ISO 14686:2003
(Main)Hydrometric determinations — Pumping tests for water wells — Considerations and guidelines for design, performance and use
Hydrometric determinations — Pumping tests for water wells — Considerations and guidelines for design, performance and use
ISO 14686:2003 describes the factors to be considered and the measurements to be made when designing and performing a pumping test, in addition to a set of guidelines for field practice to take account of the diversity of objectives, aquifers, groundwater conditions, available technology and legal contexts. The standard specifies the fundamental components required of any pumping test. It also indicates how they may be varied to take account of particular local conditions. It deals with the usual types of pumping test carried out for water-supply purposes, in which water is abstracted from the entire screened, perforated or unlined interval(s) of a well.
Déterminations hydrométriques — Essais de pompage pour puits d'eau — Considérations et lignes directrices pour la conception, l'exécution et l'utilisation
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14686
First edition
2003-07-15
Hydrometric determinations — Pumping
tests for water wells — Considerations
and guidelines for design, performance
and use
Déterminations hydrométriques — Essais de pompage pour puits
d'eau — Considérations et lignes directrices pour la conception,
l'exécution et l'utilisation
Reference number
ISO 14686:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
3 Hydrogeological considerations . 5
4 Pre-test planning. 7
5 Pre-test observations . 20
6 Pumping test . 22
7 Special tests . 27
8 Post-test observations . 31
9 Presentation of information . 31
Annex A (informative) Well construction . 34
Annex B (informative) Groundwater conditions and aquifer states. 35
Annex C (informative) Water-level and discharge-measuring devices. 37
Annex D (informative) Well development. 48
Annex E (informative) Geophysical logging . 54
Annex F (informative) Examples of forms for data collection . 55
Bibliography . 57
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14686 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydrometric determinations, Subcommittee
SC 8, Ground water.
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
Introduction
Pumping tests are normally carried out to obtain data with which to:
a) assess the hydraulic behaviour of a well and so determine its ability to yield water, predict its performance
under different pumping regimes, select the most suitable pump for long-term use and give some
estimate of probable pumping costs;
b) determine the hydraulic properties of the aquifer or aquifers which yield water to the well; these properties
include the transmissivity and related hydraulic conductivities, storage coefficient, and the presence, type
and distance of any hydraulic boundaries; and
c) determine the effects of pumping upon neighbouring wells, watercourses or spring discharges.
A pumping test also provides a good opportunity to obtain information on water quality and its variation with
time and perhaps with discharge rate. These matters are not dealt with in detail in this International Standard.
When water is pumped from a well, the head in the well is lowered, creating a drawdown or head loss and
setting up a localized hydraulic gradient that causes water to flow to the well from the surrounding aquifer. The
head in the aquifer is also reduced and the effect spreads outwards from the well. A cone of depression of the
potentiometric surface is thus formed around the well and the shape and the manner of expansion of this cone
depend on the pumping rate and on the hydraulic properties of the aquifer. By recording the changes in the
position of the potentiometric surface in observation wells located around the pumping well, it is possible to
monitor the growth of the cone of depression and determine these hydraulic characteristics. The form of the
cone of depression immediately around the well will generally be modified because additional head losses are
incurred as the water crosses the well face. The drawdown may be considered to consist of two components:
a) head loss through the aquifer; and
b) head loss in the well.
Consequently, there are two test objectives: an understanding of the characteristics of the well and those of
the aquifer.
A test may be performed to serve either of these two main objectives. If they are satisfied, it may be said that
the hydraulic regime of the well and aquifer has been evaluated. However, it needs to be understood that
other information, particularly about other factors affecting recharge, will be required to predict the long-term
effects of abstraction.
It needs to be recognized that there are inherent difficulties involved in carrying out a pumping test, e.g.
making many physical measurements. In part, these arise from the tendency of the measurement process or
equipment to change the quantity being measured. For example, the drilling of boreholes to investigate the
hydraulic regime of an aquifer may disturb that hydraulic regime by providing vertical communication between
aquifer levels containing water at different heads. A second difficulty involves sampling. Only rarely will a cone
of depression be circular and symmetrical; the relatively few observation boreholes that are usually available
in effect provide a limited number of sampling points with which to determine the form of the cone. It is
important that these limitations and difficulties are kept clearly in mind when designing and analysing a
pumping test and, in particular, when using the results.
Figure 1 indicates the normal sequence of events in a pumping test.
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
Figure 1 — Typical pumping-test procedure
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14686:2003(E)
Hydrometric determinations — Pumping tests for water wells —
Considerations and guidelines for design, performance and use
1 Scope
This International Standard describes the factors to be considered and the measurements to be made when
designing and performing a pumping test, in addition to a set of guidelines for field practice to take account of
the diversity of objectives, aquifers, groundwater conditions, available technology and legal contexts. The
standard specifies the fundamental components required of any pumping test. It also indicates how they may
be varied to take account of particular local conditions. It deals with the usual types of pumping test carried out
for water-supply purposes, in which water is abstracted from the entire screened, perforated or unlined
interval(s) of a well.
Interpretation of the data collected during a pumping test is referred to in this International Standard only in a
general way. For full details of the analysis and interpretation of test data, reference should be made to
specialized texts. Examples of such texts are included in a selected bibliography.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
abstraction
removal of water from a borehole or well
2.2
access tube
pipe inserted into a well to permit installation of instruments, and safeguarding them from touching or
becoming entangled with the pump or other equipment in the well
2.3
aquifer
lithological unit, group of lithological units, or part of a lithological unit containing sufficient saturated
permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells, boreholes or springs
2.4
aquifer loss
head loss at a pumped or overflowing well associated with groundwater flow through the aquifer to the well
face
2.5
aquifer properties
properties of an aquifer that determine its hydraulic behaviour and its response to abstraction
2.6
borehole
a hole, usually vertical, bored to determine ground conditions, for extraction of water or measurement of
groundwater level
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
2.7
casing
tubular retaining structure, which is installed in a drilled borehole or excavated well, to maintain the borehole
opening
NOTE Plain casing prevents the entry of water.
2.8
column pipe
that part of the rising main within the well
2.9
cone of depression
that portion of the potentiometric surface that is perceptibly lowered as a result of abstraction of groundwater
from a well
2.10
confining bed
bed or body of impermeable material stratigraphically adjacent to an aquifer and restricting or reducing natural
flow of groundwater to or from the aquifer
2.11
discharge
volumetric flow rate
2.12
drawdown
reduction in static head within the aquifer resulting from abstraction
2.13
filter pack
granular material introduced into a borehole between the aquifer and a screen or perforated lining to prevent
or control the movement of particles from the aquifer into the well
2.14
flow, steady
flow in which parameters such as velocity, pressure, density and temperature do not vary sufficiently with time
to affect the required accuracy of measurement
2.15
flow, uniform
flow in which the magnitude and direction of flow at a given moment are constant with respect to distance
2.16
foot valve
non-return valve fitted at the bottom of a suction pipe of a pump
2.17
groundwater
water within the saturated zone
2.18
hydraulic conductivity
volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient
through a unit area measured perpendicular to the direction of flow
NOTE This definition assumes an isotropic medium in which the pores are completely filled with water.
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
2.19
hydraulic gradient
change in static head per unit of distance in a given direction
2.20
hydrogeology
study of subsurface water in its geological context
2.21
impermeable material
material that does not permit water to move through it at perceptible rates under the hydraulic gradients
normally present
2.22
incompetent stratum
stratum unable to stand without support
2.23
isotropic
having the same properties in all directions
2.24
lining
tube or wall used to support the sides of a well, and sometimes to prevent the entry of water
2.25
lining tube
preformed tube used as the lining for a well
NOTE See also casing (2.7) and screen (2.39)
2.26
lithology
physical character and mineralogical composition that give rise to the appearance and properties of a rock
2.27
observation well
well used for observing groundwater head or quality
2.28
overflowing well
well from which groundwater is discharged at the ground surface without the aid of pumping
NOTE A deprecated term for this type of well is an artesian well.
2.29
permeability
characteristic of a material that determines the rate at which fluids pass through it under the influence of
differential pressure
2.30
permeable material
material that permits water to move through it at perceptible rates under the hydraulic gradients normally
present
2.31
phreatic surface
upper boundary of an unconfined groundwater body, at which the water pressure is equal to atmospheric
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
2.32
potentiometric surface
surface that represents the static head of groundwater
2.33
radius of influence
radius of the cone of depression
2.34
rest water level
water level in the pumped well observed under equilibrium conditions when the pump is off
2.35
rising main
pipe carrying water from within a well to a point of discharge
2.36
rock
natural mass of one or more minerals that may be consolidated or loose (excluding top soil)
2.37
running plot
graph of a variable against elapsed time continually updated as measurements are taken
2.38
saturated zone
that part of the earthen material, normally beneath the water table, in which all voids are filled with water
2.39
screen
type of lining tube, with apertures designed to permit the flow of water into a well while preventing the entry of
aquifer or filter pack material
2.40
slurry
mixture of fluid and rock fragments formed when drilling or developing a borehole
2.41
specific capacity
rate of discharge of water from a well divided by the drawdown within the well
2.42
specific yield
ratio of the volume of water which can be drained by gravity from an initially saturated porous medium to the
total volume of the porous medium
2.43
static head
height, relative to an arbitrary reference level, of a column of water that can be supported by the static
pressure at a given point
2.44
storage coefficient
volume of water an aquifer releases from storage or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per
unit change of head
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
2.45
transmissivity
rate at which water of the prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of the saturated
aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient
2.46
unconsolidated rock
rock that lacks natural cementation
2.47
unsaturated zone
that part of the earthen material between the land surface and the water table
2.48
water table
surface of the saturated zone at which the water pressure is atmospheric
2.49
well
hole sunk into the ground for abstraction of water or for observation purposes
NOTE See also Annex A.
2.50
well bore storage
volume of water released from within the well itself during a decline in head
2.51
well development
physical and chemical treatment of a well to achieve minimum resistance to movement of water between well
and aquifer
2.52
well efficiency
measure of the performance of a production well
2.53
well loss
head loss resulting from flow of groundwater across the well face, including any part of the aquifer affected by
drilling, and any filter pack or lining tube, into the well and up or down the well to the pump
3 Hydrogeological considerations
3.1 General
Before a pumping test is planned, a full assessment of the hydrogeological conditions at and around the test
site should be carried out. A survey of existing wells is necessary and, in areas where the hydrogeological
data are inadequate, it may be desirable to expand these by a field survey.
Pumping tests might be contemplated in a wide range of circumstances. There is also the probability that the
aquifer will be partly and perhaps nearly fully developed already. Therefore a search for and analysis of
existing borehole operational and test data and associated surface water levels and flows should be
considered as prerequisites to such tests.
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
3.2 Aquifer response characteristics
Two parameters define the quantitative hydrogeological properties of an aquifer, namely permeability and
storage. Permeability is concerned with the ability of an aquifer to permit groundwater flow under a hydraulic
gradient. Storage concerns the volume of water available within the aquifer and subsequently released when
water levels are depressed around a discharging well. Together these two parameters can be taken to control
the response time for pumping effects in an aquifer. A consideration of the aquifer response time is necessary
when locating sites for observation wells. With a low permeability and a large storage coefficient, the radius of
influence will increase slowly. An aquifer with a high permeability and a small storage coefficient would exhibit
a rapid increase in the growth of the radius of influence.
The first non-equilibrium pumping-test formula was developed by C.V. Theis in 1935 for use in confined
aquifers which are always fully saturated and in which the water is at a pressure greater than atmospheric.
Removing water from a confined aquifer is rather like removing air from a motor car tyre: the pressure drops,
but the aquifer is still filled with water, in the same way that the tyre is still filled with air. In an unconfined
aquifer, or in a confined aquifer that becomes unconfined as a result of the potentiometric surface being drawn
down below the top of the aquifer, the saturated thickness (and therefore the transmissivity) decreases as the
drawdown increases. A second complication that occurs in unconfined aquifers is the phenomenon of delayed
yield. After an initial period during which the cone of depression expands rapidly, there follows an interval
where the rate of expansion decreases, on occasion approaching an apparently steady state. This interval
may be as short as 1 hour, or may extend to several weeks. Thereafter, the cone of depression resumes its
previous rate of expansion. As illustrated by a time-drawdown plot, the curve initially follows the normal Theis
prediction, then tends to level out, and finally moves upward again to approach the Theis curve although the
latter is now displaced some distance along the time axis. Several explanations of delayed yield have been
offered, but none has full general acceptance at the present time.
3.3 Groundwater conditions (see also Annex B)
The storage coefficient in a confined aquifer may be at least 100 times less than in the same aquifer in an
unconfined state. This reduction is reflected in a much more rapid aquifer response time.
When the confining bed is not wholly impermeable, the storage coefficient varies between the totally
unconfined and the totally confined values and the aquifer response time will vary accordingly.
The presence of overlying impermeable strata does not necessarily imply a confined aquifer. The presence of
an unsaturated zone beneath an impermeable stratum may permit the aquifer to demonstrate an unconfined
response.
It is possible for confined and unconfined conditions to occur in different parts of the same aquifer, or in the
same part of the aquifer, as a result of seasonal or other movements of the potentiometric surface.
3.4 Multi-layered aquifers
Many aquifers comprise sedimentary strata and these are deposited as a series of superimposed layers.
Successive layers could have different lithological characteristics from the adjacent layers and consequently
the hydraulic conductivity in the horizontal plane tends to be greater than that in the vertical plane. In extreme
cases, intervening layers may be impermeable, resulting in a multi-layered aquifer. Wells penetrating such an
aquifer may intersect an unconfined layer near the surface and one or more confined layers at depth. Failure
to recognize this possibility may lead to inadequate monitoring of groundwater levels and to misleading data
being obtained in a pumping test. The analysis of data from fractured-rock aquifers may be particularly difficult.
The response to pumping may be asymmetric, depending on the number, location, orientation and size of
fractures encountered by the well. Some fractured-rock groundwater systems may be acceptably represented
as an equivalent porous media conceptual model, and standard analysis methods would then apply. However,
certain advanced analysis techniques may dictate pumping and observation well placement.
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
3.5 Boundary conditions
Barrier boundaries are normally presented by geological discontinuities caused by faulting of the aquifer or by
the aquifer itself having a rapid diminution in thickness or saturated thickness. Occasionally, aquifers show a
rapid, lateral, lithological change with a consequent severe reduction in the aquifer properties. Deep channels
scoured in an aquifer and later filled with impermeable deposits may also form barriers. Barrier boundaries
have the effect of increasing the drawdown. The pumping of another well in the same aquifer will have the
same effect as a boundary if the cones of influence of the two wells intersect.
Recharge boundaries occur when water other than from groundwater storage effectively contributes to an
aquifer drawn on by a pumping well. Surface watercourses, by lakes, or by the sea, may provide such
boundaries when these lie within the radius of influence of the well.
All these may be regarded as discrete recharge boundaries and often are definable as point or line recharge
sources for the purpose of analysis. Recharge boundaries have the effect of decreasing the rate of drawdown,
or checking the drawdown altogether. Downward leakage from overlying strata or the interception of natural
flow through the aquifer may simulate a recharge boundary by decelerating the drawdown, but the effects
cannot necessarily be identified with a localized source.
3.6 Other hydrogeological factors
There are several factors that may significantly affect the analysis of pumping-test data although they may not
affect the test itself.
The thickness of the aquifer should be ascertained, at least approximately, including spatial trends.
Corrections are necessary in the analysis for partial penetration by the pumping wells. The degree of
penetration of the observation wells is also important to ensure the measurement of realistic water levels.
Unconfined aquifers may demonstrate the phenomenon of delayed yield from storage. The rate of drawdown
during the early stages of the test may be temporarily reduced for a period ranging from an hour to several
weeks before again increasing. It may be necessary in these circumstances to prolong the pumping test to
obtain sufficient drawdown data after the effects of the delayed yield have ceased.
During the period of a pumping test in a confined aquifer, water levels in the pumping well (and possibly in the
observation wells) may fall below the confining bed. If this possibility exists, the depth of the base of the
confining bed needs to be determined in all the wells to permit proper analysis of the test data.
4 Pre-test planning
4.1 Statutory requirements
Attention is drawn to local acts, byelaws, regulations and any other statutory requirements relating to matters
dealt with in this International Standard. Work should be carried out in accordance with, and the equipment in
use should comply with, the appropriate regulations.
Sites within designated areas such as national parks, areas of outstanding natural beauty, areas of special
scientific interest, or those close to or within residential areas, may have special constraints imposed on test
operations and these should be ascertained before any drilling or test-pumping operations commence.
Persons planning to sink and/or test-pump a well are advised and may be required to discuss their proposals
in advance with appropriate regulatory authorities. Unless specifically exempted by the regulations, it is
essential that they ensure that procedures for obtaining permissions or consents are followed before any
works are carried out.
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ISO 14686:2003(E)
4.2 Site facilities and organization
4.2.1 General
Guidance is given on general matters that affect the organization and activities of the test-pumping site. The
actual details will vary from site to site and may include matters not described in this clause that therefore
should not be assumed to be exhaustive in its coverage.
Before any drilling or test pumping commences, a preliminary survey should be carried out bearing in mind
these recommendations for site facilities and organization.
4.2.2 Space and headroom
At the outset, it is necessary to ensure that sufficient space is available for any test equipment and pumping
plant required on the site as well as lagoons for disposal of acid sludge, etc., where necessary. Parking space
for vehicles should be designated, and overhead obstructions such as power cables, guy lines, trees and so
forth should be noted and clearly marked if necessary.
4.2.3 Safety of personnel on site
Every care should be taken to reduce the risks to personnel working at the test-pumping site. First-aid kits
should be provided on site as a part of the normal safety arrangements and should be additionally equipped
with soda for the neutralization of acid when acid is to be handled during the development of a well; an
adequate supply of flowing fresh water should be available for washing acid from the eyes or sluicing it from
the skin or clothing.
Paths between the site hut, the test well, the observation wells, etc., should be clearly marked, as should
hazards such as fences, cables, mud pits and spoil heaps. Sites that on initial inspection appear to be firm
and dry often degenerate to a slippery morass around the wellhead. The nature of the ground therefore should
be carefully inspected beforehand and, if necessary, arrangements made to provide duckboards and
walkways for the working team.
If the test is prolonged through the hours of darkness, adequate lighting should be provided.
The site inspection should have revealed the presence of any overhead electric cables likely to be a hazard.
Unless details are already available, a check should be made for the presence of any underground electric
cables or other services under the site, such as gas mains, telecommunication cables, etc., and the route of
these should be temporarily marked. In the case of overhead cables, a vehicle route beneath them should be
established an
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