ISO/ASTM 51401:2013
(Main)Practice for use of a dichromate dosimetry system
Practice for use of a dichromate dosimetry system
ISO/ASTM 51401:2013 covers the preparation, testing, and procedure for using the acidic aqueous silver dichromate dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be referred to as the dichromate system. The dichromate dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The dichromate system can be used as either a reference standard dosimetry system or a routine dosimetry system. ISO/ASTM 51401:2013 is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the dichromate dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628. ISO/ASTM 51401:2013 describes the spectrophotometric analysis procedures for the dichromate system. It applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
Pratique de l'utilisation d'un système dosimétrique au dichromate
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51401
Third edition
2013-11-15
Practice for use of a dichromate dosim-
etry system
Pratique de l’utilisation d’un système dosimétrique au dichromate
Reference number
© ISO/ASTM International 2013
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe’s licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing.
In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe’s licensing policy. Neither the ISO Central
Secretariat nor ASTM International accepts any liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies
and ASTM members. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the ISO Central Secretariat or ASTM
International at the addresses given below.
© ISO/ASTM International 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the
country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
E-mail copyright@iso.org E-mail khooper@astm.org
Web www.iso.org Web www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Referenced documents. 1
3 Terminology. 2
4 Significance and use. 2
5 Effect of influence quantities. 2
6 Interferences . 2
7 Apparatus. 3
8 Reagents. 3
9 Preparation of dosimeters. 3
10 Calibration of the dosimetry system . 4
11 Application of dosimetry system . 5
12 Minimum documentation requirements. 6
13 Measurement uncertainty. 6
14 Keywords. 6
Figure 1
Relative response of dichromate dosimeter as a function of irradiation temperature.Afit of the data using Eq 1 yields
−5
fit parameters as follows: b = 1.021;b = −6.259 × 10 ;b = 1.806. 3
0 1 2
Figure 2
Responseofhigh-rangedosimeterintermsof∆A as a function of absorbed dose to water. A least-squares third order
−4 −2
polynomial fit (see Eq 4) of the data yields fit parameters as follows:b = 7.515 × 10 ;b = 1.745 × 10 ;
0 1
−6 −7
b = 3.485 × 10 ;b = −2.765 × 10 . 5
Figure 3
Responseofthelow-rangedosimeterintermsof∆A as a function of absorbed dose to water. A least-squares second
−3 −1
order polynomial fit (see Eq 4) of the data yields fit parameters as follows:b = −1.162 × 10 ;b = 1.200 × 10 ;
0 1
−4
b = −3.398 × 10 . 5
Table 1 Effect of irradiation temperature on dosimeter response. 2
Table 2 Typical dichromate calibration data. 5
© ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies
casting a vote.
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
A pilot project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of
ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this pilot project, ASTM Subcommitee E61,
Radiation Processing, is responsible for the development and maintenance of these dosimetry standards with
unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51401 was developed by ASTM Committee E61, Radiation Processing,
through Subcommittee E61.02, on Dosimetry Systems, and by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear
energy, nuclear technologies and radiological protection.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/ASTM 51401:2003), which has been
technically revised.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51401; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
NOTE1—Thelowerenergylimitsgivenareappropriateforacylindrical
1. Scope
dosimeter ampoule of 12 mm diameter. Corrections for displacement
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and proce-
effects and dose gradient across the ampoule may be required for electron
dure for using the acidic aqueous silver dichromate dosimetry
beams (2). The dichromate system may be used at lower energies by
employingthinner(inthebeamdirection)dosimetercontainers(seeICRU
system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to
Report 35).
ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter shall be
appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the sys-
tem will be referred to as the dichromate system. The dichro- above 0°C and should be below 80°C.
mate dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the basis
NOTE 2—The temperature coefficient of dosimeter response is known
of the effect of influence quantities. The dichromate system
only in the range of 5 to 50°C (see 5.2). Use outside this range requires
maybeusedaseitherareferencestandarddosimetrysystemor
determination of the temperature coefficient.
a routine dosimetry system.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice
tionary statements are given in 9.3.
52628forthedichromatedosimetrysystem.Itisintendedtobe
read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
2. Referenced documents
1.3 This practice describes the spectrophotometric analysis
2.1 ASTM Standards:
procedures for the dichromate system.
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation,
Dosimetry
X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
E178Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
E275PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformanceof
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
are satisfied:
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is from 2 × 10 to
or X Radiation
5×10 Gy.
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
1.5.2 The absorbed dose rate does not exceed 600 Gy/pulse
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed
(12.5pulsespersecond),ordoesnotexceedanequivalentdose
DoseinRadiation-HardnessTestingofElectronicDevices
rate of 7.5 kGy/s from continuous sources (1).
E925Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma sources, the initial photon
Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth
energy shall be greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung
does not Exceed 2 nm
photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the
E958Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of
bremsstrahlung photons shall be equal to or greater than 2
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy shall be
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
greater than 8 MeV.
51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
tems for Radiation Processing
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
51707Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
Radiation Processing
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved Sept. 14, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally 52628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
ε1
publishedasASTME1401–91.ASTME1401–96 wasadoptedbyISOin1998
with the intermediate designation ISO 15561:1998(E). The present International
Standard ISO/ASTM 51401:2013(E) replaces ISO 15561 and is a major revision of For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51401:2003(E). www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothebibliographyattheendofthis Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
practice. Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
© ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
52701Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim- reductionofdichromateionstochromicionsinacidicaqueous
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro- solution by ionizing radiation.
cessing
4.2 Thedosimeterisasolutioncontainingsilveranddichro-
2.3 ISO/IEC Standards:
mateionsinperchloricacidinanappropriatecontainersuchas
17025General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting
a sealed glass ampoule. The solution indicates absorbed dose
and Calibration Laboratories
by a change (decrease) in optical absorbance at a specified
2.4 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
wavelength(s)((3),ICRUReport80).Acalibratedspectropho-
Reports:
tometer is used to measure the absorbance.
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor corrections,
5. Effect of influence quantities
Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expres-
sion of Uncertainty in Measurement
5.1 Guidance on the determination of the performance
2.5 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
characteristics of dosimeters and dosimetry systems can be
surements (ICRU) Reports:
foundinASTMGuide52701.Therelevantinfluencequantities
ICRUReport35RadiationDosimetry:ElectronsWithInitial
that need to be considered when using the dichromate dosim-
Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV
etry system are given below.
ICRU Report 80Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
5.2 The dosimeter response has a temperature dependence
Processing
during irradiation that is approximately equal to−0.2% per
ICRU Report 85aFundamental Quantities and Units for
degree Celsius between 25 and 50°C. At temperatures below
Ionizing Radiation
25°C, the dependence is smaller. The dosimeter response
between5and50°CisshowninTable1,wheretheresponseat
3. Terminology
a given temperature is tabulated relative to the response at
3.1 Definitions:
25°C (4,5).
3.1.1 approved laboratory—laboratory that is a recognized
5.2.1 The data in Table 1 may be fitted with an appropriate
nationalmetrologyinstitute;orhasbeenformallyaccreditedto
formula for convenience of interpolation as follows:
ISO/IEC 17025; or has a quality system consistent with the
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51401
Third edition
2013-11-15
Practice for use of a dichromate dosim-
etry system
Pratique de l’utilisation d’un système dosimétrique au dichromate
Reference number
© ISO/ASTM International 2013
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe’s licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing.
In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe’s licensing policy. Neither the ISO Central
Secretariat nor ASTM International accepts any liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies
and ASTM members. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the ISO Central Secretariat or ASTM
International at the addresses given below.
© ISO/ASTM International 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the
country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
E-mail copyright@iso.org E-mail khooper@astm.org
Web www.iso.org Web www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Referenced documents. 1
3 Terminology. 2
4 Significance and use. 2
5 Effect of influence quantities. 2
6 Interferences . 2
7 Apparatus. 3
8 Reagents. 3
9 Preparation of dosimeters. 3
10 Calibration of the dosimetry system . 4
11 Application of dosimetry system . 5
12 Minimum documentation requirements. 6
13 Measurement uncertainty. 6
14 Keywords. 6
Figure 1
Relative response of dichromate dosimeter as a function of irradiation temperature.Afit of the data using Eq 1 yields
−5
fit parameters as follows: b = 1.021;b = −6.259 × 10 ;b = 1.806. 3
0 1 2
Figure 2
Responseofhigh-rangedosimeterintermsof∆A as a function of absorbed dose to water. A least-squares third order
−4 −2
polynomial fit (see Eq 4) of the data yields fit parameters as follows:b = 7.515 × 10 ;b = 1.745 × 10 ;
0 1
−6 −7
b = 3.485 × 10 ;b = −2.765 × 10 . 5
Figure 3
Responseofthelow-rangedosimeterintermsof∆A as a function of absorbed dose to water. A least-squares second
−3 −1
order polynomial fit (see Eq 4) of the data yields fit parameters as follows:b = −1.162 × 10 ;b = 1.200 × 10 ;
0 1
−4
b = −3.398 × 10 . 5
Table 1 Effect of irradiation temperature on dosimeter response. 2
Table 2 Typical dichromate calibration data. 5
© ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies
casting a vote.
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
A pilot project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of
ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this pilot project, ASTM Subcommitee E61,
Radiation Processing, is responsible for the development and maintenance of these dosimetry standards with
unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51401 was developed by ASTM Committee E61, Radiation Processing,
through Subcommittee E61.02, on Dosimetry Systems, and by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear
energy, nuclear technologies and radiological protection.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/ASTM 51401:2003), which has been
technically revised.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51401; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
NOTE1—Thelowerenergylimitsgivenareappropriateforacylindrical
1. Scope
dosimeter ampoule of 12 mm diameter. Corrections for displacement
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and proce-
effects and dose gradient across the ampoule may be required for electron
dure for using the acidic aqueous silver dichromate dosimetry
beams (2). The dichromate system may be used at lower energies by
employingthinner(inthebeamdirection)dosimetercontainers(seeICRU
system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to
Report 35).
ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter shall be
appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the sys-
tem will be referred to as the dichromate system. The dichro- above 0°C and should be below 80°C.
mate dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the basis
NOTE 2—The temperature coefficient of dosimeter response is known
of the effect of influence quantities. The dichromate system
only in the range of 5 to 50°C (see 5.2). Use outside this range requires
maybeusedaseitherareferencestandarddosimetrysystemor
determination of the temperature coefficient.
a routine dosimetry system.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice
tionary statements are given in 9.3.
52628forthedichromatedosimetrysystem.Itisintendedtobe
read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
2. Referenced documents
1.3 This practice describes the spectrophotometric analysis
2.1 ASTM Standards:
procedures for the dichromate system.
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation,
Dosimetry
X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
E178Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
E275PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformanceof
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
are satisfied:
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is from 2 × 10 to
or X Radiation
5×10 Gy.
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
1.5.2 The absorbed dose rate does not exceed 600 Gy/pulse
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed
(12.5pulsespersecond),ordoesnotexceedanequivalentdose
DoseinRadiation-HardnessTestingofElectronicDevices
rate of 7.5 kGy/s from continuous sources (1).
E925Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma sources, the initial photon
Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth
energy shall be greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung
does not Exceed 2 nm
photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the
E958Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of
bremsstrahlung photons shall be equal to or greater than 2
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy shall be
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
greater than 8 MeV.
51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
tems for Radiation Processing
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
51707Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
Radiation Processing
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved Sept. 14, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally 52628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
ε1
publishedasASTME1401–91.ASTME1401–96 wasadoptedbyISOin1998
with the intermediate designation ISO 15561:1998(E). The present International
Standard ISO/ASTM 51401:2013(E) replaces ISO 15561 and is a major revision of For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51401:2003(E). www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothebibliographyattheendofthis Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
practice. Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
© ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
52701Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim- reductionofdichromateionstochromicionsinacidicaqueous
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro- solution by ionizing radiation.
cessing
4.2 Thedosimeterisasolutioncontainingsilveranddichro-
2.3 ISO/IEC Standards:
mateionsinperchloricacidinanappropriatecontainersuchas
17025General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting
a sealed glass ampoule. The solution indicates absorbed dose
and Calibration Laboratories
by a change (decrease) in optical absorbance at a specified
2.4 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
wavelength(s)((3),ICRUReport80).Acalibratedspectropho-
Reports:
tometer is used to measure the absorbance.
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor corrections,
5. Effect of influence quantities
Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expres-
sion of Uncertainty in Measurement
5.1 Guidance on the determination of the performance
2.5 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
characteristics of dosimeters and dosimetry systems can be
surements (ICRU) Reports:
foundinASTMGuide52701.Therelevantinfluencequantities
ICRUReport35RadiationDosimetry:ElectronsWithInitial
that need to be considered when using the dichromate dosim-
Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV
etry system are given below.
ICRU Report 80Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
5.2 The dosimeter response has a temperature dependence
Processing
during irradiation that is approximately equal to−0.2% per
ICRU Report 85aFundamental Quantities and Units for
degree Celsius between 25 and 50°C. At temperatures below
Ionizing Radiation
25°C, the dependence is smaller. The dosimeter response
between5and50°CisshowninTable1,wheretheresponseat
3. Terminology
a given temperature is tabulated relative to the response at
3.1 Definitions:
25°C (4,5).
3.1.1 approved laboratory—laboratory that is a recognized
5.2.1 The data in Table 1 may be fitted with an appropriate
nationalmetrologyinstitute;orhasbeenformallyaccreditedto
formula for convenience of interpolation as follows:
ISO/IEC 17025; or has a quality system consistent with the
...
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