ISO/IEC 22243:2019
(Main)Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Methods for localization of RFID tags
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Methods for localization of RFID tags
This document defines how to use the RFID air interface standards of the ISO/IEC 18000 series that are based on backscatter technology for localization of RFID tags, specifically tags which are ISO/IEC 18000‑4, ISO/IEC 18000‑61, ISO/IEC 18000-62, ISO/IEC 18000-63 and ISO/IEC 18000-64 compliant. This document specifies the physical and logical requirements for localization. The system comprises interrogators, also known as readers, and tags, also known as labels. An interrogator receives information from a tag by transmitting a modulated RF signal to the tag and the tag responds by modulating the reflection coefficient of its antenna, thereby backscattering an information signal to the interrogator. The modulated RF signal for data exchange is based on the relevant part of the ISO/IEC 18000 series and, in addition, there is a superimposed modulated RF signal with the same or different carrier frequency intended for localization. This document describes the signals required for localization, the method to derive localization information from the signals received by the interrogator and the requirements onto tags and interrogators.
Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence (RFID) pour la gestion d'objets — Méthodes pour la localisation d'étiquettes RFID
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 22243
First edition
2019-09
Information technology — Radio
frequency identification for item
management — Methods for
localization of RFID tags
Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence
(RFID) pour la gestion d'objets — Méthodes pour la localisation
d'étiquettes RFID
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2019
© ISO/IEC 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Conformance . 2
4.1 Claiming conformance . 2
4.2 Interrogator conformance and obligations . 2
4.3 Tag conformance and obligations . 2
5 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
6 Ranging requirements . 4
6.1 Overview of the ranging method . 4
6.2 Description of operating procedure . 4
6.3 Ranging requirements for ISO/IEC 18000-63 based systems . 8
6.3.1 Tag requirements . 8
6.3.2 Interrogator requirements .11
6.3.3 Multiple interrogators .12
6.4 Ranging requirements for ISO/IEC 18000-4, ISO/IEC 18000-61, ISO/IEC 18000-62
and ISO/IEC 18000-64 based systems .12
Annex A (normative) Codes for localization results .13
Bibliography .15
© ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that
are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of
technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other
international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also
take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see http: //patents .iec .ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Technology progress continuously achieves longer read ranges for RFID and in particular UHF RFID.
With increasing communication ranges, the actual possible location of a tag around an interrogator
gets larger and larger and there is often demand for more precise details on the tag location around the
interrogator.
This document addresses tag localization by additionally superimposing a wideband localization signal
to the communication between interrogator and tag.
In order to ensure interoperable systems, this document addresses the physical layer, logical layer and
details on systems.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document may
involve the use of patents, including concerning “Method and System for Locating Objects” given in 6.1
and 6.2.
ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of these patent rights. The
holders of these patent rights have assured ISO and] IEC that they are willing to negotiate licences
under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world.
In this respect, the statements of the holders of these patent rights are registered with ISO and IEC.
Information may be obtained from:
Technische Universität Wien
Research & Transfer Support
Karlsplatz 13
1040 Vienna, Austria
Impinj, Inc.
400 Fairview Ave N, # 1200
Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights other than those identified above. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying
any or all such patent rights.
© ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 22243:2019(E)
Information technology — Radio frequency
identification for item management — Methods for
localization of RFID tags
1 Scope
This document defines how to use the RFID air interface standards of the ISO/IEC 18000 series
that are based on backscatter technology for localization of RFID tags, specifically tags which are
ISO/IEC 18000-4, ISO/IEC 18000-61, ISO/IEC 18000-62, ISO/IEC 18000-63 and ISO/IEC 18000-64
compliant.
This document specifies the physical and logical requirements for localization. The system comprises
interrogators, also known as readers, and tags, also known as labels. An interrogator receives
information from a tag by transmitting a modulated RF signal to the tag and the tag responds by
modulating the reflection coefficient of its antenna, thereby backscattering an information signal
to the interrogator. The modulated RF signal for data exchange is based on the relevant part of the
ISO/IEC 18000 series and, in addition, there is a superimposed modulated RF signal with the same or
different carrier frequency intended for localization. This document describes the signals required for
localization, the method to derive localization information from the signals received by the interrogator
and the requirements onto tags and interrogators.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 18000-63, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management —
Part 63: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Type C
ISO/IEC 18047-6, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods — Part 6: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
ISO/IEC 19762, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Harmonized vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
information-bit
single bit of information sent from the tag to the interrogator
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the selected modulation of the backscatter link, an information-bit is represented
by multiple modulation-bits.
© ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved 1
3.2
modulation-bit
smallest unit in a binary modulated backscatter communication
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the type of modulation, an information-bit is represented by multiple
modulation-bits.
Note 2 to entry: In case of ISO/IEC 18000-63 modulations, each modulation bit has the length of Tpri/2.
3.3
Query
command from interrogator-to-tag
Note 1 to entry: This term is explained in more detail in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
4 Conformance
4.1 Claiming conformance
An interrogator or tag shall comply with all relevant clauses of this document, except those marked as
“optional”.
4.2 Interrogator conformance and obligations
An interrogator shall implement the mandatory commands defined in this document and conform to
ISO/IEC 18000-63.
An interrogator may implement any subset of the optional commands defined in this document.
The interrogator shall not
— implement any command that conflicts with this document, or
— require the use of an optional, proprietary or custom command to meet the requirements of this
document.
4.3 Tag conformance and obligations
A tag shall implement the mandatory commands defined in this document for the supported types and
conform to ISO/IEC 18000-63.
A tag may implement any subset of the optional commands defined in this document.
A tag shall not
— implement any command that conflicts with this document, or
— require the use of an optional, proprietary or custom command to meet the requirements of this
document.
5 Symbols and abbreviated terms
The main symbols and abbreviated terms used in this document are detailed in ISO/IEC 19762. Symbols,
abbreviated terms and notation specific to this document are as follows:
2 © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved
BLF backscatter-link frequency
CW continuous wave
Δs (τ) difference waveform between the averaged waveforms Δs (τ) − Δs (τ). This wave-
avg avg,1 avg,0
form serves as the basis for calculation the ToF between interrogator and tag
averaged delta voltage between the tag’s two different modulation states (complex
ΔIQ
valued)
Δ delta radar cross section
RCS
DUT device under test
FT frequency tolerance (of the backscatter link)
G gain of the receiving antenna
0r
G gain of the transmitting antenna
0t
I in-phase component (real-part of complex value)
average IQ voltage during modulation state m and bit number k
IQ
km,
k index of the backscatter modulation-bits, k = 0, 1, 2…
P minimum power allowing the DUT tag act
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 22243
First edition
2019-09
Information technology — Radio
frequency identification for item
management — Methods for
localization of RFID tags
Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence
(RFID) pour la gestion d'objets — Méthodes pour la localisation
d'étiquettes RFID
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2019
© ISO/IEC 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Conformance . 2
4.1 Claiming conformance . 2
4.2 Interrogator conformance and obligations . 2
4.3 Tag conformance and obligations . 2
5 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
6 Ranging requirements . 4
6.1 Overview of the ranging method . 4
6.2 Description of operating procedure . 4
6.3 Ranging requirements for ISO/IEC 18000-63 based systems . 8
6.3.1 Tag requirements . 8
6.3.2 Interrogator requirements .11
6.3.3 Multiple interrogators .12
6.4 Ranging requirements for ISO/IEC 18000-4, ISO/IEC 18000-61, ISO/IEC 18000-62
and ISO/IEC 18000-64 based systems .12
Annex A (normative) Codes for localization results .13
Bibliography .15
© ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that
are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of
technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other
international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also
take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see http: //patents .iec .ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Technology progress continuously achieves longer read ranges for RFID and in particular UHF RFID.
With increasing communication ranges, the actual possible location of a tag around an interrogator
gets larger and larger and there is often demand for more precise details on the tag location around the
interrogator.
This document addresses tag localization by additionally superimposing a wideband localization signal
to the communication between interrogator and tag.
In order to ensure interoperable systems, this document addresses the physical layer, logical layer and
details on systems.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document may
involve the use of patents, including concerning “Method and System for Locating Objects” given in 6.1
and 6.2.
ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of these patent rights. The
holders of these patent rights have assured ISO and] IEC that they are willing to negotiate licences
under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world.
In this respect, the statements of the holders of these patent rights are registered with ISO and IEC.
Information may be obtained from:
Technische Universität Wien
Research & Transfer Support
Karlsplatz 13
1040 Vienna, Austria
Impinj, Inc.
400 Fairview Ave N, # 1200
Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights other than those identified above. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying
any or all such patent rights.
© ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 22243:2019(E)
Information technology — Radio frequency
identification for item management — Methods for
localization of RFID tags
1 Scope
This document defines how to use the RFID air interface standards of the ISO/IEC 18000 series
that are based on backscatter technology for localization of RFID tags, specifically tags which are
ISO/IEC 18000-4, ISO/IEC 18000-61, ISO/IEC 18000-62, ISO/IEC 18000-63 and ISO/IEC 18000-64
compliant.
This document specifies the physical and logical requirements for localization. The system comprises
interrogators, also known as readers, and tags, also known as labels. An interrogator receives
information from a tag by transmitting a modulated RF signal to the tag and the tag responds by
modulating the reflection coefficient of its antenna, thereby backscattering an information signal
to the interrogator. The modulated RF signal for data exchange is based on the relevant part of the
ISO/IEC 18000 series and, in addition, there is a superimposed modulated RF signal with the same or
different carrier frequency intended for localization. This document describes the signals required for
localization, the method to derive localization information from the signals received by the interrogator
and the requirements onto tags and interrogators.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 18000-63, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management —
Part 63: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Type C
ISO/IEC 18047-6, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods — Part 6: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
ISO/IEC 19762, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Harmonized vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
information-bit
single bit of information sent from the tag to the interrogator
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the selected modulation of the backscatter link, an information-bit is represented
by multiple modulation-bits.
© ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved 1
3.2
modulation-bit
smallest unit in a binary modulated backscatter communication
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the type of modulation, an information-bit is represented by multiple
modulation-bits.
Note 2 to entry: In case of ISO/IEC 18000-63 modulations, each modulation bit has the length of Tpri/2.
3.3
Query
command from interrogator-to-tag
Note 1 to entry: This term is explained in more detail in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
4 Conformance
4.1 Claiming conformance
An interrogator or tag shall comply with all relevant clauses of this document, except those marked as
“optional”.
4.2 Interrogator conformance and obligations
An interrogator shall implement the mandatory commands defined in this document and conform to
ISO/IEC 18000-63.
An interrogator may implement any subset of the optional commands defined in this document.
The interrogator shall not
— implement any command that conflicts with this document, or
— require the use of an optional, proprietary or custom command to meet the requirements of this
document.
4.3 Tag conformance and obligations
A tag shall implement the mandatory commands defined in this document for the supported types and
conform to ISO/IEC 18000-63.
A tag may implement any subset of the optional commands defined in this document.
A tag shall not
— implement any command that conflicts with this document, or
— require the use of an optional, proprietary or custom command to meet the requirements of this
document.
5 Symbols and abbreviated terms
The main symbols and abbreviated terms used in this document are detailed in ISO/IEC 19762. Symbols,
abbreviated terms and notation specific to this document are as follows:
2 © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved
BLF backscatter-link frequency
CW continuous wave
Δs (τ) difference waveform between the averaged waveforms Δs (τ) − Δs (τ). This wave-
avg avg,1 avg,0
form serves as the basis for calculation the ToF between interrogator and tag
averaged delta voltage between the tag’s two different modulation states (complex
ΔIQ
valued)
Δ delta radar cross section
RCS
DUT device under test
FT frequency tolerance (of the backscatter link)
G gain of the receiving antenna
0r
G gain of the transmitting antenna
0t
I in-phase component (real-part of complex value)
average IQ voltage during modulation state m and bit number k
IQ
km,
k index of the backscatter modulation-bits, k = 0, 1, 2…
P minimum power allowing the DUT tag act
...
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