ISO 6497:2002
(Main)Animal feeding stuffs — Sampling
Animal feeding stuffs — Sampling
ISO 6497:2002 specifies methods of sampling animal feeding stuffs, including fish feed, for quality control for commercial, technical and legal purposes. It is not applicable to pet foods. Nor are the methods intended for sampling for the purpose of microbiological examination. Conditions of, and requirements for, sampling are specified separately for feeding stuffs of different physical natures. For certain categories of animal feeding stuff, specific methods of sampling are specified in other International Standards. A list of these can be found in the bibliography. When sampling the products specified, it is these methods which shall be used. Methods of sampling for the determination of substances likely to be non-uniformly distributed are described in an annex.
Aliments des animaux — Échantillonnage
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6497
First edition
2002-11-15
Animal feeding stuffs — Sampling
Aliments des animaux — Échantillonnage
Reference number
ISO 6497:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not
be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this
file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this
area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters
were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event
that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2002
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body
in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.ch
Web www.iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
3 General principles. 2
4 Sampling personnel. 2
5 Identification and general inspection of the lot prior to sampling. 3
6 Sampling equipment. 3
7 Sample containers. 4
8 Procedure. 4
8.1 Sampling location. 4
8.2 Classification of products for the purpose of sampling . 4
8.3 Sample size. 5
8.4 Sampling of grains, seeds, pulses and pellets . 5
8.5 Sampling of meals and powders . 7
8.6 Sampling of roughages . 9
8.7 Sampling of licks and blocks. 10
8.8 Sampling of liquids . 11
8.9 Sampling of semi-liquid (semi-solid) products. 14
9 Packing, sealing and marking of samples and sample containers . 15
10 Sampling report. 16
Annex A (informative) Feeding stuffs containing undesirable substances which are likely to be non-
uniformly distributed, including mycotoxins, castor-oil seed husks and poisonous seeds. 17
Bibliography. 19
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 6497 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, Subcommittee SC 10, Animal feeding
stuffs.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
iv © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6497:2002(E)
Animal feeding stuffs — Sampling
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies methods of sampling animal feeding stuffs, including fish feed, for quality
control for commercial, technical and legal purposes.
It is not applicable to pet foods. Nor are the methods intended for sampling for the purpose of microbiological
examination. Conditions of, and requirements for, sampling are specified separately for feeding stuffs of different
physical natures.
For certain categories of animal feeding stuff, specific methods of sampling are specified in other International
Standards. A list of these can be found in the bibliography. When sampling the products specified, it is these
methods which shall be used.
Methods of sampling for the determination of substances likely to be non-uniformly distributed are described in
Annex A.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
consignment
a specified quantity of feeding stuff on offer, dispatched or received at one time
NOTE It may consist of one or more lots (see 2.2).
2.2
lot
an identified quantity of a consignment having characteristics presumed to be uniform
NOTE The uniformity of the characteristics may be due, for example, to the fact that the products are supplied by a single
producer always using the same production process, where production is stable and the individual characteristics follow a
normal distribution or a close approximation to a normal distribution (note that special circumstances can give rise to
subdivisions in the distribution). Consequently, the term “lot” means an “inspection lot” in sampling, i.e. a quantity of material or
a collection of items (a population) from which a sample is to be drawn and inspected. It may therefore differ from a collection of
items referred to as a lot in the shipment context, for example.
2.3
increment
a quantity of material taken at one time from a single point in a lot
2.4
bulk sample
a quantity of material obtained by combining and mixing all the increments taken from the same lot
NOTE A collection of distinct and identifiable increments intended for separate investigation may be denoted the “gross
sample”.
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
2.5
reduced sample
a representative part of the bulk sample, obtained by a process of successive division or reduction in such a
manner that the mass or volume approximates to that of the laboratory samples
2.6
laboratory sample
a sample representative of the quality and condition of the lot, obtained by division of the reduced sample and
intended for analysis or other examination
NOTE For each sample taken, three or four laboratory samples are normally produced. One of these should be submitted
for testing and at least one stored for reference purposes. If more than four laboratory samples are required, the quantity of the
reduced sample will have to be increased so that the minimum quantity requirement for all laboratory samples can be met.
3 General principles
3.1 Representative sampling
The purpose of representative sampling is to obtain a small fraction from a lot in such a way that a determination of
any particular characteristic of this fraction will represent the mean value of the characteristic of the lot.
The lot shall be sampled by repeatedly taking increments at various single positions in the lot. These increments
shall be combined by mixing to form a bulk sample from which representative laboratory samples shall be prepared
by dividing.
3.2 Selective sampling
If portions of the material to be sampled show a noticeable difference in quality from the rest of the material, such
portions shall be separated from the material and treated as a separate lot. In such cases, mention shall be made
of this fact in the sampling report.
If it is not possible to divide the material into separate lots, the material shall be sampled as one lot, and the
sampling report shall indicate this fact. The proportion of the product suspected to be different shall be given, if
possible.
3.3 Statistical considerations
Acceptance sampling is the usual method of sampling for animal feeding stuffs. For sampling by attributes, there is
a theoretical sampling plan based on a binomial distribution, but, for practical purposes, this plan has been
simplified to a square-root relationship between the lot size and the number of increments.
NOTE 1 With bulk products, sample variances can be expected to be acceptably uniform if, for lots up to 2,5 tonnes, at least
seven increments are taken and, for lots between 2,5 tonnes and 80 tonnes, the number of increments taken is at least equal to
20m , where m is the mass, in tonnes, of the lot. If the lot exceeds 80 tonnes, the square-root relationship is still applicable, but
the risk of making incorrect decisions on the basis of the samples increases. However, this can be the subject of agreement
between the interested parties.
NOTE 2 The application of the square-root relationship is somewhat different for the sampling of packaged animal feeding
stuffs, for liquids and semi-liquids, for blocks and licks and for roughages, because the sample size may vary.
4 Sampling personnel
Sampling shall be carried out by persons suitably trained and experienced in the sampling of animal feeding stuffs
and who are particularly aware of the hazards and dangers the product and the sampling process may involve.
2 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
5 Identification and general inspection of the lot prior to sampling
Positively identify the lot in question before any samples are taken, and, for this purpose, compare, as appropriate,
the number of items in the lot, the mass of the lot or the volume of the lot, and the markings on containers and
labels, with the entries on the relevant documents.
Note for inclusion in the sampling report any features, relevant to the taking of representative samples, concerning
the condition of the lot and of the surroundings.
Separate damaged portions of the lot and/or, if the lot is unduly heterogeneous, divide it into portions with more
similar properties. Treat each of these portions as separate lots.
6 Sampling equipment
6.1 General
Select a sampling device appropriate to the particle size of the product, the size of the sample to be taken, the size
of the container, the physical state of the product, etc.
6.2 Apparatus for taking increments from solid products
6.2.1 Examples of apparatus for manual sampling
6.2.1.1 Sampling from bulk
Examples are an ordinary shovel, hand-scoop, cylindrical sampler (for example sampling spear, stick-trier or
sleeve-trier) and conical sampler. The sampling spear may comprise one or more compartments.
Sampling of products in motion at relatively low flow rates can be performed manually.
6.2.1.2 Sampling from bags or other packages
Examples are a hand-scoop, sack-type sampling spear or trier, cylindrical sampler, conical sampler and riffle
divider.
6.2.2 Examples of apparatus for mechanical sampling
Approved apparatus for taking increments periodically from a flow of product (for example pneumatic apparatus)
may be used.
Sampling of products in motion at high flow rates can be performed by machines with manual control.
6.3 Apparatus for taking increments from liquid or semi-liquid products by manual or
mechanical means
Examples are a stirrer plunger, agitator, sampling bottle, sampling tube, zone sampler and dipper, of an
appropriate size.
6.4 Cleanliness
When taking, reducing, storing and handling samples, special care shall be taken to ensure that the properties of
the samples and the sampled lot are not affected. The sampling equipment shall be clean, dry and free from
foreign odours. The material from which the sampling apparatus is made shall not influence the quality of the
sample. Apparatus shall be cleaned thoroughly between samples. This is particularly important when sampling
feed with high oil content. Sampling personnel shall wear disposable gloves and dispose of them between samples
so as not to contaminate the subsequent sample.
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
7 Sample containers
7.1 General requirements
The sample containers shall ensure that the characteristics of the sample are maintained until testing is carried out.
They shall be of such size that they are almost completely filled by the sample. They shall be capable of being
sealed in such a way that it will not be possible to open and reseal them without this being detected.
7.2 Cleanliness
The sample containers shall be clean, dry and free from foreign odours. The material from which the sample
containers are made shall not influence the quality of the sample.
7.3 Sample containers for solid products
Sample containers for solid products and the lids of such containers shall be made of waterproof and greaseproof
material (for example glass, stainless steel, tin or a suitable plastics material), shall be wide-mouthed and
preferably cylindrical, and shall be of a capacity appropriate to the size of the sample they are intended to contain.
Suitable plastic bags are also acceptable. The containers shall be capable of secure and waterproof closure. If the
samples are to be used for the determination of photosensitive substances, like vitamins A, D3, folic acid, B2 and C
and slightly sensitive substances, like vitamins K3, B6 and B12, the containers shall be opaque.
7.4 Sample containers for liquid and semi-liquid products
Such containers shall be made of a suitable material (preferably glass or plastics material), of the appropriate
capacity, capable of airtight closure and preferably dark-coloured. Note the requirements in 7.3 for samples which
are to be used for the determination of photosensitive substances.
8 Procedure
8.1 Sampling location
If possible, sampling shall be carried out at places protected from adventitious contamination such as damp air,
dust or soot. If possible, samples shall be taken during loading or unloading. If sampling cannot be carried out
whilst the material is in motion, the lot to be sampled shall be so arranged as to make each part accessible, so that
representative laboratory samples are obtained.
8.2 Classification of products for the purpose of sampling
For sampling purposes, animal feeding stuffs are classified as follows:
a) solid feeding stuffs — grains, seeds, pulses and pellets;
b) solid feeding stuffs — meals and powders;
c) roughages;
d) licks and blocks;
e) liquid or semi-liquid feeding stuffs.
4 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
8.3 Sample size
It is necessary to take a sufficient number of increments in order to obtain a sample representative of the lot
sampled. The number of increments and their size are determined, in accordance with the sampling plan, by the
size of the lot and the practicability of taking samples. The size of any particular lot will depend on a number of
factors (see 2.2). This International Standard has been drawn up for lot sizes up to a maximum of 500 tonnes.
NOTE The sampling procedure described is equally valid for quantities larger than the prescribed maximum lot size
provided that the maximum number of increments given in the various tables is ignored, the number of increments being
determined by the square-root formula given in the appropriate part of the procedure, and the minimum bulk sample sizes
increased proportionately. This does not prevent a large consignment being divided into smaller lots and each lot sampled in
accordance with this International Standard.
The size of the bulk sample is determined by the size of the increments, taken in accordance with a definite
sampling plan, although minimum amounts, dependent on the lot size, are specified. The size of each laboratory
sample shall not be less than three times the mass, or volume, of the test portion required. In addition, the size of
each laboratory sample shall be sufficient to carry out testing.
8.4 Sampling of grains, seeds, pulses and pellets
8.4.1 Examples of products
Cereals: maize (corn), wheat, barley, oats, rice, sorghum, etc.
Oilseeds: sunflower seed, groundnut kernel, rapeseed, soybean, cottonseed, linseed, etc.
Pulses: beans, etc.
Pellets: feeding stuffs produced in pellet form.
8.4.2 Lot size
For products in packages, the lot shall comprise the number of packages present or the number that make up the
maximum lot size.
For products in bulk containers, the lot shall consist of the number of containers present or the minimum number of
containers that contain the maximum lot size. Where one container by itself exceeds the maximum lot size, the
contents of that container shall comprise the lot.
For products in bulk, the lot shall comprise the amount present unless it is physically divided into a number of
portions, in which case each portion shall be treated as if it were one bulk container.
8.4.3 Number of increments to be taken
For products in bulk or in bulk containers, the minimum number of randomly selected increments to be taken shall
be as specified in Table 1.
Table 1
Mass m of the lot Minimum number of increments
tonnes
up to 2,5 7
more than 2,5
20m up to a maximum of 100
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
When products are in packages, the minimum number of randomly selected packages from which sample
increments are taken shall be as follows:
a) For packages up to 1 kg: see Table 2.
Table 2
Number n of packages in Minimum number of packages to
the lot be sampled
1 to 6 Each package
7 to 24 6
more than 24 2n up to a maximum of 100
b) For packages of more than 1 kg: see Table 3.
Table 3
Number n of packages in Minimum number of packages to
the lot be sampled
1 to 4 each package
5 to 16 4
more than 16 2n up to a maximum of 100
8.4.4 Sample size
See Table 4.
Table 4
Minimum mass of
Minimum mass of bulk Minimum mass of
Size of lot
a
sample laboratory sample
reduced sample
tonnes kg kg kg
1 4 2 0,5
over 1 to 5 8 2 0,5
over 5 to 50 16 2 0,5
over 50 to 100 32 2 0,5
over 100 to 500 64 2 0,5
a
This is the minimum quantity required for up to four laboratory samples (see note to 2.6).
8.4.5 Procedure
8.4.5.1 General
Sampling shall be carried out as indicated in 9.1. Sampling of products carried in bulk containers shall, wherever
possible, be carried out during loading or unloading. Similarly, if the product is to be transferred directly to a silo or
warehouse, sampling shall, wherever possible, be carried out during transfer.
6 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 6497:2002(E)
8.4.5.2 Sampling from bulk
When sampling from bulk, e.g. a pile or heap, determine the number of increments to be taken, taking into account
the minimum number of increments specified in 8.4.3. Select the place from which each increment is to be taken
randomly, choosing each place by reference to both surface area and
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.