ISO/TR 25107:2006
(Main)Non-destructive testing — Guidelines for NDT training syllabuses
Non-destructive testing — Guidelines for NDT training syllabuses
ISO/TR 25107:2005 gives guidelines for non-destructive testing (NDT) training syllabuses, with the intention of harmonising and maintaining the general standard of training of NDT personnel for industrial needs. It also establishes the minimum requirements for effective structured training of NDT personnel to ensure eligibility for qualification examinations leading to third-party certification according to recognized standards. In addition to non-destructive testing in general, its guidelines for syllabuses cover acoustic emission, eddy current, leak, magnetic particle, penetrant, radiographic, ultrasonic and visual testing.
Essais non destructifs — Lignes directrices pour les programmes de formation en END
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 25107
First edition
2006-07-01
Non-destructive testing — Guidelines for
NDT training syllabuses
Essais non destructifs — Lignes directrices pour les programmes de
formation en END
Reference number
ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Introduction to NDT . 1
4.1 Role. 1
4.2 Task of NDT personnel. 2
4.3 History of NDT. 2
4.4 Terminology of NDT. 2
4.5 General environmental and safety considerations . 2
5 Radiographic testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3. 3
6 Ultrasonic testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3 . 19
7 Eddy current testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3 . 25
8 Penetrant testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3 . 31
9 Magnetic particle testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3 .35
10 Leak testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3. 41
11 Acoustic emissions testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3. 58
12 Visual testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3 . 67
Bibliography . 78
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an International Standard ("state of the art", for example), it may decide by a
simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 25107 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive
testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
Introduction
With this Technical Report, ISO/TC135 and CEN/TC138 present to the worldwide non-destructive testing
(NDT) community their recommendations for the minimum technical knowledge to be required of NDT
personnel. These recommendations provide means for evaluating and documenting the competence of
personnel whose duties demand the appropriate theoretical and practical knowledge.
As part of the efforts to streamline and harmonize the training and certification of NDT personnel, ISO/TC 135
and CEN/TC 138 have been actively involved in developing guidelines for training syllabuses (this Technical
Report) and for NDT training organizations (ISO/TR 27108). These documents are intended to serve those
involved in training and to be useful in achieving a uniform level of training material and — consequently — in
the competence of personnel.
This document, together with ISO/TR 27108, represents two years of effort for working groups of the two
technical committees in the promotion of harmonization and mutual recognition of minimum requirements
taken from the different existing certification schemes.
The content of this first edition has been based on the experience of the experts as well as on comments from
the end-user industries, as well as the most recent edition of the International Committee for Non-destructive
testing (ICNDT) recommended guidelines.
The time allotment for the different topics takes into account the latest developments in each method and, as
a consequence, the total duration can be sometimes greater than the minimum duration required by ISO 9712
and EN 473.
This Technical Report is to be revised in the coming years in order to maintain a workable document in line
with the development of NDT methods and techniques.
ISO/TC 135 and CEN/TC 138 wish to express their appreciation to all those who contributed to the production
of this publication.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
Non-destructive testing — Guidelines for NDT training
syllabuses
1 Scope
This Technical Report gives guidelines for non-destructive testing (NDT) training syllabuses, with the intention
of harmonizing and maintaining the general standard of training of NDT personnel for industrial needs.
It also establishes the minimum requirements for effective structured training of NDT personnel to ensure
eligibility for qualification examinations leading to third-party certification according to recognized standards. In
addition to non-destructive testing in general, its guidelines for syllabuses cover acoustic emission, eddy
current, leak, magnetic particle, penetrant, radiographic, ultrasonic and visual testing.
NOTE ISO/TR 27108 gives associated guidelines for NDT training organizations intended for the general part of
training courses.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1330 (all parts), Non-destructive testing — Terminology
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330 apply.
4 Introduction to NDT
4.1 Role
Non-destructive testing makes an important contribution to the safety, and economic and ecological welfare,
of our society.
NDT is the only choice for the testing of an object which may not be destroyed, modified or degraded by the
testing process. This is generally required for objects which are to be used after testing, for example, safety
parts, pipelines, power plants, and also constructions under in-service inspection, but even for unique parts in
archaeology and culture.
NDT is based on physical effects at the surface or the inner structure of the object under test. Often, the
outcome of the test needs to be interpreted to give a useful result; sometimes different NDT methods must be
combined, or verified by other test methods.
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
4.2 Task of NDT personnel
NDT personnel have a great responsibility, not only with respect to their employers or contractors but also
under the rules of good workmanship. The NDT personnel must be independent and free from economic
influences with regard to his test results, otherwise the results are compromised. The NDT personnel should
be aware of the importance of his signature and the consequences of incorrect test results for safety, health
and environment. Under legal aspects, the falsification of certificates is an offence and judged according to the
national legal regulations. A tester may find himself in a conflicting situation about his findings with his
employer, the responsible authorities or legal requirements.
Finally, the NDT personnel is responsible for all interpretations of test results carrying his signature. NDT
personnel should never sign test reports beyond their certification.
4.3 History of NDT
The principle of NDT started to be put into practice with visual checks in prehistoric times. In medieval later
centuries, test methods such as simple leakage tests and hardness checks were introduced. The
breakthrough for NDT came with industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries: X-ray and ultrasonic testing
for inner defects, penetrant and magnetic particle testing for surface cracks. During the last few decades,
sophisticated, mostly electronically linked methods, such as eddy current testing, RADAR, computer
tomography and thermography have been developed. NDT methods have found application in a wide range of
industries — from civil engineering and industrial plants to space and defence technology.
The history of NDT is linked to many famous researchers and inventors, including Röntgen, Becquerel, Curie,
Oerstedt, Faraday and even Leonardo da Vinci. They discovered the physical principles and demonstrated
early applications. Altogether approximately 5 000 scientists worldwide made contributions to the present
state of NDT.
NDT is a global technology. Since NDT tasks and related technical problems are similar in all developed
countries, improved solutions and new equipment are spread around the world within a few months. Many
international conferences and standards committees contribute to a steady and consensual development of
NDT for the benefit of safety, economy and the environment.
4.4 Terminology of NDT
Correct and standardized terminology is a necessity for a particular technology applied worldwide. It is needed
for communication between contracting parties, NDT personnel and certifying bodies. Terms like “indication”,
“imperfection”, “flaw” and “defect” require a precise and unequivocal definition if confusion and
misinterpretation of results is to be avoided. See Clause 3.
4.5 General environmental and safety considerations
4.5.1 Non-destructive testing is often applied in conditions where the safety of the operator could be in
danger owing to local conditions, or where the application of the particular NDT method or techniques could in
itself compromise the safety of the operator and others in the vicinity.
An essential element of any course training for NDT personnel must therefore be safety. The duration of the
training for this subject should be adequate and be provided in addition to the technical training associated
with a particular NDT method.
4.5.2 General safety considerations include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:
⎯ environmental conditions (heat, cold, humidity);
⎯ toxicity (NDT materials, tested products, atmosphere);
⎯ radiation safety (NDT materials, products, local regulations);
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
⎯ electrical safety (NDT equipment, lethal voltages, EMC);
⎯ potential for injury to personnel (working at height or in other dangerous environments);
⎯ personal protection equipment (clothing, radiation dosimeters).
5 Radiographic testing — Levels 1, 2 and 3
The letters E and P followed by a value indicate the educational training time and practical training time
respectively, in hours.
NOTE As specified in EN 473, direct access to the level 3 examination requires the total hours shown for level 1 and
level 2.
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Duration Duration Duration
h h h
5.1 History E 0,5 History E 1,0 History E 1,0
Introduction to, Purpose Purpose Purpose
terminology and Terminology: Terminology: Terminology
history of, NDT electromagnetic radiation wave-length Relevant standards:
energy dose EN 1330-3
dose dose rate
dose rate intensity
dose rate constant
5.2 Properties of X- and gamma E 0,5 Properties of X- and gamma E 1,0 Properties of radiation E 1,0
P 0,5 radiation
Physical principles of radiation
the method and
associated knowledge
Relevant standards: Photon X-radiography
EN 444: General principles
Process of ionization: Gamma radiography
Straight line propagation photochemical effects; Neutron radiography
Effects of radiation biological effects; Electron radiography
Capability of penetration fluorescent effects.
Energy Process of ionization:
photochemical effects;
biological effects;
fluorescent effects.
Generation of X-radiation E 1,0 Generation of X-radiation E 1,5 Generation of X-radiation E 2,0
P 0,5
Function of X-ray tubes Function of X-ray tubes Function of X-ray tubes
Tube current I Spectrum: Spectrum:
High voltage U: intensity; intensity;
effects on dose rate and energy max. energy; max. energy;
of radiation.
effective energy; effective energy;
change of spectrum by tube change of spectrum by tube
current and tube voltage. current and tube voltage.
Characteristic radiation
Inherent filtering Inherent filtering
hardening effect
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Duration Level 2 Duration Level 3 Duration
h h h
Origin of γ-radiation E 1,0 Origin of γ-radiation E 1,5 Origin of γ-radiation E 2,0
P 0,5
Radio isotope Ir 192, Co 60, Se 75 Radio nuclide Natural and artificial decay
decay series
Isotope Ir 192, Co 60, Se 75, Yb 169 Radio nuclides for NDT
Activity: Isotope Ir 192, Co 60, Se 75, Yb 169
half life; Activity A Activity A
characteristics of γ-sources; Characteristics of γ-sources: Characteristics of γ-sources:
life time; half life; half life;
energy; decay curves maximum activity; decay curves maximum activity;
activity; source size. source size.
source size. Characteristic of Gamma ray Characteristic of Gamma ray
Dose rate constant Dose rate constant
Spectrum and effective energy Spectrum and effective energy
Interaction of radiation with E 1,0 Interaction of radiation with E 3,0 Interaction of radiation with E 6,0
matter matter P 0,5 matter
Attenuation: Attenuation: Attenuation vs. energy:
absorption; photo effect; photo effect;
primary radiation; coherent scattering; coherent scattering;
scattered radiation; Compton scattering; Compton scattering;
influence of penetrated pair production. pair production.
thickness.
Type of material Attenuation coefficient Attenuation coefficient
Energy Scatter radiation Scatter radiation
Specific contrast Specific contrast
Radiation contrast Radiation contrast
Half value layer Effects of filtering Effects of filtering
Tenth value layer Beam hardening Beam hardening
Klein-Nishina law
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Duration Level 2 Duration Level 3 Duration
h h h
E 2,0
Properties of film systems and E 1,0 Properties of film systems and E 2,0 Properties of film systems,
screens P 1,0 screens P 0,5 screens and digital detection
systems
Construction: Construction Additional to level 2
base, emulsion, silver bromide; Latent image information origin New detectors:
grain size and distribution. Photo process storage phosphor imaging plates;
flat panels;
X-ray intensifier;
line detector.
Processing
Properties of films: Properties of film systems:
sensitivity; characteristic curve;
granularity; film gradient, film contrast,
speed;
contrast;
influence of film processing;
optical density;
sensitivity;
film system class.
granularity;
detail perceptibility.
Classification of film systems Classification of detector system
according to EN 584-1 application
Film screens: Film screens:
type of film screens; type of screens;
intensifying effect; film screen contact;
filtering effect; inherent unsharpness;
film to screen contact. intensifying;
effect of filtering;
screens for Co 60 and Linac.
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Duration Level 2 Duration Level 3 Duration
h h h
Geometry for radiographic E 1,0 Geometry for radiographic E 3,0 Geometry for radiographic E 2,0
exposures exposures exposures
P 0,5 P 1,0 P 2,0
Additional to level 2
Geometric unsharpness: Geometric unsharpness:
Method of focal spot
object to film distance; object to film distance;
measurement
focus size d; focus size d; according to EN 12543,
EN 12679
source to object distance. source to object distance.
Requirements for optimization
Source film distance Source film distance
by
Determination of the focal spot:
Geometric unsharpness, total
size of Gamma sources.
Unsharpness
Focus size, current, voltage
Source size, activity
5.3 Typical weld discontinuities E 1,0 Typical weld discontinuities E 3,0 Typical weld discontinuities E 3,0
P 3,0 P 1,0
Product knowledge
and capabilities of the
method and its
derivate techniques
Additional to level 2
Types of discontinuity according to Types of weld seam and weld seam
EN ISO 6520 preparation
Introduction to fracture
mechanics working load
Welding process origin
Materials properties
Type of discontinuity according to
EN ISO 6520
Origin of defects
Further NDT methods
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Duration Level 2 Duration Level 3 Duration
h h h
Typical defects in castings E 1,0 Defects in castings E 3,0 Defects in castings E 2,0
P 1,0 P 1,0 P 2,0
Types of defect
Casting process Casting process
Types of cast imperfections and their Types of cast imperfections and their
origin origin
Structural indications Structural indications
Working load
Beam direction to detectability
Materials properties
Production caused defects
E 1,0
Influence on detectability: Influence on detectability: E 2,0 Influence on detectability: E 2,0
P 0,5
P 1,0
type of defect; beam direction; beam direction;
size; geometric dstor
i tion; geometric distortion;
orientation. increase in wall thickness. increase in wall thickness.
Imaged thickness range range e
Imaged thickness Imaged thickness rang
Number of exposures Thickness ranges for X- and γ-rays Thickness ranges for X- and γ-rays
Number of exposures Number of exposures vs. distortion
angle
5.4 Design and operation of X-ray E 1,5 Design and operation of X-ray E 2,0 Design and operation of X-ray E 2,0
machines P 1,5 machines P 1,0 machines
Equipment
Additional to level 1: Additional to level 2:
Stationary systems, mobile unit
Tubes: inherent filtering; beam opening characteristics;
glass- and metal-ceramic tube pre-filtering. X-ray flash devices;
Design of tubes: Devices for special applications: rod anode devices;
standard tube; micro-focus tubes; micro-focus devices;
rod anode tube; enlargement technique; high-voltage devices.
short anode tube. radioscopy. Line focus tubes
Cooling: gas, water, oil Linac Rotary anode tubes
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Duration Duration Duration
h h h
Focal spot Construction
High voltage, max. current Field of application
Exposure time Typical dates
Diaphragm
Safety circuit
Operating instructions
Design and operation of Gamma E 1,5 Design and operation of Gamma E 2,0 Design and operation of Gamma E 2,0
ray devices: P 1,0 ray devices ray devices
container, shielding; Additional to level 1: Same as level 2
class P/M; crawler for pipelines;
type A/B (transportation);
special device for testing of
heat exchanger tubes.
source holder and source
capsule.
Enclosed radioactive material:
manipulation device;
connections accessory;
remote control;
collimation;
fittings.
Operating instructions
Reference to national requirements
and safety regulations
Accessories for radiographic E 0,5
testing P 0,5
Equipment:
lead tape measure;
holding magnets;
lead screens shielding;
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Duration Duration Duration
h h h
rubber bands etc.;
radiation protection equipment.
5.5 Written procedures given E 0,5 Information about the test object E 2,0 Information about the test object E 4,0
and national requirements
Information prior to
testing
Information on the test object Identification or designation Additional to level 2:
Object dimensions Material, dimensions, isometrics: Selection of standards for specific
testing applications
number of parts;
Test class of standard field of application; European standards:
application standards;
kind of manufacture;
Equipment to be used catalogue of defects. overview;
Test conditions: purpose;
Exposure arrangement accessibility; technical contents and
systematic.
infrastructure;
Extent of testing (20 % inspection) particular test conditions. Product specific standards for
marking special industrial sectors:
for welding;
Applicable standards for casting;
Overview for pipes;
Standards assigned to the test pressurized equipment
object
directive.
Preparation of written instructions ISO standards
American standards:
overview ASME Code
overview ASTM standards
5.6 Developing process E 1,5 Developing process E 3,5 Developing process E 3,0
Testing P 1,0 Additional to Level 1: P 1,0 Principles
Darkroom: Processing equipment, adjustment: Processing equipment, adjustment:
design; checking; checking;
developer; storage of unexposed films; storage of unexposed films;
water bath; darkroom light test; darkroom light test;
fixing bath;
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Duration Duration Duration
h h h
final water bath; fog test; fog test;
drying. clearing time; clearing time;
tally sheet. tally sheet.
Preparation and regeneration of
baths
Use of filmstrips according to Process-controlling according to Use of filmstrips according to
EN 584-2: EN 584-2 EN 584-2
film processing faults
Examination of welded joints E 10,5 Examination of welded joints E 8,0 Explanation and discussion of E 4,0
according to EN 1435 according to EN 1435 EN 1435
P 10,0 P 4,0 P 8,0
Scope Scope Scope
Test classes: Test classes:
basic and improved techniques basic and improved techniques. basic and improved techniques
Test arrangements: Test arrangements: Test arrangements:
number of exposures number of exposures number of exposures
(EN 1435:1997, Annex A) (EN 1435:1997, Annex A) (EN 1435:1997, Annex A)
Choice of energy: Choice of energy: Choice of energy:
max. X-ray voltage; max. X-ray voltage; max. X-ray voltage;
penetrated thickness range for penetrated thickness range for penetrated thickness range for
gamma rays; gamma rays; gamma rays;
special options. special options. special options.
Film and screen choice: Film and screen choice: Film and screen choice:
film system classes, type and film system classes, type and film system classes, type and
thickness of screens thickness of screens thickness of screens
Minimum optical density Minimum optical density Minimum optical density
Minimum source-to-object distance Minimum source-to-object distance Minimum source-to-object distance
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ISO/TR 25107:2006(E)
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Content Level 1 Duration Level 2 Duration Level 3 Duration
h h h
Examination of castings E 6,0 Examination of castings E 6,0 Explanation and discussion of E 4,0
according to EN 12681 P 4,0 according to EN 12681 P 3,0 EN 12681
P 6,0
Scope Scope for complex shaped objects Scope for complex shaped objects
Test classes:
basic and improved techniques
Test arrangements: Test arrangements: Test arrangements:
number of exposures number of exposures; number of exposures;
Choice of energy: special geometries. special geometries.
average wall thickness; Choice of energy: Choice of energy:
max. X-ray voltage; average wall thickness; average wall thickness;
penetrated thickness range for max. X-ray voltage; max. X-ray voltage;
gamma ray;
penetrated thickness range for penetrated thickness range for
special options. gamma ray; gamma ray;
Film and screen choice: special options. special options.
film system classes, type and Use of enlargement: Increase of cove
...
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