Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind — Radar wind profiler

This document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of a WPR. It describes the following: — Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing the information necessary for describing the guidelines in Clauses 6 to 11. — Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency, hardware, software, and signal processing are described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the hardware and software of WPR. — Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation. — Guidelines for quality control (QC) in digital signal processing (Clause 8). — Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described. — Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11). This document does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement principle, WPR systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, users are referred to technical books (e.g. References [1],[2],[3]). WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g. radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.

Météorologie — Télédétection du vent basée au sol — Profileur de vent radar

Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices pour la conception, la fabrication, l'installation et la maintenance des RPV. Il décrit les points suivants: — principe de mesurage (Article 5). Les diffuseurs produisant les échos et les méthodes de mesure de la vitesse du vent sont décrits. La description du principe de mesurage a pour objet principal de fournir les informations nécessaires à la description des lignes directrices des Articles 6 à 11; — lignes directrices pour le système RPV (Article 6). La fréquence, le matériel, les logiciels et le traitement du signal sont décrits. Ceux-ci sont principalement appliqués dans le cadre de la conception et de la fabrication du matériel et des logiciels du RPV; — lignes directrices pour les performances du système (Article 7). La résolution des mesures, l'échantillonnage en distance, l'évaluation de la sensibilité du radar et la précision des mesures sont décrits. Ceux-ci peuvent être utilisés pour estimer la performance de mesurage de la conception et du fonctionnement d'un système RPV; — lignes directrices de contrôle de la qualité (CQ) dans le traitement numérique du signal (Article 8); — lignes directrices de produits de mesurage et de format de données (Article 9). Les produits de mesurage obtenus par un RPV et leurs niveaux de données sont définis. Les lignes directrices de formats de fichiers de données sont également décrites; — lignes directrices d'installation (Article 10) et de maintenance (Article 11). Le présent document n'a pas pour vocation de donner une description détaillée du principe de mesurage, des systèmes RPV et des applications RPV. Pour de plus amples informations sur ces points, il convient que les utilisateurs consultent les livrets techniques (par exemple,[1],[2],[3]). Les RPV sont appelés par différents noms (par exemple, profileur de vent radar, radar atmosphérique, ou radar Doppler en air clair). Il convient que les noms conventionnels des RPV soient autorisés.

Meteorologija - Daljinsko zaznavanje vetra na tleh - Radar za profiliranje vetra

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ISO/TC 146/SC 5 - Meteorology

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FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 23032
ISO/TC 146/SC 5
Meteorology — Ground-based remote
Secretariat: DIN
sensing of wind — Radar wind profiler
Voting begins on:
2021-12-13
Météorologie — Télédétection du vent basée au sol — Profileur de
vent
Voting terminates on:
2022-02-07
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Symbols and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................................1

4.1 Symbols ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4.2 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5 Measurement principle ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo ............................................................................................................................................. 3

5.2 Sources of received signals .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2.1 Turbulent scattering and partial reflection ............................................................................................... 7

5.2.2 Echo in precipitation ........................................................................................................................................... ............ 9

5.2.3 Clutter .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

5.2.4 Interference from radio sources ....................................................................................................................... 10

5.3 Methods of wind velocity measurement ...................................................................................................................... 10

5.3.1 General aspects ................................................................................................................................................................ 10

5.3.2 Doppler beam swinging (DBS)............................................................................................................................ 10

5.3.3 Spaced antenna (SA) ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

6 WPR system ............................................................................................................................................................................................................19

6.1 Frequency ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19

6.2 Hardware and software .............................................................................................................................................................. 20

6.2.1 Principal components ................................................................................................................................................. 20

6.2.2 Signal processing ............................................................................................................................................................ 21

6.2.3 Antenna ................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

6.2.4 Transmitter ..........................................................................................................................................................................29

6.2.5 Receiver ...................................................................................................................................................................................34

6.2.6 Signal processing unit ................................................................................................................................................. 42

6.2.7 Observation control unit .......................................................................................................................................... 45

6.2.8 Consideration on environmental conditions .......................................................................................... 45

6.3 Resolution enhancement and clutter mitigation using adaptive signal processing ..............46

6.3.1 Range imaging (frequency domain interferometry) .......................................................................46

6.3.2 Coherent radar imaging (spatial domain interferometry) .................. .......................................50

6.3.3 Adaptive clutter suppression (ACS) ............................................................................................................... 53

7 System performance .....................................................................................................................................................................................56

7.1 Resolution ................................................................................................................................................................................................56

7.1.1 Range resolution .................. .................................................... ........................................................................................56

7.1.2 Volume resolution .......................................................................................................................................................... 57

7.1.3 Time resolution................................................................................................................................................................. 57

7.1.4 Nyquist frequency and frequency resolution of Doppler spectrum ..................................58

7.2 Range sampling ...................................................................................................................................................................................58

7.3 Radar sensitivity and measurement range ................................................................................................................ 59

7.4 Measurement accuracy ................................................................................................................................................................63

7.4.1 Requirements .....................................................................................................................................................................63

7.4.2 Validation using other means ..............................................................................................................................63

8 Quality control (QC) in digital signal processing ...........................................................................................................64

9 Products and data format .......................................................................................................................................................................65

9.1 Products and data processing levels ................................................................................................................................65

9.2 Data format .............................................................................................................................................................................................66

9.2.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................................................66

9.2.2 Operational data format (WMO BUFR) .......................................................................................................66

iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)

9.2.3 Scientific data format (NetCDF) ........................................................................................................................66

9.2.4 Data format defined by user and/or supplier ........................................................................................ 67

9.2.5 Other recommendations ........................................................................................................................................... 67

10 Installation ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................68

10.1 General aspects ...................................................................................................................................................................................68

10.2 Land ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................68

10.3 Licensing of radio wave transmission ............................................................................................................................68

10.4 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................................................................................68

10.5 Clutter .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

10.6 Interference from radio sources .......................................................................................................................................... 69

11 System monitoring and maintenance.........................................................................................................................................70

11.1 General aspects ................................................................................................................................................................................... 70

11.2 Operational status monitoring.............................................................................................................................................. 70

11.3 Preventive maintenance ............................................................................................................................................................. 71

11.4 Corrective maintenance ..............................................................................................................................................................73

11.5 Measuring instruments ...............................................................................................................................................................73

11.6 Policy for spare parts.....................................................................................................................................................................73

11.7 Software ....................................................................................................................................................................................................73

Annex A (informative) Example of parameters can be configured by an operator ........................................74

Annex B (informative) General representation of the radar equation for monostatic radar..............77

Annex C (informative) Reflectivity of precipitation echo ..........................................................................................................79

Annex D (informative) Impacts of assimilating wind products obtained by WPRs in

atmospheric models ......................................................................................................................................................................................80

Annex E (informative) Quality management of the WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and

Data Acquisition System) of the Japan Meteorological Agency .......................................................................81

Annex F (informative) Example of data processing levels of data other than those typically

used by the end users ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................82

Annex G (informative) Data format for Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)’s wind profiler

using BUFR4 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................83

Annex H (informative) Data format for Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)’s wind profiler

using netCDF4 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................86

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................91

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bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

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www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 5,

Meteorology.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Introduction

Radar wind profiler, also referred to as wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar, or

clear-air Doppler radar (hereafter abbreviated to WPR) is an instrument that measures height profiles

of wind velocity in clear air. WPR detects echoes produced by perturbations of the radio refractive

index with a scale half of the radar wavelength (i.e., Bragg scale). The mechanism of radio wave

scattering in clear air was theoretically and experimentally understood in the 1960s. Since the 1970s,

large-sized Doppler radars for observing wind and turbulence in the mesosphere, stratosphere, and

the troposphere (MST radars) have been developed. Owing to their capability of measuring wind and

turbulence with excellent time and height resolution, they have made great contributions to describing

and clarifying the dynamical processes in the atmosphere.

Based on the MST radars, WPRs have been developed mainly since the 1980s. WPRs are designed for

measuring wind velocity predominantly in the troposphere, including the atmospheric boundary layer.

The measurement principle of WPRs are the same used in MST radars but a WPR is frequently smaller

in size than a typical MST radar. WPR can measure wind profiles in both a clear and cloudy atmosphere.

In order to monitor and forecast meteorological phenomena, nationwide operational WPR networks

have been constructed by meteorological agencies. Operational WPRs contribute to improving weather

forecast accuracy through assimilation of their wind products into numerical weather prediction

models used by meteorological agencies. Wind products obtained by operational WPRs are distributed

globally. Further applications of WPRs include the measurement of wind profiles in the vicinity of

airports to enable or improve wind shear warnings. The use of WPRs can improve an airport’s ability

to safely depart and land aircraft. WPRs are also used to analyse or predict the diffusion of pollutants.

In addition, WPRs are widely used by government agencies and various industries, including chemical

plants, mines, and power plants, to control emission levels or for computation of nowcast trajectories

during emergency situations. The high-quality wind products of WPRs are also widely used in

atmospheric research. Therefore, WPRs are an indispensable means for observing wind profiles

continuously in time and height. By additionally using radio acoustic sounding system, WPRs can

measure height profiles of virtual temperature.

In order to attain and retain high quality wind products, WPRs shall be designed, manufactured,

and maintained with state-of-the-art knowledge and ensured measurement capability. Aiming at

ensuring measurement capability of WPRs, this document provides guidelines in design, manufacture,

installation, and maintenance of WPRs.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
1 Scope

This document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of a

WPR. It describes the following:

— Measurement principle (Clause 5). Scatterers that produce echoes and methods of wind velocity

measurement are described. The description of the measurement principle mainly aims at providing

the information necessary for describing the guidelines in Clauses 6 to 11.

— Guidelines for WPR system (Clause 6). Frequency, hardware, software, and signal processing are

described. They are mainly applied in designing and manufacturing the hardware and software of

WPR.

— Guidelines for system performance (Clause 7). Measurement resolution, range sampling, radar

sensitivity evaluation, and measurement accuracy are described. They can be used for estimating

the measurement performance of a WPR’s system design and operation.
— Guidelines for quality control (QC) in digital signal processing (Clause 8).

— Guidelines for measurement products and data format (Clause 9). Measurement products obtained

by a WPR and their data levels are defined. Guidelines for data file formats are also described.

— Guidelines for installation (Clause 10) and maintenance (Clause 11).

This document does not aim at providing a thorough description of the measurement principle, WPR

systems, and WPR applications. For further details of these items, users should refer to technical books

[1] [2] [3]
(e.g. , , ).

WPRs are referred to by various names (e.g., radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling

radar, atmospheric radar, or clear-air Doppler radar). Conventional naming for WPRs should be allowed.

2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
81−
speed of light ( 30, ×10 m s )
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
2 refractive index structure constant
Nyquist frequency
Nyq
mean Doppler frequency shift of the echo
antenna gain in decibels
ant
loss factor caused by the pulse shaping
radio refractive index
number of antenna beam directions
beam
N number of coherent integrations. In this document, N is defined as the number
coh coh
excluding N
pseq
number of elements in I/Q time series
data
number of transmitted frequencies
freq
number of incoherent integrations
incoh
number of pulse sequences
pseq
number of sub-pulses used in phase-modulated pulse compression
subp
inter pulse period
IPP
echo power
echo
noise power of the receiver
noise power of the Doppler spectrum
noise power of the Doppler spectrum per Doppler velocity bin
peak output power of the transmitter
peak output power at the antenna
zonal wind velocity
meridional wind velocity
peak-to-peak voltage
radial Doppler velocity
sample volume
wind vector
wind
vertical wind velocity
Δr range resolution
volume reflectivity
λ radar wavelength
time width between the two 3-dB drop-off points from the peak point
3dB
duration during which the transmission signal is generated
transmitted pulse width
H Hermitian operator (complex transposition)
superscript which indicates matrix transposition
complex conjugation
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
4.2 Abbreviations
ACS adaptive clutter suppression
A/D analog-to-digital
ADC A/D converter
BUFR binary universal form for the representation of meteorological data
COHO coherent oscillator
CRI coherent radar imaging
D/A digital-to-analog
DBS Doppler beam swinging
DCMP directionally constrained minimization of power
DSP digital signal processor
FCA full correlation analysis
FDI frequency domain interferometry
FMCW frequency modulated continuous wave
I/O input / output
IF intermediate frequency
FPGA field programmable gate array
IPP inter pulse period
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JMA Japan Meteorological Agency
LNA low noise amplifier
NC-DCMP norm-constrained DCMP
NF noise figure
QC quality control
RF radio frequency
RIM range imaging
RL antenna return loss
SA spaced antenna
SNR signal to noise ratio
STALO stable (stabilized) local oscillator
UHF ultra high frequency
UPS uninterruptible power supply
VHF very high frequency
VAD velocity azimuth display
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
WMO World Meteorological Organization

WPR radar wind profiler, wind profiler radar, wind profiling radar, atmospheric radar,

or clear-air Doppler radar
5 Measurement principle
5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo

The properties of all WPR echoes are generally estimated from the properties of the Doppler spectrum.

Spectral analysis is typically applied to estimate a finite set of parameters such as signal to noise ratio

(SNR), Doppler shift and spectral (spectrum) width. Of particular importance for a WPR is the echo

generated by clear air scattering (clear-air echo). For details of the clear-air echo, see 5.2.1.

NOTE 1 For real-time signal processing to obtain the Doppler spectrum, see 6.2.2 and 6.2.6.

NOTE 2 Interchangeable with spectral width, spectrum width, is also frequently used. The two terms have

the same meaning.

The frequency distribution of the echo contains information on the radial Doppler velocity (V ) and on

the wind variance caused by turbulence. Figure 1 shows an example of the Doppler spectrum. The

Doppler spectrum of the echo ( S ) and the noise shown in Figure 1 were produced by a numerical

echo

simulation. In the numerical simulation, Doppler spectra composed of S and white noise were

echo

produced. The noise power of the Doppler spectrum is expressed by P . It is assumed that S follows

n echo

a Gaussian distribution and that each spectrum point of S follows the χ distribution with 2

echo

degrees of freedom. The frequency bandwidth of the Doppler spectrum is expressed by B . Produced

Doppler spectra were integrated, and the Doppler spectrum after the integration (i.e., incoherent

integration) is plotted. Therefore, the noise variance over B is smaller than the square of the noise

power per Doppler velocity bin (p ). The noise variance is one of the principal factors that determine

the sensitivity of a WPR receiver. See 6.2.2 and 7.3 for details of incoherent integration and radar

sensitivity, respectively.

In general, it is assumed that S follows a Gaussian distribution. This assumption is generally applied

echo

for the clear-air echo. In this assumption, only the zeroth, first, and second order moments of the echo

are taken into account when determining the spectral parameters. This assumption shall be carefully

discriminated from the assumption that the received signal is the realization of one or more Gaussian

stochastic processes, which include those in both radio wave scattering and of course, uncorrelated

(white) noise.In the event of deviations from this assumption, higher order moments may be considered.

The noise produced in the receiver (receiver noise) can generally be regarded as white noise. For details

of the receiver noise, see 6.2.5.4.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23032:2021(E)
Key
X doppler velocity
Y intensity
NOTE
— For the definition of the symbols which are not listed in the keys, see text.

— The thin solid curve is an example of a Doppler spectrum which contains the Doppler sp

...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
01-februar-2021
Meteorologija - Daljinsko zaznavanje vetra na tleh - Radar za profiliranje vetra
Meteorology - Ground-based remote sensing of wind - Radar wind profiler
Météorologie - Télédétection du vent basée au sol - Profileur de vent
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 23032
ICS:
07.060 Geologija. Meteorologija. Geology. Meteorology.
Hidrologija Hydrology
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021 en,fr

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 23032
ISO/TC 146/SC 5 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2020-09-01 2020-11-24
Meteorology — Ground-based remote sensing of wind —
Radar wind profiler
ICS: 07.060
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)
Contents Page

4 Abbreviated terms .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

4.1 Definition of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................... 1

4.2 Definition of symbols ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2

5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo .............................................................................................................................................. 3

5.2 Sources of received signals ........................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2.1 Turbulent scattering and partial reflection .............................................................................................. 7

5.2.2 Echo in precipitation .................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.2.3 Clutter ...................................................................... .................................................................................................................. 8

5.2.4 Interference from radio sources ......................................................................................................................... 9

5.3 Methods of wind velocity measurement .......................................................................................................................10

5.3.1 General aspects ..............................................................................................................................................................10

5.3.2 Doppler beam swinging ..........................................................................................................................................10

5.3.3 Spaced antenna ..............................................................................................................................................................16

6.2 Hardware and software ................................................................................................................................................................20

6.2.1 Principal components .................. ......................................................................................................................... ....20

6.2.2 Signal processing ..........................................................................................................................................................21

6.2.3 Antenna .................................................................................................................................................................................23

6.2.4 Transmitter ........................................................................................................................................................................28

6.2.5 Receiver ................................................................................................................................................................................33

6.2.6 Signal processing unit ..............................................................................................................................................42

6.2.7 Observation control unit ........................................................................................................................................45

6.2.8 Consideration on environmental conditions ........................................................................................46

6.3 Resolution enhancement and clutter mitigation using adaptive signal processing .................46

6.3.1 Range imaging (frequency domain interferometry) ......................................................................46

6.3.2 Coherent radar imaging (spatial domain interferometry) .......................................................51

6.3.3 Adaptive clutter suppression .............................................................................................................................54

7.1.1 Range resolution ...........................................................................................................................................................57

7.1.2 Volume resolution ........................................................................................................................................................58

7.1.3 Time resolution ..............................................................................................................................................................58

7.1.4 Nyquist frequency and frequency resolution of Doppler spectrum .................................58

7.3 Radar sensitivity and measurement range ..................................................................................................................60

7.4 Measurement accuracy .................................................................................................................................................................63

7.4.1 Requirements ..................................................................................................................................................................63

7.4.2 Validation using other means ............................................................................................................................64

8 Quality Control ....................................................................................................................................................................................................65

9 Products and data format ........................................................................................................................................................................66

9.1 Products and data processing levels .................................................................................................................................66

9.2.1 Operational data format (WMO BUFR) .....................................................................................................67

9.2.2 Scientific data format (NetCDF) .......................................................................................................................67

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 23032:2021
ISO/DIS 23032:2020(E)

9.2.3 Data format defined by user and/or supplier .....................................................................................67

9.2.4 Other recommendations ........................................................................................................................................68

10.3 Licensing of radio wave transmission ..............................................................................................................................69

10.6 Interference from radio sources ...........................................................................................................................................70

11 System monitoring and maintenance ..........................................................................................................................................71

11.2 Operational status monitoring ...............................................................................................................................................71

11.3 Preventive maintenance ..............................................................................................................................................................72

11.4 Corrective maintenance ...............................................................................................................................................................74

11.5 Measuring instruments ................................................................................................................................................................74

11.6 Policy for spare parts ......................................................................................................................................................................74

Annex A (informative) Example of parameters can be configured by an operator ...........................................75

Annex B (informative) General representation of the radar equation for monostatic radar ................78

Annex C (informative) Reflectivity of precipitation echo .............................................................................................................80

Annex D (informative) Impacts of assimilating wind products obtained by WPRs in

Annex E (informative) Quality management of the WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and

Data Acquisition System) of the Japan Meteorological Agency .........................................................................82