ISO 15964:2025
(Main)Detection and avoidance systems for uncrewed aircraft systems
Detection and avoidance systems for uncrewed aircraft systems
This document specifies safety and quality requirements for detection and avoidance (DAA) systems used between uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) and other objects including aircraft. This document includes the requirements for radars and optical sensors used for DAA and is derived to meet the requirements for UAS operations involving DAA set out in ISO 21384-3.
Systèmes de détection et d'évitement pour les aéronefs sans pilote
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO 15964
First edition
Detection and avoidance systems
2025-04
for uncrewed aircraft systems
Systèmes de détection et d'évitement pour les aéronefs sans pilote
Reference number
© ISO 2025
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General requirements for DAA system . 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 General function .2
4.3 System architecture . .3
4.4 Effective stage .3
4.5 Airspace requirement .3
4.6 Type and size of detection and avoidance .3
4.7 Human intervention.4
5 General principles on the range of sensors . 4
6 Short-range DAA systems . 4
6.1 System architectures on DAA system .4
6.2 Safety performance of DAA system .5
6.2.1 Avoidance manoeuvre .5
6.2.2 Detection .5
6.2.3 Safe separation distance .6
6.2.4 Landing scenario .6
6.2.5 Fail safe .6
6.2.6 Fault diagnosis and management .6
6.2.7 Power-on self-test and contingency management .6
6.2.8 System initialization monitoring and management .7
6.2.9 Pre-flight condition diagnosis and management .7
6.2.10 In-flight monitoring and management .7
7 Mid-range or long-range DAA systems . 7
7.1 System architectures on DAA system .7
7.2 State machine of DAA system .8
7.2.1 General .8
7.2.2 Radar .8
7.2.3 Optical sensor .9
7.2.4 Processing unit .10
7.3 Functions of DAA system .10
7.4 Quality of DAA system .11
8 Mix of short-range, mid-range and long-range sensors.12
8.1 System architectures on DAA system . 12
8.2 State machine of DAA system . 12
8.2.1 General . 12
8.2.2 Optical sensor . 13
8.2.3 Processing unit . 13
8.3 Functions of DAA system .14
8.4 Quality of DAA system .14
Bibliography .16
iii
Foreword
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 16, Uncrewed aircraft system.
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iv
Introduction
With rapid technological advancements, uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) are continuing to become more
autonomous in operation and accessible to consumers. Today, the use of UAS technology is not only prevalent
for entertainment purposes but also extending into various industrial applications such as logistics, disaster
release, powerline inspection. There is an increasing number of UAS operations in low altitude airspace
where the safety considerations can be quite complex, especially in the context of urban areas. All types
of UAS operating in such areas must be able to avoid ground objects like high-rise buildings, cranes, public
utilities such as power grid and mobile network antennas, along with other users of the same airspace such
as low-flying helicopters, other UASs and kites. Micro-weather patterns also pose a challenge because of
their uncertainty, invisibility, and unpredictability.
A detection and avoidance (DAA) system is one of the key onboard systems to address these challenges.
By sensing the surrounding situations, the DAA system can examine the size and distance of a particular
obstacle, apply trajectory planning and then calculate the possibility of collision. It orders the flight control
system to make UAS deceleration, completely stop or offset the obstacle in a fully autonomous manner. The
function and performance of the DAA system is closely related to its safety speed, which has a direct impact
on the scope of UAS. Failure detection also causes instability and unexpected deceleration.
To ensure a safe and secure operating environment, it is of significant importance to develop a standard
for DAA systems, which includes the general requirements for key components and functions as well as
associated performance.
v
International Standard ISO 15964:2025(en)
Detection and avoidance systems for uncrewed aircraft systems
1 Scope
This document specifies safety and quality requirements for detection and avoidance (DAA) systems used
between uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) and other objects including aircraft. This document includes the
requirements for radars and optical sensors used for DA
...
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