. The identification system provides an unambiguous and unique identification of the
container seal, its status and related information.
The presentation of this information is provided through a radio-communications interface providing seal
identification and a method for determining whether a freight container’s seal has been opened.
This part of ISO 18185 specifies a read-only, non-reusable freight container seal identification system, with an
associated system for verifying the accuracy of use, having
⎯ a seal status identification system,
⎯ a battery status indicator,
⎯ a unique seal identifier including the identification of the manufacturer,
⎯ the seal (tag) type.
This part of ISO 18185 is used in conjunction with the other parts of ISO 18185.
It applies to all electronic seals used on freight containers covered by ISO 668, ISO 1496-1 to ISO 1496-5,
and ISO 8323. Wherever appropriate and practicable, it also applies to freight containers other than those
covered by these International Standards.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 14816, Road transport and traffic telematics — Automatic vehicle and equipment identification —
Numbering and data structure
ISO 17712, Freight containers — Mechanical seals
ISO 18185-2, Freight containers — Electronic seals — Part 2: Application requirements
ISO 18185-5, Freight containers — Electronic seals — Part 5: Sensor interface
ISO/IEC 18000-7, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 7:
Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
ISO/IEC 19762-1, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Harmonized vocabulary — Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC
ISO/IEC 19762-2, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Harmonized vocabulary — Part 2: Optically readable media (ORM)
ISO/IEC 24730-2, Information technology — Real-time locating systems (RTLS) — Part 2: 2,4 GHz air
interface protocol
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762-1, ISO/IEC 19762-2,
ISO 17712 and the following apply.
3.1
electronic seal
eSeal
read-only, non-reusable freight container seal conforming to the high-security seal defined in ISO 17712 and
conforming to ISO 18185 or revision thereof that electronically evidences tampering or intrusion through the
container doors
3.2
seal identification
Seal ID
unique identification of each manufactured seal incorporating serial number (i.e. Tag ID) and manufacturer ID
3.3
interrogator identification
Interrogator ID
code used to identify the source address during every communication session originated by the interrogator
3.4
low frequency transmitter
LF transmitter
device that emits a short range magnetically coupled signal
3.5
Short Range Link
SRL
low frequency link using the low frequency magnetically coupled signalling
3.6
Long Range Link
LRL
radio frequency link using 433,92 MHz or 2,4 GHz signalling
3.7
localization
capability in any operational scenario to associate an eSeal to the container onto which it is affixed
4 Common requirements
The seal shall be uniquely identified by the tag manufacturer ID and the tag ID (serial number) combination.
This combination shall be called seal ID and shall be used in all point-to-point communication to uniquely
identify a source (seal to interrogator) and destination address (interrogator to seal).
The seal ID is permanently programmed into the seal during manufacturing and cannot be modified.
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
The interrogator ID is a user configurable parameter and their assignment is not regulated by this International
Standard.
The LF transmitter ID is a user configurable parameter.
The seal shall be verified by uniquely identifying the location of that specific seal during the communication
exchange with the seal as defined in ISO 18185-2.
5 Seal data
5.1 The electronic seal mandatory data includes seal tag ID and manufacturer ID (which combine to make
up the seal ID), date/time for sealing and opening, seal status, low battery status, protocol ID, and protocol
version. Model ID and product version are optional data.
The seal status occupies two bits as follows:
⎯ open and unsealed;
⎯ closed and sealed;
⎯ opened.
The following are definitions of the seal states (see Figure 1):
⎯ open and unsealed: the initial state of the seal when the container is open and seal is still unsealed;
⎯ closed and sealed: physically closed and sealed (cable connected, bolt inserted, etc.);
⎯ opened: physically open and seal broken (cable disconnected, bolt removed).
5.2 The low battery status occupies one bit. For low battery status, “0” indicates that the battery state is
above the threshold; “1” indicates a battery state at or below the threshold. For battery-less seals, this field is
fixed to a value of “0”. The battery low state is defined to indicate that the battery left is insufficient for another
trip as defined in ISO 18185-2.
5.3 The seal tag ID occupies 32 bits. This is the identification number (serial number) that the manufacturer
assigned to the seal.
5.4 The tag manufacturer ID occupies 16 bits. This is the identification of the tag component manufacturer.
This identification is assigned in accordance with ISO/TS 14816. The RF component manufacturer ID of the
seal is programmed by the RF component manufacturer.
5.5 Date/time sealed occupies 32 bits. The eSeal will record the time of sealing from a real-time clock
based on UTC time.
5.6 Date/time opened occupies 32 bits. The eSeal will record the time of opening from a real-time clock
based on UTC time.
5.7 The protocol ID occupies eight bits. It indicates the protocol type.
5.8 The model ID occupies 16 bits. It indicates the manufacturer’s model number.
5.9 Product version occupies 16 bits. It indicates the version of the product (firmware version). The high
byte is the major version number and the low byte is the minor version.
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
5.10 Protocol version occupies 16 bits. It indicates the version of the standard protocol (this International
Standard) to which the seal adheres. The high byte is the major version number and the low byte is the minor
version. For this version of the International Standard, this parameter shall be 0x0100 (i.e. version 1.0).
5.11 LF transmitter ID occupies 16 bits. It indicates the LF transmitter identification.
Figure 1 — Seal states
6 Data link layer protocol for electronic seal
There are two types of physical layers. Type A physical layer is the 433 MHz long range link and LF short
range link. Type B physical layer is the 2,4 GHz long range link and FSK short range link. The eSeal shall
support all the data link protocols. The data link protocols are different for each physical layer. Interrogators
and reader devices may support one or both of the physical layers.
The eSeal shall be capable of communicating on both operational mode types A and B. The protocol for these
type A long range links at 433 MHz is specified in 6.1. The protocol for the type A short range links using OOK
is specified in 6.2. The protocol for these type B long range links at 2,4 GHz is specified in 6.3. The protocol
for the type B short range links using FSK is specified in 6.4. Data may be transmitted from the LF transmitter
to the eSeal(s) without acknowledgment (one-way link only).
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
6.1 433 MHz long range data link layer protocol for type A systems
This clause specifies the long range data link layer packet structure for 433 MHz communications.
6.1.1 Packet fields format and definition
6.1.1.1 Protocol ID
The Protocol ID field identifies the data link layers packet structures as defined by this International Standard.
The protocol ID that complies with this International Standard is 0x80.
6.1.1.2 Argument Length
The Argument Length field represents the total number of argument bytes in the packet.
6.1.1.3 Min Command Duration
The Min Command Duration field represents the minimum duration in milliseconds from the end of the
command to the following command. This field is optional and, if not specified, it is considered to be 0. When
a seal is awake and receives this command, but realizes the command is not addressed to it, it may switch to
Sleep mode for the duration specified by this field.
NOTE This field can be used for saving power consumption in scenarios where an interrogator must send a
sequence of point-to-point commands to several tags. This way, each seal can be in Sleep mode between each command
that is not addressed to it.
6.1.1.4 Max Command Duration
The Max Command Duration field represents the maximum duration in milliseconds from the end of the
command to the following command. This field is optional and, if not specified, it is considered to be
30 000 ms (30 s). When a seal receives this command and the command is directed to it, it may switch to
Sleep mode after this interval if it does not receive another command.
NOTE This field can be used for saving power consumption in scenarios where an interrogator does not have to send
more commands to the seal.
6.1.1.5 Packet Options
The Packet Options field is defined as follows.
Table 1 — Packet Options field
Bit Value = 0 Value = 1 Description
0 Reserved Reserved
1 Broadcast Point to Point The command is either broadcast to all tags or only to
(Tag ID and manufacturer (Tag ID and Manufacturer the seal whose ID is present in the packet.
ID not present) ID field present)
2 Min Command Duration Min Command Duration
not present present
3 Max Command Duration Max Command Duration
not present present
4 Reserved
5 – 6 Reserved
7 Reserved
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
6.1.2 Protocol identification and field synchronization
In this subclause, the packet structure for the data link layer is defined. In the data link layer packet structure,
the packet shall start with protocol identification. To comply with this International Standard, the protocol ID
shall be 0x80.
Some of the data fields within the packet structure may use different length/fields depending on the
commands. In the forward link (interrogator to seal), field synchronization is accomplished through the use of
the Packet Options field. The Packet Options field is defined in 6.1.1. In the reverse link (seal to interrogator),
field synchronization is accomplished through the use of the Mode field defined within the seal status word.
The Mode field defines the type of the packet being received as specified within the given Protocol ID packet
structure. The seal status word is defined in 6.1.3. The Mode field is defined in 6.1.3.
The Protocol ID specifies general packet structure as defined by this International Standard.
Table 2 — Interrogator to Seal Command Format (Point to Point)
Tag
Min Max
Protocol Packet Manu- Interrogator Command Argument Command
Tag ID Command Command CRC
ID Options facturer ID Code Length Arguments
a a
Duration Duration
ID
1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes 4 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte N bytes 2 bytes
0x80 (8 bits)
a
This field is command-dependent; some commands may or may not need this field.
Table 3 — Seal to Interrogator Response Format (Point to Point)
Tag
Seal Packet Interrogator Command
a
Protocol ID Manu- Tag ID CRC
Data
Status Length ID Code
facturer ID
0x80 2 bytes 1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes 1 byte N bytes 2 bytes
a
This field is command-dependent; some commands may or may not need this field.
Table 4 — Interrogators to Seal Command Format (Broadcast)
Packet Interrogator Command Argument Command
Protocol ID CRC
Options ID Code Length Arguments
0x80 8 bits 2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte N bytes 2 bytes
Table 5 — Seal to Interrogator Response Format (Broadcast)
Tag
Seal Packet Interrogator
a
Protocol ID Manufacturer Tag ID CRC
Data
Status Length ID
ID
0x80 2 bytes 1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes 0 – N bytes 2 bytes
a
This field is command-dependent; some commands may or may not need this field.
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
Table 6 — Seal to Interrogator Alert Message Format
Tag
Protocol Seal Packet Event Event Date Event
Manufacturer Tag ID CRC
a
ID Status Length Code & Time Data
ID
0x80 2 bytes 1 byte 2 bytes 4 bytes 1 Byte 4 Bytes 0 – N 2 bytes
Bytes
a
This field is command-dependent; some commands may or may not need this field.
6.1.3 Seal Status
The Seal Status field, which is included in all seal to interrogator messages, shall consist of the information in
Table 7.
Table 7 — Seal Status field
Bit
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
01 – Unsealed and open
Ack
10 – Sealed and closed
Mode field Reserved 1 = NAK
11 – Open
0 = ACK
00 – Reserved
Bit
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Battery
Reserved Seal type Reserved Reserved 1 = low
0 = good
The Mode field indicates response data format from the seal (Broadcast, Point to Point, Alert). It is defined as
in Table 8.
Table 8 — Mode field
Mode Field Mode Format Code
(Bit 15-12)
Broadcast 0000
Alert 0001
Point to point 0010
The Seal Type field indicates whether the seal is a high-security seal as defined in ISO 17712 and the
generation of electronics within. See Table 9.
The Acknowledgment flag indicates whether the received packet complies with the standard and all
parameters are within the specified range. The seal shall not respond if the received packet does not comply
with this protocol format or has a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) error. The seal shall respond with a NAK
flag if the received packet complies with this protocol format and has a valid CRC, but with an unknown
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
command code. The Opened flag indicates the current status of the seal. The Acknowledgment flag, which is
contained in every response, is used to indicate packet error other than CRC. If the CRC is invalid, the seal
will reject the packet and will not respond.
The Battery Low flag indicates that the eSeal does not have enough time left for the next trip, based on the trip
length defined in ISO 18185-2.
Table 9 — Seal Type field
Seal Type Field Seal Type Code
(Bit 5-3)
Extensibility 111
High Security – First 101
Generation Electronics
Reserved 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 110
6.1.3.1 Command Arguments
The Command Argument field is needed for some commands. This field varies with each command. Some
commands may not have this field.
6.1.4 Communication errors (error detection, retries, ACK, NAK)
A CRC checksum is calculated as a 16-bit value over all data bytes according to the CCITT polynomial
16 12 5
(x + x + x +1). The CRC is appended to the data as two bytes.
All interrogators to seal packets and seal to interrogator responses (broadcast, point-to-point commands) use
CRC polynomial initialized with all zeros. All seal initiated packets (alert packets) use CRC polynomial
initialized with all ones. This feature provides the interrogator with an additional error-checking mechanism
where several solicited and unsolicited seal packets are being received by the interrogator.
6.1.5 Collection algorithm
The purpose of the collision arbitration sequence during tag collection is to perform an efficient and orderly
collection of the tags placed within the interrogator communication range and to receive information on the tag
capabilities and data contents in a single sequence. The information that the tag shall return is specified by
the command code set in the command from the interrogator. The interrogator is the master of the
communication with one or multiple tags. The detailed timing for the collection algorithm is specified in the
physical layer specification. It is the intent of this part of ISO 18185 that the collection algorithms shall be
identical for ISO 18185-1, ISO 18185-5, and ISO 18000-7. The definitive document shall be the current
version of ISO 18000-7.
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
6.1.6 Command codes and parameters
Summary of all command codes defined by this protocol is in Table 10.
Table 10 — Command code summary
Command Command Name Command Type Description
Code
‘0x10’ Collection Broadcast Collect all seal IDs within interrogator RF
communication range.
’0x15’ Sleep Point to Point Put seal to sleep.
’0x0C’ Product Version Point to Point Set by manufacturer.
’0x0E’ Model ID Point to Point Set by manufacturer.
‘0x1B’ Read RTC Point to Point Reads the current time from the real-time clock
(number of seconds elapsed since 1990/01/01,
00:00:00 (GMT)).
‘0x3C’ Read Seal Product Point to Point Reads one of the seal parameters that identify the
Parameter seal, its manufacturer, product and operational
parameters.
‘0x14’ Collect seal IDs with Event Broadcast Performs a collection round and receives an Event
Record Record from each seal.
‘0x1C’ Standby Point to Point Tells a seal not to respond in the next collection
round.
‘0x16’ Sleep All But Broadcast Tells all the receiving seals except one to return to
Sleep mode.
’0x1A’ Read Event Records Point to Point Reads one or more Event Records from a seal.
‘0x19’ Get Seal Status Point to Point Get the seal status such as sealed or opened.
0x32/B2 Turn on/off beacon for Point to Point Turns on/off the beacon at 433 MHz, 2,4 GHz.
transmitter type
0x70 – 0x7F (Reserved for future use) Reserved
NOTE The seal will ignore the unrecognized commands.
In the following subclauses, each command is described along with the structure of its parameter and the
response structure.
6.1.7 Command and Response Format
6.1.7.1 Collection
The Collection command shall be used to perform a collection round and receive only the seal ID from each
seal that meets a specified criterion.
Table 11 — Collection command format
Command Code Command Arguments
‘10’ Window Size Collection criteria
2 bytes 1 byte
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
Table 12 — Seal collect arguments
Argument Name Size Description
Window Size 2 bytes The Window Size parameter indicates the
time an interrogator will listen for tag
responses during a current collection round.
The unit of each slot is in milliseconds.
Collection criteria 1 byte The criteria for the seals that should
respond. See below for more details.
The collection criteria argument determines which seal or seals should respond to the command according to
the following codes:
⎯ All seals – 0x00;
⎯ Sealed seals – 0x02;
⎯ Opened seals– 0x04;
⎯ Specific seal type – NNNX0000b.
The bit 4, denoted with X, indicates that the Seal Type field is included as part of the collection criteria. If bit 4
is cleared, then the three most significant bits are ignored by the seal and only the four lower bits are used
during collection.
Note that these codes or conditions are inclusive.
6.1.7.1.1 Seal response
The seal response shall have no data.
6.1.7.2 Sleep
Table 13 — Sleep command format
Command Code Command Arguments
‘15’ None
6.1.7.2.1 Description
The Sleep command shall be used to direct a specific seal to enter the Sleep mode. The seal shall not
respond to this command nor to any subsequent command until the seal is awakened again by the Wakeup
signal.
6.1.7.2.2 Arguments
This command has no arguments.
6.1.7.2.3 Seal Response
The seal shall not respond to this command.
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
Table 14 — Sleep
None
Sleep operation is used to put a specific seal in the Sleep state, which prevents the seal from participating in
the subsequent collection rounds during the collection process.
In this state, the seal will ignore any command from the interrogator until it receives a Wakeup signal.
If the seal does not receive a Sleep command, it will automatically resume the Sleep state 30 s after it has
been woken up or after the Max Command Duration field of the last frame has been passed.
6.1.7.3 Sleep All But
Table 15 — Sleep All But
Command Code Command Arguments
‘16’ Tag Manufacturer ID Tag ID
2 bytes 4 bytes
6.1.7.3.1 Description
The Sleep All But command may be used to tell all the seals except a specified one to return to Sleep mode.
In the Sleep state, all seals will ignore any command from the interrogator until it receives a Wakeup signal.
6.1.7.3.2 Seal Response
The seal shall not respond to this command.
6.1.7.3.3 Response
Table 16 — Sleep All But
None
6.1.7.4 Seal model and version
The following two commands are optional for compliance with this part of ISO 18185.
6.1.7.5 Product Version
Table 17 — Product Version command format (read)
Command Code
’0C’
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
6.1.7.5.1 Read Response
Table 18 — Product Version command format (read response)
Command Code Product Version
‘0C’ 2 bytes
The Product Version indicates seal firmware version.
6.1.7.6 Model ID
6.1.7.6.1 Read
Table 19 — Model ID command format
Command Code
‘0E’
6.1.7.6.2 Read Response
Table 20 — Model ID command format (read response)
Command Code Model ID
‘0E’ 2 bytes
The Model ID indicates seal model number.
6.1.7.7 Read Seal Product Parameter
6.1.7.7.1 Description
The Read Seal Product Parameter command may be used to read one of the parameters that identify the seal,
e.g. manufacturer, operational parameters, etc. The full list of Seal Product Parameters is given in Table 23.
6.1.7.7.2 Command Code: 0x3C
Arguments are included in Table 21.
Table 21 — Read seal product parameter arguments
Argument Name Size Description
Seal Parameter Code 1 byte The code of the seal parameter that will
be read, according to Table 23.
6.1.7.7.3 Response
The seal response is according to the Seal Parameter Code argument, as in Table 23. If the seal does not
recognize the Parameter Code (e.g. 0x0F), it returns no data and the “NAK” flag in the response should be on.
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ISO 18185-1:2007(E)
If the seal does recognize the Parameter Code (e.g. 0x07), it returns the response with data of the format in
Table 22.
Table 22 — Data field format for read seal product parameters response
Parameter Code Para
...
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