ISO 23312:2022
(Main)Space systems — Detailed space debris mitigation requirements for spacecraft
Space systems — Detailed space debris mitigation requirements for spacecraft
This document defines detailed space debris mitigation requirements and recommendations for the design and operation of unmanned spacecraft in Earth orbit. This document defines detailed requirements that are applicable to: a) avoiding the intentional release of space debris into Earth orbit during normal operations; b) avoiding break-ups in Earth orbit; c) disposal of a spacecraft after the end of mission; d) estimating the mass of the remaining usable propellant; e) developing and maintaining the space debris mitigation plan. NOTE This document does not cover nuclear power sources on spacecraft.
Systèmes spatiaux — exigences détaillées pour la diminution des debris spatiaux relatifs aux satellites
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23312
First edition
2022-07
Space systems — Detailed space
debris mitigation requirements for
spacecraft
Systèmes spatiaux — exigences détaillées pour la diminution des
debris spatiaux relatifs aux satellites
Reference number
© ISO 2022
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.2
5 Avoiding release of space debris into Earth orbit during normal operations .2
6 Avoiding break-ups in Earth orbit . 3
6.1 General . 3
6.2 Accidental break-up caused by an on-board source of energy . 3
6.2.1 General measures . 3
6.2.2 Subsystem-specific measures. 4
6.3 Accidental break-up caused by a collision . 5
6.3.1 Collision avoidance . 5
6.3.2 Assessment of the probability of structural break-up caused by impacts
with debris or meteoroid . 6
7 Disposal of spacecraft after the end of mission . 6
7.1 General . 6
7.2 Ensuring execution of disposal action . 6
7.3 Disposal to minimize interference with the GEO protected region . 7
7.3.1 General . 7
7.3.2 Developing basic manoeuvre requirements for a stable disposal orbit . 7
7.3.3 Developing long-term (100-year) disposal orbit characteristics . 7
7.3.4 Determining the manoeuvre sequence . 8
7.4 Disposal to minimize interference with the LEO protected region . 8
7.4.1 General . 8
7.4.2 Re-entry . 8
8 Estimating mass of remaining usable propellant . 9
8.1 General . 9
8.2 Uncertainty of estimation. 9
8.3 Incorporating required function into spacecraft design . 9
8.4 Documentation of data . 10
9 Space debris mitigation plan .10
9.1 General . 10
9.2 Break-up prevention plan . 11
9.3 End of mission disposal plan (EOMDP) . 11
9.4 Contingency plan .12
Annex A (informative) Procedure for estimating probability of accidental break-up .13
Annex B (informative) Examples of estimation methods .16
Annex C (informative) Deployable drag enhancement device .19
Bibliography .20
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles,
Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 16127:2014, ISO 16164:2015, ISO 23339:2010 and
ISO 26872:2019.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
This document is developed to incorporate the content of ISO 16127, ISO 16164, ISO 23339, ISO 26872
and other detailed requirements relevant to spacecraft related debris mitigation, corresponding to
ISO 24113. The purpose of this document is to enable conformance with those high-level space debris
mitigation requirements in ISO 24113 that are relevant to spacecraft.
This document acts as one of the supporting technical standards for space debris mitigation, to provide
implementation requirements and details for the top-level requirements in ISO 24113.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23312:2022(E)
Space systems — Detailed space debris mitigation
requirements for spacecraft
1 Scope
This document defines detailed space debris mitigation requirements and recommendations for the
design and operation of unmanned spacecraft in Earth orbit.
This document defines detailed requirements that are applicable to:
a) avoiding the intentional release of space debris into Earth orbit during normal operations;
b) avoiding break-ups in Earth orbit;
c) disposal of a spacecraft after the end of mission;
d) estimating the mass of the remaining usable propellant;
e) developing and maintaining the space debris mitigation plan.
NOTE This document does not cover nuclear power sources on spacecraft.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 24113:2019, Space systems — Space debris mitigation requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 24113 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
acquiring organization
organization that plans and manages the development and acquisition contracts for the space system
Note 1 to entry: The responsibilities of the acquiring organization include the engineering and technical aspects
of the space system’s design and operations.
3.2
book-keeping method
method for determining fluid consumption by monitoring flow rates and the duration of propellant
expenditure periods
3.3
disposal orbit
orbit in which a spacecraft resides following the completion of its disposal actions
3.4
PVT method
method for determining the remaining fluid quantity by estimating the mass of gas by deriving density
in a known volume from pressure and temperature measurements
3.5
remaining usable propellant
propellant that remains in the propellant system and that is effective for attitude and orbit control
manoeuvres excluding residuals and uncertainty
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
ΔV delta velocity or total velocity change
EOL end of life
EOMDP end of mission disposal plan
GEO geostationary Earth orbit
LEO low Earth orbit
ṁ mass flow rate
MLI multilayer insulation
PVT pressure, volume, temperature
SDMP space debris mitigation plan
t time
5 Avoiding release of space debris into Earth orbit during normal operations
ISO 24113 specifies that a spacecraft shall be designed so as not to release space debris into Earth orbit
during normal operations. To satisfy this requirement, as a minimum, the following measures shall be
implemented.
a) Any appendage related to spacecraft normal operations shall be designed not to be released.
NOTE 1 Appendages include items such as apogee kick propulsion devices, fasteners of holding and
deployment mechanisms, caps, hoods, heat insulation enclosures, springs, explosive bolts and related
fragments.
b) Releasing parts essent
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