ISO 24281:2021
(Main)Textiles — Biaxial tensile properties of woven fabric — Determination of maximum force and elongation at maximum force using the grab method
Textiles — Biaxial tensile properties of woven fabric — Determination of maximum force and elongation at maximum force using the grab method
This document specifies a procedure to determine the maximum force and elongation at maximum force of textiles woven fabrics using a grab method in the biaxial testing machine. The method is mainly applicable to woven textile fabrics, including fabrics which exhibit stretch characteristics imparted by the presence of an elastomeric fibre, mechanical, or chemical treatment. It can be applicable to fabrics produced by other techniques. It is not applicable to geotextiles[4], nonwovens[3], coated fabrics[5], textile-glass woven fabrics[2], and fabrics made from carbon fibres or polyolefin tape yarns. The method is restricted to the use of constant rate of extension (CRE) testing machines to the same axis.
Textile- Propriétés biaxiales des tissus- Détermination de la force maximale et de l'élongation par la méthode d'arrachement
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24281
First edition
2021-07
Textiles — Biaxial tensile properties
of woven fabric — Determination of
maximum force and elongation at
maximum force using the grab method
Textile- Propriétés biaxiales des tissus- Détermination de la force
maximale et de l'élongation par la méthode d'arrachement
Reference number
ISO 24281:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 24281:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 24281:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Sampling . 3
6 Apparatus — Biaxial test machine . 4
7 Atmosphere for conditioning and testing . 4
8 Preparation of test specimens . 4
8.1 General . 4
8.2 Dimensions . 5
8.3 Preparation of test specimens . 5
9 Procedure. 5
9.1 Gauge length . 5
9.2 Rate of extension . 5
9.3 Mounting of test specimens . 5
9.4 Operation . 5
10 Calculation and expression of results . 6
11 Test report . 6
Annex A (informative) Locations of test specimens cut from a laboratory sample .8
Annex B (normative) Preparation of test specimens . 9
Bibliography .11
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 24281:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT),see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles, Subcommittee SC 24,
Conditioning atmospheres and physical tests for textile fabrics.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24281:2021(E)
Textiles — Biaxial tensile properties of woven fabric
— Determination of maximum force and elongation at
maximum force using the grab method
1 Scope
This document specifies a procedure to determine the maximum force and elongation at maximum
force of textiles woven fabrics using a grab method in the biaxial testing machine.
The method is mainly applicable to woven textile fabrics, including fabrics which exhibit stretch
characteristics imparted by the presence of an elastomeric fibre, mechanical, or chemical treatment.
[4]
It can be applicable to fabrics produced by other techniques. It is not applicable to geotextiles ,
[3] [5] [2]
nonwovens , coated fabrics , textile-glass woven fabrics , and fabrics made from carbon fibres or
polyolefin tape yarns.
The method is restricted to the use of constant rate of extension (CRE) testing machines to the same
axis.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 139, Textiles — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system
ISO 10012, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring
equipment
ISO 13934-1, Textiles — Tensile properties of fabrics — Part 1: Determination of maximum force and
elongation at maximum force using the strip method
ISO 13934-2, Textiles — Tensile properties of fabrics — Part 2: Determination of maximum force using the
grab method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13934-1, ISO 13934-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
biaxial
related to measurement or application along two axes simultaneously
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 24281:2021(E)
3.2
constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) biaxial testing machine
tensile-testing machine provided with four clamp moves independently with a constant speed
throughout the test, the entire testing system being virtually free from deflection
3.3
grab test
tensile test in which only the centre part of the test specimen is gripped in the jaws of the testing
machine
[SOURCE: ISO 13934-2:2014, 3.2]
3.4
maximum force
maximum force recorded when a test specimen is taken to rupture during a test under the specified
conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 13934-1:2013, 3.11]
3.5
gauge length
distance between the two effective clamping points of a testing device
Note 1 to entry: the effective clamping points (or lines) of jaws can be checked by clamping e test specimen under
defined pretension with carbon copy paper to produce a gripping pattern on the test specimen and/or the jaw
faces.
[SOURCE: I
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24281
First edition
Textiles — Biaxial tensile properties
of woven fabric — Determination of
maximum force and elongation at
maximum force using the grab method
Textile- Propriétés biaxiales des tissus- Détermination de la force
maximale et de l'élongation par la méthode d'arrachement
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 24281:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 24281:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 24281:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Sampling . 3
6 Apparatus — Biaxial test machine . 4
7 Atmosphere for conditioning and testing . 4
8 Preparation of test specimens . 4
8.1 General . 4
8.2 Dimensions . 5
8.3 Preparation of test specimens . 5
9 Procedure. 5
9.1 Gauge length . 5
9.2 Rate of extension . 5
9.3 Mounting of test specimens . 5
9.4 Operation . 5
10 Calculation and expression of results . 6
11 Test report . 6
Annex A (informative) Locations of test specimens cut from a laboratory sample .8
Annex B (normative) Preparation of test specimens . 9
Bibliography .11
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 24281:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT),see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles, Subcommittee SC 24,
Conditioning atmospheres and physical tests for textile fabrics.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24281:2021(E)
Textiles — Biaxial tensile properties of woven fabric
— Determination of maximum force and elongation at
maximum force using the grab method
1 Scope
This document specifies a procedure to determine the maximum force and elongation at maximum
force of textiles woven fabrics using a grab method in the biaxial testing machine.
The method is mainly applicable to woven textile fabrics, including fabrics which exhibit stretch
characteristics imparted by the presence of an elastomeric fibre, mechanical, or chemical treatment.
[4]
It can be applicable to fabrics produced by other techniques. It is not applicable to geotextiles ,
[3] [5] [2]
nonwovens , coated fabrics , textile-glass woven fabrics , and fabrics made from carbon fibres or
polyolefin tape yarns.
The method is restricted to the use of constant rate of extension (CRE) testing machines to the same
axis.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 139, Textiles — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system
ISO 10012, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measuring
equipment
ISO 13934-1, Textiles — Tensile properties of fabrics — Part 1: Determination of maximum force and
elongation at maximum force using the strip method
ISO 13934-2, Textiles — Tensile properties of fabrics — Part 2: Determination of maximum force using the
grab method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13934-1, ISO 13934-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
biaxial
related to measurement or application along two axes simultaneously
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 1
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 24281:2021(E)
3.2
constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) biaxial testing machine
tensile-testing machine provided with four clamp moves independently with a constant speed
throughout the test, the entire testing system being virtually free from deflection
3.3
grab test
tensile test in which only the centre part of the test specimen is gripped in the jaws of the testing
machine
[SOURCE: ISO 13934-2:2014, 3.2]
3.4
maximum force
maximum force recorded when a test specimen is taken to rupture during a test under the specified
conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 13934-1:2013, 3.11]
3.5
gauge length
distance between the two effective clamping points of a testing device
Note 1 to entry: the effective clamping points (or lines) of jaws can be checked by clamping e test specimen under
defined pretension with carbon copy paper to produce a gripping pattern on the test specimen and/or the jaw
faces.
[SOURCE: ISO 13934-1:2013, 3.3]
3.6
extension
inc
...
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