IIW - International Institute of Welding

This document gives general provisions for applying ultrasonic testing with arrays using FMC/TFM techniques and related technologies. It is intended to promote the adoption of good practice either at the manufacturing stage or for in-service testing of existing installations or for repairs. Some examples of applications considered in this document deal with characterization and sizing in damage assessment. Materials considered are low-alloyed carbon steels and common aerospace grade aluminium and titanium alloys, provided they are homogeneous and isotropic, but some recommendations are given for other materials (e.g. austenitic ones). This document does not include acceptance levels for discontinuities. For the application of FMC/TFM to testing of welds, see ISO 23864.

This document specifies the procedure to be used for deposition of a weld metal pad for chemical analysis. This document applies to deposition of a weld metal pad by use of covered electrodes, wire electrodes for gas shielded metal arc welding, tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded metal arc welding and for non-gas shielded metal arc welding, solid rods and tubular cored rods for gas tungsten arc welding, and wire-flux and strip-flux combinations for submerged arc welding or electroslag welding and cladding. This document is applicable to welding consumables for non-alloy and fine grain steels, high strength steels, creep-resisting steels, stainless and heat-resisting steels, nickel and nickel alloys, and copper and copper alloys.

This document specifies the requirements for the specification and qualification of welding procedures for the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series. NOTE Service requirements, materials or manufacturing conditions can require more comprehensive testing than is specified in this document.

This document defines terms related to friction stir welding. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

This document specifies a method for determining the capability of a manufacturer to use the friction stir welding (FSW) process for the production of products of the specified quality. It specifies quality requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document specifies requirements for the qualification of welding operators for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to "operators" as defined in ISO 25239‑1. This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document specifies design requirements for friction stir weld joints. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document defines two levels of quality requirements and selection criteria for brazing of metallic materials. It applies to manufacturing, both in workshops and at installation sites. NOTE 1 This document is applicable to brazing industry quality management systems, similar in scope and purpose to the ISO 3834 series. This document provides complete sets of quality requirements for process control related to all listed brazing processes (for each process separately or in combination as specified) and lists the documents with which it is necessary to conform to these requirements. The requirements in this standard may be adopted for other brazing processes, with or without adjustments, under the responsibility of the manufacturer. NOTE 2 These requirements can be used on their own by a manufacturer or in conjunction with a quality management system (e.g. ISO 9001).

This document specifies general requirements for the application of the non-destructive (NDT) metal magnetic memory (MMM) testing technique of the magnetic testing method for quality assurance of welded joints. This document can be applied to welded joints in any type of ferromagnetic products: pipelines, vessels, equipment, and metal constructions, as agreed with the purchaser.

This document specifies terms and definitions for non-destructive testing (NDT) by the technique of metal magnetic memory (MMM) as well as general requirements for application of this technique of the magnetic testing method. The terms specified in this document are mandatory for application in all types of documentation and literature of non-destructive testing, using the metal magnetic memory technique. This NDT technique has the following objectives: — determination of the heterogeneity of the magneto-mechanical state of ferromagnetic objects, detection of defect concentration and boundaries of metal microstructure heterogeneity; — determination of locations with magnetic stray field aberrations for further microstructural analysis and/or non-destructive testing and evaluation; — early diagnostics of fatigue damage of the inspected object and evaluation of its structural life time; — quick sorting of new and used inspection objects by their magnetic heterogeneity for further testing; — efficiency improvement of non-destructive testing by combining metal magnetic memory testing with other NDT methods or techniques (ultrasonic testing, x-ray, etc.) by fast detection of the most probable defect locations; — quality control of welded joints of various types and their embodiment (including contact and spot welding). See ISO 24497-2 for details of this application.

This document specifies a method to determine the capability of a manufacturer to use friction stir spot welding (FSSW) for production of products of the specified quality. It specifies quality requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

This document specifies the design requirements and provides design guidelines for friction stir spot welding. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

This document specifies the requirements for the qualification of welding personnel for friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of aluminium. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. This document does not apply to personnel exclusively performing loading or unloading of the automatic welding unit.

This document defines friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process terms and definitions. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

This document specifies the requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for the Friction Stir Spot welding (FSSW) of aluminium. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys

This document specifies the method and apparatus for: — the measurement of the delta ferrite content, expressed as Ferrite Number (FN), in largely austenitic and duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel[1] weld metal through the attractive force between a weld metal sample and a standard permanent magnet; — the preparation and measurement of standard pads for manual metal arc covered electrodes. The general method is also recommended for the ferrite measurement of production welds and for weld metal from other processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, gas shielded metal arc welding and submerged arc welding (in these cases, the way of producing the pad should be defined); — the calibration of other instruments to measure FN. The method laid down in this document is intended for use on weld metals in the as-welded state and on weld metals after thermal treatments causing complete or partial transformation of ferrite to any non-magnetic phase. Austenitizing thermal treatments which alter the size and shape of the ferrite change the magnetic response of the ferrite. The method is not intended for measurement of the ferrite content of cast, forged or wrought austenitic or duplex ferritic-austenitic steel samples. [1] The term "austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steel" is sometimes applied in place of "duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel".

This document specifies the sampling and analytical procedure for the determination of diffusible hydrogen in martensitic, bainitic, and ferritic steel weld metal arising from the welding of such steels using arc welding processes with filler material. The techniques specified in this document include collection of diffusible hydrogen via displacement of mercury or collection into a headspace filled with an inert gas such as argon. The amount of hydrogen collected is determined by measuring the displaced volume in the former and by, for example, thermal conductivity in the latter. The temperature for collection of diffusible hydrogen is controlled to avoid thermal activation of non-diffusible hydrogen. NOTE Recommendations and restrictions in regard to older methods of measurement using glycerine are given in Annex B for any comparison work to these older methods.

ISO/TR 22281:2018, based on round robin tests for chemical analysis conducted within IIW, considers interlaboratory reproducibility of measurement of trace element concentrations in steel and weld metals, and offers guidance in respect to application of accept/reject criteria in welding filler metal procurement as can be applied using, for example, ISO 14344 or API RP 934-A.

ISO/TS 20273:2017 provides guidance for setting appropriate weld quality requirements in relation to fatigue. ISO/TS 20273:2017 is applicable to fusion (arc and/or beam welding) welded steel plate-type structures having a thickness of >3 mm, which are subjected to cyclic loading. Due to lack of experimental data for aluminium welds and ultra-high strength steels, the fatigue strength (or S-N) curves apply only to structural steel up to a maximum specified yield strength of 960 MPa. The acceptance criteria in this document may be applied to higher strength steels, stainless steels and certain concepts to 5000 and 6000 series of aluminium alloys which are commonly used in welded structures. In the absence of relevant published data, it is recommended that this be quantified by special testing.

ISO 19675:2017 specifies requirements for the dimensions, material and manufacture of a steel block for calibrating ultrasonic test equipment used in ultrasonic testing with the phased array technique.

ISO 18211:2016 specifies a method for long-range testing of carbon and low-alloy steel above-ground pipelines and plant piping using guided ultrasonic waves with axial propagation applied on the entire circumferential pipe section, in order to detect corrosion or erosion damage. The guided wave testing (GWT) method allows for fast inspection of above-ground pipelines, plant piping and cased road crossings, giving a qualitative screening and localization of probable corroded and eroded areas. GWT is typically performed on operating piping systems. ISO 18211:2016 is applicable to the following types of pipes: a) above-ground painted pipelines; b) above-ground insulated pipelines; c) painted plant piping; d) insulated plant piping. NOTE Pipe sections within road crossings with external casings (without bitumen or plastic coating) are a special case of buried pipe where there is no soil pressure on the OD of the pipe. ISO 18211 :2016 applies to these cased road crossings. Other types of pipes not included in the above list need dedicated approaches due to increased complexity.

ISO/TR 18786:2014 provides guidance for the assessment of the health and safety aspects of welding fabrication of metallic materials, including on-site and repair work. It applies to welding and allied processes which are covered by the following processes in accordance with ISO 4063: arc welding (process number 1); gas welding (process number 3); cutting and gouging [process number 8 (excluding 84 laser cutting)]. For its purposes, allied processes includes joint preparation and grinding. Other processes, such as the following, might have similar health and safety aspects but are not directly addressed: soldering and brazing; thermal spraying; pre-heating and post weld heat treatments; flame straightening and mechanical straightening. ISO/TR 18786:2014 includes a list of hazards, harms and damages with reference to assessment procedures and a guide for possible preventive actions.

ISO/TR 13392:2014 provides guidance, based on the experiences of experts, on the components of fume emitted from a range of arc welding processes and consumable types.

ISO 14346:2013 gives guidelines for the design and analysis of welded uniplanar and multiplanar joints in lattice structures composed of circular (CHS), square (SHS) or rectangular (RHS) hollow sections, and of uniplanar joints in lattice structures composed of combinations of hollow sections with open sections under static loading. ISO 14346:2013 is applicable to CHS or RHS Y-, X- and K-joints and their multiplanar equivalents, gusset plate to CHS or RHS joints, open-section and RHS to CHS joints, and hollow-section to open-section joints.

ISO/TR 14345:2012 gives guidance on best practice for fatigue testing under constant- or variable-amplitude loading of welded components in the medium- and high-cycle regimes, corresponding to applied loading that results in nominal stresses that do not exceed yield. Low-cycle fatigue testing under strain control is not specifically covered, although the same test specimens can be suitable for either low- or high-cycle fatigue testing. The different steps involved in the manufacture and preparation of the welded specimens and the final presentation and evaluation of the test results are also covered. ISO/TR 14345:2012 does not cover corrosion or high-temperature fatigue testing.

ISO/TR 13393:2009 proposes a system for classifying hardfacing microstructures deposited by fusion welding processes.

ISO 14347:2008 gives recommendations for the design and analysis of unstiffened, welded, nodal joints in braced structures composed of hollow sections of circular or square shape (with or without rectangular chord) under fatigue loading. ISO 14347:2008 applies to structures: fulfilling quality requirements for hollow sections; complying with recommended weld details; employing permitted steel grades; having hollow section joints; having either square or rectangular hollow sections with a thickness between 4 mm and 16 mm, or circular hollow sections with a thickness between 4 mm and 50 mm; having as stress range the range of “hot-spot” stress; having identical brace (branch) members. ISO 14347:2008 applies to both hot-finished and cold-formed steel structural hollow sections, complying with the applicable national manufacturing specification, that fulfil specified quality requirements. ISO 14347:2008 applies to joints consisting of circular hollow sections (CHS) or rectangular hollow sections (RHS) as used in uniplanar or multiplanar trusses or girders, such as T-, Y-, X-, K-, XX-, and KK-joints.

ISO/TR 22824:2003 provides guidance, based on the experience of experts, for setting appropriate requirements, in specifications and other standards and contract documents, on ferrite content of nominally austenitic or duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel weld metals.

ISO 6847:2013 specifies the procedure to be used for deposition of a weld metal pad for chemical analysis. ISO 6847:2013 applies to deposition of a weld metal pad by use of covered electrodes, wire electrodes for gas shielded metal arc welding, tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded metal arc welding and for non-gas shielded metal arc welding, tubular cored rods for gas tungsten arc welding, and wire-flux combinations for submerged arc welding. ISO 6847:2013 is applicable to welding consumables for non-alloy and fine grain steels, high strength steels, creep-resisting steels, stainless and heat-resisting steels, nickel and nickel alloys, and copper and copper alloys.

ISO 3690:2011 specifies the sampling and analytical procedure for the determination of diffusible hydrogen in martensitic, bainitic, and ferritic steel weld metal arising from the welding of such steels using arc welding processes with filler metal. The techniques specified in ISO 3690:2011 include collection of diffusible hydrogen via displacement of mercury or collection into a headspace filled with an inert gas such as argon. The amount of hydrogen collected is determined by measuring the displaced volume in the former and by, for example, thermal conductivity in the latter. The temperature for collection of diffusible hydrogen is controlled to avoid thermal activation of non-diffusible hydrogen.

ISO 25239-5:2011 specifies a method for determining the capability of a manufacturer to use the friction stir welding (FSW) process for production of products of the specified quality. It specifies quality requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group. In ISO 25239-5:2011, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. ISO 25239-5:2011 does not apply to friction stir spot welding.

ISO 25239-2:2011 specifies design requirements for friction stir weld joints. In ISO 25239-2:2011, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. ISO 25239-2:2011 does not apply to friction stir spot welding.

ISO 25239-4:2011 specifies the requirements for the specification and qualification of welding procedures for the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium. In ISO 25239-4:2011, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. ISO 25239-4:2011 does not apply to friction stir spot welding.

ISO 25239:2011 specifies requirements for the qualification of welding operators for the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium. In ISO 25239:2011, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys. ISO 25239:2011 does not apply to friction stir spot welding.

ISO 14271:2011 specifies the procedures for the hardness testing of etched cross-sections of resistance spot, projection, and seam welds. The aim of the hardness tests is to determine the Vickers hardness, in the low-force or microhardness range, of the weld nugget, the heat affected zone, and parent material in ferrous or non-ferrous metals for welds made in sheets of thickness 0,5 mm to 6 mm.

ISO 14372:2011 specifies a method for the relative ranking, by 24 h exposure to humid air and subsequent diffusible hydrogen testing, of manual metal arc electrode coatings related to their tendency to absorb moisture. This test method has limited potential applicability since it is unlikely to be capable of being scaled up for large volumes of testing.

ISO 24497-3:2007 specifies the general requirements for the application of the metal magnetic memory inspection method (MMM inspection) as a non-destructive testing method for quality assurance of welded joints of pressurized components. ISO 24497-3:2007 may be applied to welded joints in any type of products, pipelines, vessels, equipment, and metal constructions, as agreed with the purchaser. The terms and definitions for the process are contained in ISO 24497-1, and the general requirements of the process are in ISO 24497-2.

ISO 24497-2:2007 specifies general requirements for the application of the method of metal magnetic memory of components, units, equipment, and structures for various application purposes. It covers non-destructive testing.

ISO 24497-1:2007 specifies terms and definitions for procedures in the sphere of non-destructive testing by the method of metal magnetic memory. The terms specified in ISO 24497-1:2007 are mandatory for application in all types of documentation and literature in the sphere of non-destructive testing, using the method of metal magnetic memory included in the scope of standardization works and/or using the results of these works.

ISO 14373:2006 specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of uncoated and metallic coated low carbon steel, comprising two or three sheets of metal, where the maximum single sheet thickness of components to be welded is within the range 0,4 mm to 3 mm, for the following materials: uncoated steels; hot dip zinc or iron-zinc alloy (galvannealed) coated steel; electrolytic zinc, zinc-iron, or zinc-nickel coated steel; aluminium coated steel; zinc-aluminium coated steel. ISO 14373:2006 is applicable to the welding of sheets of the same or dissimilar thickness, where the thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1. It applies to the welding of three thicknesses, where the total thickness is less than or equal to 9 mm. Welding with the following types of equipment is within the scope of ISO 14373:2006: pedestal welding equipment; gun welders; automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding equipment; multi welders; robotic welders. The welding of organic coated or primer coated steels is not within the scope of ISO 14373:2006.

ISO 10447:2006 specifies the procedure and recommended tooling to be used for testing resistance spot and projection welds by means of peel and chisel tests. ISO 10447:2006 applies to welds made in two or more sheets in the thickness range of 0,5 mm to 3,0 mm. The aim of these tests is to determine: weld size and failure type when the tests are used as destructive tests, and verification of welds when the tests are used as non-destructive tests.

ISO 14323:2006 covers destructive testing of welds. ISO 14323:2006 specifies specimen dimensions and testing procedures for impact shear and cross-tension testing of spot and embossed projection welds in overlapping sheets, in any metallic material of thickness 0,5 mm to 4 mm.

ISO 3580:2004 specifies requirements for classification of covered electrodes, based on the all-weld metal in the heat-treated condition, for manual metal arc welding of ferritic and martensitic creep-resisting and low alloy elevated temperature steels. This International Standard is a combined specification for classification utilizing a system based upon the chemical composition of the all-weld metal, with requirements for the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal, or utilizing a system based upon the tensile strength and the chemical composition of all-weld metal.

ISO 14344 is a tool for communication between a purchaser and a supplier of welding consumables within quality systems as might, for example, be based upon ISO 9001. Together with an ISO or other recognized welding consumable standard it provides a method for preparing those specific details needed for welding consumable procurement which consist of the following: the welding consumable classification (selected from the pertinent ISO or other welding consumable standard); the lot classification; the testing schedule.

ISO 14343:2002 specifies requirements for classification of wire electrodes, wires and rods for gas-shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, submerged arc welding and laser beam welding of stainless and heat resisting steels. The classification of the wire electrodes, wires and rods is based upon their chemical composition.