ISO 18400-103:2017
(Main)Soil quality — Sampling — Part 103: Safety
Soil quality — Sampling — Part 103: Safety
ISO 18400-103:2017 gives guidelines for: - identification of hazards that could be encountered during a site investigation and when collecting samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling operation (e.g. physical hazards) in addition to the hazards that might arise, e.g. from contamination with chemicals or biological agents; - measures to be adopted to control risks once an appropriate risk assessment has been carried out.
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 103: Sécurité
ISO 18400-103:2017 fournit des lignes directrices concernant: - les dangers pouvant être rencontrés lors d'une investigation de site et lors du prélèvement d'échantillons de sols et d'autres matériaux du sol, y compris les dangers inhérents aux opérations d'échantillonnage (par exemple, dangers physiques) en plus des dangers liés, par exemple, à la contamination par des produits chimiques ou des agents biologiques; - les mesures à adopter pour maîtriser les risques après avoir procédé à une évaluation appropriée des risques.
Kakovost tal - Vzorčenje - 103. del: Varnost
Ta dokument podaja smernice za:
– ugotavljanje nevarnosti pri preiskovanju območij in zbiranju vzorcev prsti in drugega zemeljskega materiala, kar poleg nevarnosti, ki se lahko pojavijo (npr. onesnaženost s kemikalijami ali biološkimi sredstvi), vključuje tudi nevarnosti, ki so neločljivo povezane s postopkom vzorčenja (npr. fizične nevarnosti);
– ukrepe za nadzor tveganj, ki jih je treba sprejeti po ustrezno izvedeni oceni tveganja.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-103
First edition
2017-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103:
Safety
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 103: Sécurité
Reference number
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Preliminary considerations . 1
5 Concepts and processes . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Risk assessment . 3
5.3 Risk management . 4
5.4 Identifying hazards . 5
6 Safety precautions — General aspects . 5
6.1 Safety policy . 5
6.2 Planning and managing for safety . 6
6.3 Personnel . 7
6.4 Safety equipment . 7
7 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards.11
7.1 General .11
7.2 Personal protective equipment.11
7.3 Chemicals .11
7.4 Gases .12
7.5 Biological hazards (bacteria and viruses) .13
7.6 Radiation .13
7.7 Asbestos .13
7.8 Topography .13
7.9 Machines . .14
7.10 Buildings and other structures .15
7.11 Unexploded ordnance and other explosive hazards.15
7.12 Extreme weather conditions .16
8 Safety procedures — Specific activities .16
8.1 General .16
8.2 Protection of buildings and installations including underground utilities .16
8.3 Safety on agricultural sites (see also 6.4 and B.2) .17
8.4 Safety on contaminated sites (see also 6.4 and B.3) .17
8.4.1 Preliminary investigation and site reconnaissance .17
8.4.2 Field investigations — General.18
8.4.3 Field investigations — Soil gas .18
Annex A (informative) Routes of exposure to hazard .20
Annex B (informative) Potential on-site hazard relating to sampling and the area
of investigation .22
Annex C (informative) Example of risk assessment .29
Bibliography .30
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
This first edition of ISO 18400-103 cancels and replaces ISO 10381-3:2001, which has been technically
and structurally revised. The ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared
to ISO 10381-3 clause by clause.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Introduction
This document is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary (the role/position of the International Standards within the total Investigation
programme is shown in Figure 1).
It deals with safety during sampling and other soil investigation activities. International and national
regulations regarding health and safety at work and associated guidance produced by statutory bodies
and trade associations could exist and may need to be taken into account.
It does not seek to address everyday hazards that could arise from the use of such items as sharp
instruments, digging/drilling equipment, nor the hazards of driving to a site location. It is assumed
that such hazards are satisfactorily dealt with by the personnel carrying out the investigation and the
sampling.
Former production sites for munitions and other warfare agents present special problems to
investigators and others involved in handling samples collected at such locations. The guidance given
in this document will be of assistance in these situations, but additional guidance about the precautions
to be taken should be obtained from specialists, such as those responsible for the former operation of
these sites.
Geological and geotechnical investigations are outside of the scope of this document and for detailed
guidance, reference is to be made to other relevant International Standards. However, soil quality
investigations may sometimes be combined with geotechnical investigations for practical reasons and
for economy and thus specific hazards and risks associated with geotechnical investigations might
need to be addressed in the overall risk assessment.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v
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ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
NOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.
NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103:
Safety
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for:
— identification of hazards that could be encountered during a site investigation and when collecting
samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling
operation (e.g. physical hazards) in addition to the hazards that might arise, e.g. from contamination
with chemicals or biological agents;
— measures to be adopted to control risks once an appropriate risk assessment has been carried out.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
4 Preliminary considerations
The main objectives of this guidance on safety are to:
a) identify the hazards that could exist when carrying out site investigations and soil sampling
programmes,
b) indicate management procedures to provide a framework for safe working,
c) indicate what working procedures can be adopted to minimize risks from contaminants, physical
and other hazards associated with the collection of samples and the use of machinery, and
d) indicate what precautions can be taken in terms of personal protection and cleaning facilities to
minimize any risks.
It is not possible, in a guidance document such as this, to identify all the hazards that could be
encountered during site work, or to provide guidance on how the associated risks can be dealt with in
all situations. Safety depends ultimately on the adoption of an attitude and approach to any particular
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ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
situation that will ensure that the hazards are identified and properly evaluated and appropriate
precautions taken.
Those authorizing, purchasing, designing and supervising works, the employers, and those carrying
out the work have a joint responsibility for safety. This responsibility extends beyond protection of the
workforce to include the general public who are living or working close to the site to be investigated, or
who might enter the site, with or without permission, while the works are in progress.
In all daily activities, there is an element of risk and this risk is increased when the environment is
unfamiliar. Even sampling an agricultural area involves an increased risk to the sampler because the
nature of the ground and possible hazards are not necessarily known to the sampler.
When examining a site for contamination, the risks are increased due to the presence of chemicals,
compounds and agents which present a hazard to human health. When examining a former industrial
site, the risk of physical injury can be increased because of the possibility of voids and cavities
(physical hazards) beneath ground level which might not have been properly filled in. Cavities can also
be present where there has been underground combustion (for example, in refuse sites and colliery
waste disposal sites).
Physical injury is also possible in any sampling situation where machinery is being used. Even minor
injuries can provide a pathway for toxic substances and pathogens to enter the body.
Care should be taken to ensure the safety of the investigator when a preliminary site visit (site
reconnaissance) is carried out prior to commencing the full site investigation, particularly as all
potential hazards might not have been identified at that time.
At most active construction and industrial sites, special safety instructions are in effect. In addition,
regulations could exist and may need to be taken into account on site. When relevant, the sampler
should be informed before entering the site.
If during the site reconnaissance carried out as part of a preliminary investigation anything is seen that
is considered likely to pose an immediate threat to human health and safety or the environment, this
should be reported immediately to whoever is in control of the site so that any essential urgent action
can be taken.
NOTE 1 There might be a duty under health and safety legislation and/or a professional code of conduct to
do this.
When the site surface prior to the investigation is obviously contaminated, or presents a general
environmental problem due to exposure of humans or animals, and there is the possibility of dispersal
of contaminated dust or water pollution, in addition to taking precautions to minimize disturbance and
dispersal of contamination during the site investigation, the situation should be brought to the attention
of the landowner and authorities as appropriate, so that preventative measures can be implemented.
In addition to the guidance provided in this document, guidance can be found in:
— international and national legislation and associated guidance;
— industry codes of practice;
— safety documentation produced by employing companies and other organisations;
— site-specific safety instructions.
Some guidance document that might be relevant are listed in the Bibliography.
[7]
BS OHSAS 18001 specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety management system to
enable an organization to control its occupational health and safety risks and improve its occupational
[8]
health and safety performance. Guidelines for its implementation are provided in BS OHSAS 18002 .
[7] [2] [3]
BS OHSAS 18001 is designed to be compatible with ISO 9001 (Quality) and ISO 14001
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
(Environmental) management systems standards to facilitate the integration of quality, environmental
and safety management systems by organizations, should they wish to do so.
[7]
NOTE 2 BS OHSAS 18001 is the internationally recognized assessment specification for occupational health
and safety management systems. It was developed with the assistance of a range of national standardization
bodies, regulatory and certification bodies, and trade bodies to address a gap where no third-party certifiable
International Standard currently exists. It is planned that the future ISO 45001 will replace BS OHSAS 18001.
5 Concepts and processes
5.1 General
In order to properly address health and safety at work, it is necessary to
— identify hazards, i.e. anything with the potential to cause harm, (this can include substances or
machines, methods of work and other aspects of the work organization),
— identify and quantify risks, i.e. the likelihood that a particular hazard might cause harm to those
exposed to it and the consequences for them (risk therefore reflects both the likelihood that harm
will occur and its severity),
— carry out a risk assessment (a careful examination of what could cause harm to people), to determine
whether sufficient has been done (precautions taken) to manage the risks or what further needs to
be done to prevent harm, and
— manage the risks by assessing them, putting sensible health and safety measures in place to control
them and then making sure they work in practice (a process usually termed “risk management”).
5.2 Risk assessment
A risk assessment should be carried out by an appropriately qualified person before any sampling or
other investigation activities, including a site reconnaissance, are carried out as part of a preliminary
investigation. This is particularly important on former industrial sites and waste disposal sites. If
site reconnaissance forms part of the preliminary investigation, the risk assessment should be based
on the results of the desk study. It might be possible to refine the assessment once the preliminary
investigation is completed, and it should be kept under review as the investigation proceeds.
Risk assessment typically involves:
— identification of the hazards;
— deciding who or what might be harmed and how;
— evaluating the risks and deciding on precautions;
— recording findings and implementing them;
— reviewing the risk assessment frequently (e.g. daily) and amending it as necessary.
The risk assessment should take into account that site investigation workers are typically:
— exposed to weather extremes;
— exposed to physical hazards;
— sometimes exposed to other potential hazardous substances such as cement and adhesives;
— are often peripatetic (move between sites and possibly employers).
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ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
The risk assessment record should show:
— a proper check of the hazards was made;
— that those who might be affected have been identified;
— all the obvious significant hazards have been dealt with, taking into account the number of people
who could be involved;
— the control measures are acceptable, and the remaining risk is minimised;
— staff or their representatives were involved in the process;
— who carried out the risk assessment and their qualifications for this task.
NOTE 1 A common method for evaluating risks involves working out a risk level by categorizing the likelihood
of the harm and the potential severity of harm and then plotting these two risk-determining factors against each
other in a risk matrix (see Table 1). The risk level determines which risks should be tackled first.
Using a matrix can be very helpful for prioritizing actions. It is suitable for very many assessments but
particularly lends itself to more complex situations. However, it does require a fair degree of expertise
and experience to judge the likelihood of harm accurately. Getting this wrong could result in applying
unnecessary controls or failing to take important ones. People working full time in health and safety
often use a version of this method. It provides a good alternative to the “good practice” approach, i.e.
adopting practices that are widely recognized and set out in authoritative guidance.
Table 1 — Risk matrix
Potential severity of harm
Slightly harmful Harmful Extremely harmful
1 2 3
Highly unlikely Trivial Tolerable Moderate
1 1 2 3
Likelihood of harm Unlikely Tolerable Moderate Substantial
occurring 2 2 4 6
Likely Moderate Substantial Intolerable
3 3 6 9
NOTE 2 An example of a risk assessment for driven probe boring (window/windowless drilling) is provided in
Annex C.
5.3 Risk management
In order to achieve safe working conditions (i.e. to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum), the
employing organizations should adopt formal “policies” and operating frameworks requiring (see also
6.1 and 6.2):
— identification of hazards and evaluation of risks;
— avoidance of risks wherever possible;
— failing this, control of the risks through adoption of appropriate operating procedures;
— failing this, or in addition, the protection of individuals against unavoidable risks.
Employers should provide training and keep records of procedures adopted and of any incidents. It
might be necessary to establish health screening and surveillance programmes.
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
In order that appropriate risk reduction and management procedures can be identified on a site-specific
basis, those managing site investigations should:
— identify hazards;
— identify under what circumstances the hazards might present a risk;
— quantify the actual risks.
1)
In relation to contaminated sites, the importance of a preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-202 )
for identification of hazards from contamination and physically hazardous conditions is emphasized.
5.4 Identifying hazards
As indicated in 5.2, potential and actual hazards should be identified taking into account:
1)
— the history of the site as established in the preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-202 );
— the activities to be carried out on the site (e.g. exploratory and sampling techniques);
— the nature of the site (e.g. agricultural land, industrial land, forest);
— topography and other physical aspects such as waterlogging;
— weather/climate.
NOTE Clause 6 and Annex B provide information on the hazards that could be encountered in a variety of
situations including on agricultural and contaminated sites.
6 Safety precautions — General aspects
6.1 Safety policy
Any organization involved in site investigations and sampling should have a safety policy which sets
out the requirements for safe working. Adherence to the policy should be part of the conditions of
employment of all personnel. The policy should:
— emphasize the need for alertness and vigilance on the part of site personnel to protect themselves
from hazards during investigation and sampling;
— emphasize the requirement to follow standard operating procedures where these exist;
— describe the responsibilities of each member of the investigation team, including the responsibilities
to any subcontracted personnel and to the general public;
— require competency to be demonstrated and the evidence for this to be recorded;
— include a mandatory ban on smoking, eating or drinking while carrying out a sampling exercise or
other investigation on-site.
The policy should be supported by standard procedures setting out the requirements for safe working
in general, and in specific locations such as confined spaces. These standard procedures should include
the provision and use of protective clothing and equipment and the minimum number of personnel
that should be involved in site work. The standard procedures should also specify the requirements
for contacting local emergency services, methods of communication and methods of washing and
decontamination.
NOTE Employing organisations (i.e. clients) sometimes enforce their own safety policies through contractual
requirements on the organization(s) carrying out the investigation.
1) Under preparation.
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ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
6.2 Planning and managing for safety
To ensure the safety of personnel in site investigations or sampling exercises, it is necessary to plan and
manage for safety. This requires a combination of measures which should include as appropriate (see
also Table 2):
— compliance with company safety policy (see 6.1);
— preparation of a safety plan;
— appointment of an individual to take responsibility for implementation of the safety plan and
measures;
— clear assignment of responsibilities;
— provision of information to all concerned;
— provision of training;
— identification and assessment of the hazards arising from the site (see 5.3 and 5.4);
— avoidance of hazards where possible;
— selection of sampling methods with safety in mind;
— provision and use of personal protection equipment (see 6.4 and Table 2);
— provision of equipment for the detection of hazardous environments (see Table 2);
— adoption of appropriate working procedures and provision of supporting facilities as listed in
Table 2;
— health surveillance;
— consultation with managers of the site where works are to be undertaken regarding site conditions,
site works within the area for sampling and other issues which could be relevant to the general safety
of those undertaking the works (e.g. activities beyond the site boundary which could compromise
the site works, ground conditions, unreported incidents within the area of study).
Requirements and systems for controlling the exposure of workers to substances hazardous to health
shall be complied with. Precise requirements might differ, but often include a framework requiring:
— avoidance of exposur
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
01-julij-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHGHO 9DUQRVW
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 103: Safety
Qualité du sol - Échantillonnage - Partie 103: Sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18400-103:2017
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
SIST ISO 18400-103:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
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SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-103
First edition
2017-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103:
Safety
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 103: Sécurité
Reference number
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Preliminary considerations . 1
5 Concepts and processes . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Risk assessment . 3
5.3 Risk management . 4
5.4 Identifying hazards . 5
6 Safety precautions — General aspects . 5
6.1 Safety policy . 5
6.2 Planning and managing for safety . 6
6.3 Personnel . 7
6.4 Safety equipment . 7
7 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards.11
7.1 General .11
7.2 Personal protective equipment.11
7.3 Chemicals .11
7.4 Gases .12
7.5 Biological hazards (bacteria and viruses) .13
7.6 Radiation .13
7.7 Asbestos .13
7.8 Topography .13
7.9 Machines . .14
7.10 Buildings and other structures .15
7.11 Unexploded ordnance and other explosive hazards.15
7.12 Extreme weather conditions .16
8 Safety procedures — Specific activities .16
8.1 General .16
8.2 Protection of buildings and installations including underground utilities .16
8.3 Safety on agricultural sites (see also 6.4 and B.2) .17
8.4 Safety on contaminated sites (see also 6.4 and B.3) .17
8.4.1 Preliminary investigation and site reconnaissance .17
8.4.2 Field investigations — General.18
8.4.3 Field investigations — Soil gas .18
Annex A (informative) Routes of exposure to hazard .20
Annex B (informative) Potential on-site hazard relating to sampling and the area
of investigation .22
Annex C (informative) Example of risk assessment .29
Bibliography .30
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
This first edition of ISO 18400-103 cancels and replaces ISO 10381-3:2001, which has been technically
and structurally revised. The ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared
to ISO 10381-3 clause by clause.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Introduction
This document is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary (the role/position of the International Standards within the total Investigation
programme is shown in Figure 1).
It deals with safety during sampling and other soil investigation activities. International and national
regulations regarding health and safety at work and associated guidance produced by statutory bodies
and trade associations could exist and may need to be taken into account.
It does not seek to address everyday hazards that could arise from the use of such items as sharp
instruments, digging/drilling equipment, nor the hazards of driving to a site location. It is assumed
that such hazards are satisfactorily dealt with by the personnel carrying out the investigation and the
sampling.
Former production sites for munitions and other warfare agents present special problems to
investigators and others involved in handling samples collected at such locations. The guidance given
in this document will be of assistance in these situations, but additional guidance about the precautions
to be taken should be obtained from specialists, such as those responsible for the former operation of
these sites.
Geological and geotechnical investigations are outside of the scope of this document and for detailed
guidance, reference is to be made to other relevant International Standards. However, soil quality
investigations may sometimes be combined with geotechnical investigations for practical reasons and
for economy and thus specific hazards and risks associated with geotechnical investigations might
need to be addressed in the overall risk assessment.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
NOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.
NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-103:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103:
Safety
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for:
— identification of hazards that could be encountered during a site investigation and when collecting
samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling
operation (e.g. physical hazards) in addition to the hazards that might arise, e.g. from contamination
with chemicals or biological agents;
— measures to be adopted to control risks once an appropriate risk assessment has been carried out.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
4 Preliminary considerations
The main objectives of this guidance on safety are to:
a) identify the hazards that could exist when carrying out site investigations and soil sampling
programmes,
b) indicate management procedures to provide a framework for safe working,
c) indicate what working procedures can be adopted to minimize risks from contaminants, physical
and other hazards associated with the collection of samples and the use of machinery, and
d) indicate what precautions can be taken in terms of personal protection and cleaning facilities to
minimize any risks.
It is not possible, in a guidance document such as this, to identify all the hazards that could be
encountered during site work, or to provide guidance on how the associated risks can be dealt with in
all situations. Safety depends ultimately on the adoption of an attitude and approach to any particular
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situation that will ensure that the hazards are identified and properly evaluated and appropriate
precautions taken.
Those authorizing, purchasing, designing and supervising works, the employers, and those carrying
out the work have a joint responsibility for safety. This responsibility extends beyond protection of the
workforce to include the general public who are living or working close to the site to be investigated, or
who might enter the site, with or without permission, while the works are in progress.
In all daily activities, there is an element of risk and this risk is increased when the environment is
unfamiliar. Even sampling an agricultural area involves an increased risk to the sampler because the
nature of the ground and possible hazards are not necessarily known to the sampler.
When examining a site for contamination, the risks are increased due to the presence of chemicals,
compounds and agents which present a hazard to human health. When examining a former industrial
site, the risk of physical injury can be increased because of the possibility of voids and cavities
(physical hazards) beneath ground level which might not have been properly filled in. Cavities can also
be present where there has been underground combustion (for example, in refuse sites and colliery
waste disposal sites).
Physical injury is also possible in any sampling situation where machinery is being used. Even minor
injuries can provide a pathway for toxic substances and pathogens to enter the body.
Care should be taken to ensure the safety of the investigator when a preliminary site visit (site
reconnaissance) is carried out prior to commencing the full site investigation, particularly as all
potential hazards might not have been identified at that time.
At most active construction and industrial sites, special safety instructions are in effect. In addition,
regulations could exist and may need to be taken into account on site. When relevant, the sampler
should be informed before entering the site.
If during the site reconnaissance carried out as part of a preliminary investigation anything is seen that
is considered likely to pose an immediate threat to human health and safety or the environment, this
should be reported immediately to whoever is in control of the site so that any essential urgent action
can be taken.
NOTE 1 There might be a duty under health and safety legislation and/or a professional code of conduct to
do this.
When the site surface prior to the investigation is obviously contaminated, or presents a general
environmental problem due to exposure of humans or animals, and there is the possibility of dispersal
of contaminated dust or water pollution, in addition to taking precautions to minimize disturbance and
dispersal of contamination during the site investigation, the situation should be brought to the attention
of the landowner and authorities as appropriate, so that preventative measures can be implemented.
In addition to the guidance provided in this document, guidance can be found in:
— international and national legislation and associated guidance;
— industry codes of practice;
— safety documentation produced by employing companies and other organisations;
— site-specific safety instructions.
Some guidance document that might be relevant are listed in the Bibliography.
[7]
BS OHSAS 18001 specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety management system to
enable an organization to control its occupational health and safety risks and improve its occupational
[8]
health and safety performance. Guidelines for its implementation are provided in BS OHSAS 18002 .
[7] [2] [3]
BS OHSAS 18001 is designed to be compatible with ISO 9001 (Quality) and ISO 14001
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(Environmental) management systems standards to facilitate the integration of quality, environmental
and safety management systems by organizations, should they wish to do so.
[7]
NOTE 2 BS OHSAS 18001 is the internationally recognized assessment specification for occupational health
and safety management systems. It was developed with the assistance of a range of national standardization
bodies, regulatory and certification bodies, and trade bodies to address a gap where no third-party certifiable
International Standard currently exists. It is planned that the future ISO 45001 will replace BS OHSAS 18001.
5 Concepts and processes
5.1 General
In order to properly address health and safety at work, it is necessary to
— identify hazards, i.e. anything with the potential to cause harm, (this can include substances or
machines, methods of work and other aspects of the work organization),
— identify and quantify risks, i.e. the likelihood that a particular hazard might cause harm to those
exposed to it and the consequences for them (risk therefore reflects both the likelihood that harm
will occur and its severity),
— carry out a risk assessment (a careful examination of what could cause harm to people), to determine
whether sufficient has been done (precautions taken) to manage the risks or what further needs to
be done to prevent harm, and
— manage the risks by assessing them, putting sensible health and safety measures in place to control
them and then making sure they work in practice (a process usually termed “risk management”).
5.2 Risk assessment
A risk assessment should be carried out by an appropriately qualified person before any sampling or
other investigation activities, including a site reconnaissance, are carried out as part of a preliminary
investigation. This is particularly important on former industrial sites and waste disposal sites. If
site reconnaissance forms part of the preliminary investigation, the risk assessment should be based
on the results of the desk study. It might be possible to refine the assessment once the preliminary
investigation is completed, and it should be kept under review as the investigation proceeds.
Risk assessment typically involves:
— identification of the hazards;
— deciding who or what might be harmed and how;
— evaluating the risks and deciding on precautions;
— recording findings and implementing them;
— reviewing the risk assessment frequently (e.g. daily) and amending it as necessary.
The risk assessment should take into account that site investigation workers are typically:
— exposed to weather extremes;
— exposed to physical hazards;
— sometimes exposed to other potential hazardous substances such as cement and adhesives;
— are often peripatetic (move between sites and possibly employers).
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The risk assessment record should show:
— a proper check of the hazards was made;
— that those who might be affected have been identified;
— all the obvious significant hazards have been dealt with, taking into account the number of people
who could be involved;
— the control measures are acceptable, and the remaining risk is minimised;
— staff or their representatives were involved in the process;
— who carried out the risk assessment and their qualifications for this task.
NOTE 1 A common method for evaluating risks involves working out a risk level by categorizing the likelihood
of the harm and the potential severity of harm and then plotting these two risk-determining factors against each
other in a risk matrix (see Table 1). The risk level determines which risks should be tackled first.
Using a matrix can be very helpful for prioritizing actions. It is suitable for very many assessments but
particularly lends itself to more complex situations. However, it does require a fair degree of expertise
and experience to judge the likelihood of harm accurately. Getting this wrong could result in applying
unnecessary controls or failing to take important ones. People working full time in health and safety
often use a version of this method. It provides a good alternative to the “good practice” approach, i.e.
adopting practices that are widely recognized and set out in authoritative guidance.
Table 1 — Risk matrix
Potential severity of harm
Slightly harmful Harmful Extremely harmful
1 2 3
Highly unlikely Trivial Tolerable Moderate
1 1 2 3
Likelihood of harm Unlikely Tolerable Moderate Substantial
occurring 2 2 4 6
Likely Moderate Substantial Intolerable
3 3 6 9
NOTE 2 An example of a risk assessment for driven probe boring (window/windowless drilling) is provided in
Annex C.
5.3 Risk management
In order to achieve safe working conditions (i.e. to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum), the
employing organizations should adopt formal “policies” and operating frameworks requiring (see also
6.1 and 6.2):
— identification of hazards and evaluation of risks;
— avoidance of risks wherever possible;
— failing this, control of the risks through adoption of appropriate operating procedures;
— failing this, or in addition, the protection of individuals against unavoidable risks.
Employers should provide training and keep records of procedures adopted and of any incidents. It
might be necessary to establish health screening and surveillance programmes.
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In order that appropriate risk reduction and management procedures can be identified on a site-specific
basis, those managing site investigations should:
— identify hazards;
— identify under what circumstances the hazards might present a risk;
— quantify the actual risks.
1)
In relation to contaminated sites, the importance of a preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-202 )
for identification of hazards from contamination and physically hazardous conditions is emphasized.
5.4 Identifying hazards
As indicated in 5.2, potential and actual hazards should be identified taking into account:
1)
— the history of the site as established in the preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-202 );
— the activities to be carried out on the site (e.g. exploratory and sampling techniques);
— the nature of the site (e.g. agricultural land, industrial land, forest);
— topography and other physical aspects such as waterlogging;
— weather/climate.
NOTE Clause 6 and Annex B provide information on the hazards that could be encountered in a variety of
situations including on agricultural and contaminated sites.
6 Safety precautions — General aspects
6.1 Safety policy
Any organization involved in site investigations and sampling should have a safety policy which sets
out the requirements for safe working. Adherence to the policy should be part of the conditions of
employment of all personnel. The policy should:
— emphasize the need for alertness and vigilance on the part of site personnel to protect themselves
from hazards during investigation and sampling;
— emphasize the requirement to follow standard operating procedures where these exist;
— describe the responsibilities of each member of the investigation team, including the responsibilities
to any subcontracted personnel and to the general public;
— require competency to be demonstrated and the evidence for this to be recorded;
— include a mandatory ban on smoking, eating or drinking while carrying out a sampling exercise or
other investigation on-site.
The policy should be supported by standard procedures setting out the requirements for safe working
in general, and in specific locations such as confined spaces. These standard procedures should include
the provision and use of protective clothing and equipment and the minimum number of personnel
that should be involved in site work. The standard procedures should also specify the requirements
for contacting local emergency services, methods of communication and methods of washing and
decontamination.
NOTE Employing organisations (i.e. clients) sometimes enforce their own safety policies through contractual
requirements on the organization(s) carrying out the investigation.
1) Under preparation.
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6.2 Planning and managing for safety
To ensure the safety of personnel in site investigations or sampling exercises, it is necessary to plan and
manage for safety. This requires a combination of measures which should include as appropriate (see
also Table 2):
— compliance with company safety policy (see 6.1);
— preparation of a safety plan;
— appointment of an individual to take responsibility for implementation of the safety plan and
measures;
— clear assignment of responsibilities;
— provision of information to all concerned;
— provision of training;
— identification and assessment of the hazards arising from the site (see 5.3 and 5.4);
— avoidance of hazards where possib
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 18400-103
Première édition
2017-01
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 103:
Sécurité
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103: Safety
Numéro de référence
ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
©
ISO 2017
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ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2017, Publié en Suisse
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ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Considérations préliminaires . 1
5 Concepts et processus . 3
5.1 Généralités . 3
5.2 Évaluation des risques. 3
5.3 Gestion des risques . 5
5.4 Identification des dangers . 5
6 Mesures de sécurité ― Aspects généraux . 5
6.1 Politique de sécurité . 5
6.2 Planification et gestion de la sécurité . 6
6.3 Personnel . 7
6.4 Équipements de sécurité . 8
7 Mesures de sécurité contre les dangers spécifiques .12
7.1 Généralités .12
7.2 Équipements de protection individuelle .12
7.3 Produits chimiques .12
7.4 Les gaz .14
7.5 Dangers d’origine biologique (bactéries et virus) .14
7.6 Les rayonnements .15
7.7 L’amiante .15
7.8 La topographie .15
7.9 Par rapport aux machines .16
7.10 Bâtiments et autres structures .17
7.11 Munitions explosives non explosées et autres dangers d’explosion .18
7.12 Conditions météorologiques extrêmes .18
8 Procédures de sécurité ― Activités spécifiques .18
8.1 Généralités .18
8.2 Protection des bâtiments et des installations, y compris les canalisations et
câbles enterrés .19
8.3 Sécurité sur les sites agricoles (voir également 6.4 et B.2) .19
8.4 Sécurité sur les sites pollués (voir également 6.4 et B.3).20
8.4.1 Diagnostic préliminaire et reconnaissance du site .20
8.4.2 Investigations de terrain ― Généralités .20
8.4.3 Investigations de terrain – Gaz de sol .21
Annexe A (informative) Voies d’exposition au danger .23
Annexe B (informative) Dangers potentiels sur le site liés à l’échantillonnage et à la
zone d’investigation .26
Annexe C (informative) Exemple d’évaluation des risques .34
Bibliographie .36
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ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/ directives).
L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion
de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: w w w . i s o .org/ avant -propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,
Échantillonnage.
Cette première édition de l’ISO 18400-103 annule et remplace l’ISO 10381-3:2001, qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique et structurelle. La série de l’ISO 18400 est fondée sur une structure modulaire et ne
peut être comparée, article par article, à l’ISO 10381-3.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 18400 se trouve sur le site Web de l’ISO.
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ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
Introduction
Le présent document fait partie d’une série de normes internationales destinées à être utilisées
ensemble si nécessaire (le rôle/la fonction des Normes internationales au sein du programme
d’investigation global est illustré(e) à la Figure 1).
Elle traite de la sécurité durant l’échantillonnage et d’autres activités d’investigation des sols. Des
réglementations internationales et nationales applicables en matière de santé et de sécurité au travail
et des directives associées émanant d’organismes réglementaires et d’associations professionnelles
peuvent exister et devoir être prises en compte.
Elle n’a pas pour objectif de traiter des dangers courants liés à l’utilisation d’articles tels que des
instruments acérés, du matériel de forage/creusement, ni aux dangers liés à la circulation des véhicules
vers un site d’investigation. Il est supposé que de tels dangers sont traités de manière satisfaisante par
le personnel réalisant l’investigation et l’échantillonnage.
Les anciens sites de production de munitions et autres matériels militaires posent des problèmes
particuliers aux investigateurs et autres personnes impliquées dans la manipulation des échantillons
prélevés dans de tels endroits. Les lignes directrices données dans le présent document seront utiles
dans de telles situations, mais il convient que des lignes directrices supplémentaires sur les précautions
à prendre soient obtenues auprès des spécialistes responsables de l’exploitation antérieure de ces sites.
Les activités de reconnaissance géologique et géotechnique ne relèvent pas du domaine d’application
du présent document et, pour des informations détaillées, il est nécessaire de se référer à d’autres
normes internationales appropriées. Toutefois, les investigations de qualité du sol peuvent être parfois
combinées à des investigations géotechniques pour des raisons d’ordre pratique et économique et, par
conséquent, les dangers et les risques spécifiques associés aux investigations géotechniques peuvent
devoir être pris en compte dans l’évaluation globale des risques.
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ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
NOTE 1 Les chiffres figurant dans les cercles de la Figure 1 définissent les éléments clés (1 à 7) du programme
d’investigation.
NOTE 2 La Figure 1 présente un processus générique qui peut être modifié si nécessaire.
Figure 1 — Liens entre les éléments essentiels d’un programme d’investigation
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 103:
Sécurité
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices concernant:
— les dangers pouvant être rencontrés lors d’une investigation de site et lors du prélèvement
d’échantillons de sols et d’autres matériaux du sol, y compris les dangers inhérents aux opérations
d’échantillonnage (par exemple, dangers physiques) en plus des dangers liés, par exemple, à la
contamination par des produits chimiques ou des agents biologiques;
— les mesures à adopter pour maîtriser les risques après avoir procédé à une évaluation appropriée
des risques.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des
exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 11074, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l’ISO 11074.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .iso .org/ obp
4 Considérations préliminaires
Les objectifs principaux des présentes lignes directrices concernant la sécurité sont les suivants:
a) identifier les dangers pouvant exister lors d’une investigation de site et de programmes
d’échantillonnage de sol;
b) indiquer des procédures de gestion afin de fournir un cadre de travail en sécurité;
c) indiquer que des procédures de travail peuvent être adoptées pour réduire autant que possible
les risques liés aux polluants, les dangers physiques et autres dangers associés au prélèvement
d’échantillons et à l’utilisation de machines; et
d) indiquer les précautions à prendre concernant la protection individuelle et les dispositifs de
nettoyage afin de réduire autant que possible les risques éventuels.
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ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
Il n’est pas possible, dans des lignes directrices fournies dans un document tel que celui-ci, d’identifier
tous les dangers susceptibles d’être rencontrés lors de travaux sur un site, ni de fournir des informations
sur la manière dont il convient de traiter les risques associés dans toutes les situations. La sécurité
dépend finalement, dans toute situation particulière, de l’adoption d’une attitude et d’une approche
qui donnent l’assurance que les dangers sont identifiés, correctement évalués, et que les précautions
appropriées sont prises.
Les personnes qui autorisent, conçoivent et supervisent les travaux, les employeurs et le personnel qui
effectue(nt) le travail ont tous une responsabilité collective vis-à-vis de la sécurité. Cette responsabilité
s’étend, au-delà du personnel impliqué dans les travaux, au grand public, qu’il habite ou travaille à
proximité du site à étudier, ou qu’il soit susceptible de pénétrer sur le site avec ou sans autorisation
pendant les travaux.
Dans toutes les activités journalières, il existe un facteur de risque et ce risque augmente dans un
environnement inconnu. Même lors de l’échantillonnage d’une zone agricole, il existe un risque plus
important pour l’échantillonneur, car cette personne ne connaît pas nécessairement la nature du sol et
les dangers éventuels.
Lors d’une recherche de pollution sur un site, les risques sont accrus suite à la présence de produits
chimiques, de composés et agents présentant un danger pour la santé humaine. Lors de l’examen d’un
site industriel ancien, les risques de blessure sont importants car il peut exister des cavités et des vides
souterrains (dangers physiques) imparfaitement comblés. Des poches peuvent aussi exister à cause
de combustions souterraines (par exemple dans des décharges et des sites de stockage de produits
résiduels de houillères).
Le risque de préjudice physique existe aussi dans toute situation d’échantillonnage où des machines
sont utilisées. Même des blessures mineures peuvent permettre à des substances toxiques et à des
agents pathogènes de pénétrer dans le corps.
Il convient de prendre des précautions pour assurer la sécurité de l’investigateur lorsqu’une visite de
site préliminaire (reconnaissance de site) est effectuée avant le début de l’investigation complète du site,
étant donné, en particulier, que tous les dangers potentiels peuvent ne pas avoir été identifiés à ce stade.
Sur la plupart des sites industriels et de construction, des instructions de sécurité particulières sont
en vigueur. De plus, des réglementations peuvent exister et devoir être prises en compte sur le site. Il
convient, le cas échéant, que l’échantillonneur soit informé avant de pénétrer sur le site.
Si, au cours de la reconnaissance du site effectuée dans le cadre d’un diagnostic préliminaire, on
considère que des éléments sont susceptibles de constituer une menace immédiate pour la santé et la
sécurité humaine ou pour l’environnement, il convient de signaler cela immédiatement au responsable
du site afin qu’il puisse entreprendre d’urgence toutes les actions nécessaires.
NOTE 1 Il est possible qu’une législation en matière de santé et de sécurité et/ou un code de déontologie exige
d’entreprendre de telles actions.
Si, avant l’investigation, la surface du site semble de toute évidence contaminée, ou si elle présente un
problème environnemental général dû à l’exposition d’êtres humains ou d’animaux et s’il y a un risque
de dispersion de poussière contaminée ou de déversement d’eau polluée, il convient non seulement de
prendre les précautions nécessaires pour limiter autant que possible le remaniement et la propagation
de la pollution durant l’étude du site, mais également de signaler cette situation au propriétaire du
terrain et aux autorités selon le cas, afin que des actions préventives puissent être mises en œuvre.
En plus des lignes directrices fournies dans le présent document, d’autres lignes directrices sont
disponibles dans:
— la législation internationale et nationale ainsi que dans les lignes directrices associées;
— les codes de pratique industrielle;
— les documents relatifs à la sécurité élaborés par les entreprises et d’autres organisations;
2 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
— les instructions de sécurité spécifiques du site.
Une liste de quelques documents de référence éventuellement pertinents est fournie dans la
Bibliographie.
[7]
La BS OHSAS 18001 spécifie les exigences relatives à un système de management de la santé et de la
sécurité au travail, destinées à permettre à une organisation de maîtriser les risques pour la santé et la
sécurité au travail de ses employés et d’améliorer ses performances en matière de santé et de sécurité
[8]
au travail. Des lignes directrices pour sa mise en œuvre sont fournies dans la BS OHSAS 18002 .
[7] [2] [3]
La BS OHSAS 18001 est destinée à être compatible avec l’ISO 9001 (Qualité) et l’ISO 14001
(Environnemental), afin de faciliter l’intégration des systèmes de management de la qualité, de
management environnemental et de management de la sécurité, par les organisations, si celles-ci
souhaitent le faire.
[7]
NOTE 2 La BS OHSAS 18001 est la spécification, reconnue internationalement, d’évaluation des systèmes de
management de la santé et de la sécurité au travail. Elle a été élaborée avec le concours de plusieurs organismes
nationaux de normalisation, d’organismes de réglementation et de certification, ainsi que d’organismes
professionnels pour traiter un écart lorsqu’aucune Norme internationale certifiable par une tierce partie n’est
actuellement disponible. Il est prévu que la future ISO 45001 remplacera la BS OHSAS 18001.
5 Concepts et processus
5.1 Généralités
Afin que la santé et la sécurité au travail soient correctement prises en compte, il est nécessaire:
— d’identifier les dangers, c’est-à-dire toute entité susceptible de causer un préjudice (ceci pouvant
comprendre des substances ou des machines, des méthodes de travail et d’autres aspects de
l’organisation du travail);
— d’identifier et de quantifier les risques, c’est-à-dire la probabilité qu’un danger particulier puisse
causer un préjudice aux personnes exposées à un tel danger et les conséquences pour ces personnes
(le risque reflète donc à la fois la probabilité d’occurrence d’un préjudice et sa gravité);
— de réaliser une évaluation des risques (un examen approfondi de ce qui serait susceptible de causer
un préjudice à des personnes), afin de déterminer si le nécessaire a été fait (précautions prises) pour
gérer les risques ou ce qui doit être fait dorénavant pour éviter le préjudice; et
— de gérer les risques en procédant à leur évaluation, à la mise en place de mesures raisonnables en
matière de santé et de sécurité pour maîtriser les risques et en s’assurant que ces mesures sont
effectivement appliquées (processus habituellement appelé «management du risque»).
5.2 Évaluation des risques
Il convient qu’une évaluation des risques soit effectuée par une personne dûment qualifiée, avant
la réalisation de toute activité d’échantillonnage ou autre activité d’investigation, y compris une
reconnaissance du site, dans le cadre d’un diagnostic préliminaire. Cela est particulièrement important
sur d’anciens sites industriels et sur des sites de décharge des déchets. Si une reconnaissance du site
fait partie du diagnostic préliminaire, il convient que l’investigation soit fondée sur les résultats de la
recherche documentaire. Une fois le diagnostic préliminaire effectué, il est possible d’affiner l’évaluation
et il convient de réexaminer celle-ci au fur et à mesure du déroulement de l’investigation.
En règle générale, une évaluation des risques implique:
— l’identification des dangers;
— la détermination des personnes ou des objets susceptibles de subir un préjudice, et la manière dont
ils pourraient le subir;
— l’appréciation des risques et la décision concernant les précautions à prendre;
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— l’enregistrement des observations faites ainsi que leur mise en œuvre;
— la revue fréquente de l’évaluation des risques (par exemple, quotidiennement) et sa modification, si
nécessaire.
Il convient que l’évaluation des risques tienne compte du fait que les personnes travaillant dans le cadre
de l’investigation du site sont, en règle générale:
— exposées aux intempéries;
— exposées aux dangers physiques;
— parfois exposées à d’autres substances potentiellement dangereuses, telles que ciment et adhésifs;
— sont souvent itinérantes (se déplacent entre les sites et travaillent éventuellement pour différents
employeurs).
Il convient que l’enregistrement de l’évaluation des risques souligne:
— une vérification correcte des dangers a été effectuée;
— les personnes susceptibles d’être exposées à ces dangers ont été identifiées;
— tous les dangers significatifs évidents ont été pris en considération, y compris le nombre de
personnes susceptibles d’être concernées;
— les mesures de contrôle sont acceptables et le risque résiduel est réduit au minimum;
— le personnel ou ses représentants ont été impliqués dans le processus;
— les personnes qui ont réalisé l’évaluation des risques et leurs qualifications pour exécuter cette tâche.
NOTE 1 Une méthode commune d’évaluation des risques implique la détermination d’un niveau de risque
par catégorisation de la probabilité d’occurrence du préjudice et de la gravité potentielle de celui-ci, ainsi que le
report de la relation entre ces deux facteurs de détermination des risques dans une matrice de classement des
risques (voir Tableau 1). Le niveau de risque détermine les risques qu’il convient de maîtriser en premier.
L’utilisation d’une matrice peut être très utile pour le classement des actions par ordre de priorité.
Cette matrice convient pour de très nombreuses évaluations, mais elle ne se prête pas aisément à des
situations plus complexes. Cependant, elle nécessite un niveau raisonnable d’expertise et d’expérience
pour juger avec exactitude la probabilité d’occurrence d’un préjudice. Une utilisation erronée de
cette méthode pourrait conduire à effectuer des contrôles inutiles ou à en omettre d’autres pourtant
importants. Les personnes travaillant à plein temps dans le domaine de la santé et de la sécurité
utilisent souvent une version de cette méthode. Elle fournit une bonne alternative à l’approche fondée
sur la «bonne pratique», à savoir l’adoption de pratiques largement reconnues et énoncées dans des
directives émanant d’organismes réglementaires.
Tableau 1 — Matrice de classement des risques
Gravité potentielle du préjudice
Légèrement préjudi- Extrêmement préju-
Préjudiciable
ciable diciable
2
1 3
Très improbable Insignifiant Tolérable Modéré
1 1 2 3
Probabilité d’occur- Improbable Tolérable Modéré Important
rence du préjudice 2 2 4 6
Probable Modéré Important Intolérable
3 3 6 9
NOTE 2 Un exemple d’évaluation des risques pour le forage par sondes contrôlées (carottier avec fenêtre/sans
fenêtre) est fourni dans l’Annexe C.
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5.3 Gestion des risques
Afin d’assurer des conditions de travail en toute sécurité (c’est-à-dire afin de réduire les risques à un
niveau minimal acceptable), il convient que les organisations commanditaires adoptent des «politiques»
formelles et des cadres de mise en œuvre exigeant (voir également 6.1 et 6.2):
— l’identification des dangers et l’appréciation des risques;
— la prévention des risques, dans la mesure du possible;
— à défaut, le contrôle des risques par l’adaptation des procédures opérationnelles appropriées;
— à défaut, ou en plus, la protection des personnes contre les risques inévitables.
Il convient que les employeurs assurent la formation des employés et conservent des enregistrements
des procédures adoptées et des incidents éventuels. Il peut être nécessaire d’établir des programmes de
dépistage et de surveillance sanitaires.
Afin que des procédures appropriées de gestion et de réduction des risques puissent être identifiées sur
une base spécifique au site, il convient que les personnes responsables de la gestion du site:
— identifient les dangers;
— identifient les circonstances dans lesquelles les dangers sont susceptibles de présenter un risque;
— quantifient les risques réels.
En ce qui concerne les sites pollués, l’accent est mis sur l’importance d’un diagnostic préliminaire
1)
(voir l’ISO 18400-202 ) pour l’identification des dangers liés à la pollution et aux conditions dangereuses
physiquement.
5.4 Identification des dangers
Comme indiqué en 5.2, il convient que les dangers potentiels et les dangers réels soient identifiés en
tenant compte:
1)
— de l’historique du site tel qu’il a été établi lors du diagnostic préliminaire (voir l’ISO 18400-202 );
— des activités à entreprendre
...
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