ISO 4582:2007

Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources

ISO 4582:2007 describes procedures used to determine changes in colour and other appearance properties, and variations in mechanical or other properties, of plastics that have been exposed to daylight behind glass, to natural weathering or to light from a laboratory source. The procedure used to analyse data depends on whether the test used to characterize the materials being exposed is destructive or non-destructive. The exposures are conducted under conditions described in specific exposure standards.

Plastiques — Détermination des changements de coloration et des variations de propriétés après exposition à la lumière du jour sous verre, aux agents atmosphériques ou aux sources lumineuses de laboratoire

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 22-Jul-2007
• Withdrawal Date: 22-Jul-2007
• ICS: 83.080.01 - Plastics in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 6 - Ageing, chemical and environmental resistance
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 6/WG 2 - Exposure to light
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 17-Aug-2017

Relations

• Revised: ISO 4582:2017 - Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to glass-filtered solar radiation, natural weathering or laboratory radiation sources
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Revises: ISO 4582:1998 - Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4582
Third edition
2007-08-01
Plastics — Determination of changes in
colour and variations in properties after
exposure to daylight under glass, natural
weathering or laboratory light sources
Plastiques — Détermination des changements de coloration et des
variations de propriétés après exposition à la lumière du jour sous verre,
aux agents atmosphériques ou aux sources lumineuses de laboratoire

Reference number
ISO 4582:2007(E)
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Determination of changes in colour or other appearance attributes . 3
5 Determination of changes in mechanical or other properties . 5
6 Expression of results . 7
7 Precision . 9
8 Test report . 9
Annex A (normative) Statistical formulae based on ISO 2602 for determination of mean
and standard deviation and procedure for determination of time
to 50 % loss of property . 10
Annex B (informative) Possible effects of surface cleaning on assessment of exposure . 15
Bibliography . 16
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4582 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 6, Ageing, chemical
and environmental resistance.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4582:1998), which has been technically revised.
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
Introduction
A number of different exposure techniques can be used to provide information on the effects of environmental
stresses such as light, heat and water on plastics (see ISO 877 and ISO 4892). Each exposure test has its own
particular application and relevance. When determining changes in a particular property or attribute of a
material subjected to different exposures, the same evaluation methods should be used after all exposures to
ensure meaningful results.
Results for plastics subjected to exposure tests are strongly dependent on the type of exposure conditions
used, the type of plastic being tested and the property being evaluated. A result obtained for one property may
not be the same as that for a different property of the same material, even if the same exposure test is used.
This standard is not intended to establish a fixed procedure for conducting the exposure test, but is intended to
provide a set of specific procedures used to express the results for change in a characteristic property of the
material after it has been exposed. It is up to the user to determine which exposure conditions are most relevant
to the specific material and the service conditions being used.
Test methods should be selected to determine changes in appearance and properties of the exposed material
with its proposed application in mind. The exposure test used should be devised to discriminate among
materials based on such changes. This standard suggests typical properties that can be used to determine
changes in plastics which have been subjected to exposure tests.
NOTE Because of large differences in the spectral distribution of the light sources used, there can be large differences in
results for the same plastics exposed in the various devices described in ISO 4892. Therefore, comparisons between
plastics should only be made based on results from exposures in the same type of device and under the same conditions.
For optimum comparisons, plastics should be exposed at the same time in the same device.
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vi

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4582:2007(E)
Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in
properties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural
weathering or laboratory light sources
1Scope
This International Standard describes procedures used to determine changes in colour and other appearance
properties, and variations in mechanical or other properties, of plastics that have been exposed to daylight
behind glass, to natural weathering or to light from a laboratory source. The procedure used to analyse data
depends on whether the test used to characterize the materials being exposed is destructive or non-destructive.
The exposures are conducted under conditions described in specific exposure standards.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 75 (all parts), Plastics — Determination of temperature of deflection under load
ISO 105-A01, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part A01: General principles of testing
ISO 105-A02, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part A02: Grey scale for assessing change in colour
ISO 105-A03, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part A03: Grey scale for assessing staining
ISO 178, Plastics — Determination of flexural properties
ISO 179 (both parts), Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties
ISO 180, Plastics — Determination of Izod impact strength
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 306, Plastics — Thermoplastic materials — Determination of Vicat softening temperature (VST)
ISO 527 (all parts), Plastics — Determination of tensile properties
ISO 2602, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval
ISO 2813, Paints and varnishes — Determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20°, 60° and
85°
ISO 2818, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining
ISO 4628-6, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of coatings — Designation of quantity and size
of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance — Part 6: Assessment of degree of chalking by
tape method
ISO 6603-1, Plastics— Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics— Part1: Non-
instrumented impact testing
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
ISO 6603-2, Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics — Part 2: Instrumented
impact testing
ISO 6721-1, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 1: General principles
ISO 6721-3, Plastics— Determination of dynamic mechanical properties— Part3: Flexural vibration—
Resonance-curve method
ISO 6721-5, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 5: Flexural vibration — Non-
resonance method
ISO 7724 (all parts), Paints and varnishes — Colorimetry
ISO 8256, Plastics — Determination of tensile-impact strength
ISO 13468-1, Plastics — Determination of the total luminous transmittance of transparent materials — Part 1:
Single-beam instrument
ISO 14782, Plastics — Determination of haze for transparent materials
CIE Publication No. 15, Colorimetry
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
control
material which is of similar composition and construction to the test material, used for comparison and exposed
at the same time as the test material
3.2
file specimen
portion of the material to be tested which is stored under conditions in which it is stable, and is used for
comparison between the exposed and the original state
3.3
masked area
portion of the exposed specimen which is protected from light exposure by masking
NOTE The masked area is not protected from heat and moisture.
3.4
test specimen
specific portion of the material upon which the testing is to be performed
3.5
replicate specimens
identical pieces of the test material being evaluated which are all exposed, conditioned and tested at the same
time
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
4 Determination of changes in colour or other appearance attributes
4.1 Changes in colour
4.1.1 Principles
Changes in colour of plastics test specimens exposed in accordance with the specific exposure standard (see
Clause 2) are determined by one of the following methods:
a) an instrumental method;
b) visual assessment using a scale.
NOTE The list in Clause 2 is not exhaustive and other standard methods for the determination of properties may also be
suitable (see 5.1).
4.1.2 Apparatus
4.1.2.1 Instruments for measuring colour or changes in colour, conforming to the requirements specified
in ISO7724 for opaque specimens. For light-transmitting specimens, instruments shall conform to the
requirements of CIE Publication No. 15.
4.1.2.2 Grey scale for assessing change in colour, in accordance with ISO 105-A02 or ISO 105-A03 (see
also Annex B to this International Standard). In this scale, grade 1 corresponds to the strongest contrast, and
grade 5 to zero contrast (two samples with identical colour).
NOTE The dark grey scale of ISO 105-A02 is well suited to assessing the extent of fading of relatively strong colours or
deep shades. The use of the near-white grey scale of ISO105-A03 may be found preferable for assessing the
discolouration, e.g. yellowing, of white or near-white specimens.
4.1.3 Test specimens
Specimens of test and control materials shall conform to the requirements of the appropriate International
Standard dealing with the specific exposure method used (see Clause 2 and the Note to 4.1.1). Whenever
possible, a control material of known weathering properties shall be included in the exposure experiment.
Unless otherwise specified, at least three replicate specimens of each material being exposed shall be used.
4.1.4 Procedure
4.1.4.1 General
The specific procedure used for assessment of colour changes and any surface cleaning shall be agreed upon
by all interested parties and shall be included in the test report. Determine colour changes as specified in the
appropriate International Standard.
Typically, colour changes are determined at a series of exposure stages in order to evaluate the rate of colour
change caused by exposure. In some cases, colour change is determined after a predetermined or specified
exposure increment. Measurement or visual assessment of colour should be made as soon as possible after
specimens are removed from exposure in order to minimize the effect of dark reactions, although in some cases
it is preferable to condition the specimens for e.g. 24 h after removal from exposure as appearance properties
assessed just after removal from exposure may vary, depending whether the specimen was removed at the end
of a wet exposure period or at the end of a dry exposure period.
NOTE Because of variability in exposure results, comparison of colour changes of different materials is best done when the
materials are simultaneously exposed in a single exposure device or at the same exterior location.
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
4.1.4.2 Instrumental assessment
Measure colour on all specimens before exposure and after each exposure stage. lf required, measure colour
on file specimens of each material when measuring colour on exposed specimens. Follow the procedures
described in ISO 7724 when measuring the colour and determining the colour change of opaque specimens
with instruments. For light-transmitting specimens, follow the procedures described in CIE Publication No. 15.
[3]
NOTE ASTM E 1347 also describes colour measurement of light-transmitting materials.
4.1.4.3 Visual assessment
Follow the procedure described in ISO 105-A01 when determining colour change by visual assessment. Use a
grey scale meeting the requirements of ISO 105-A02 or ISO 105-A03. Compare the contrast rating of the
exposed specimen and file specimens using the grey scale. The rating of colour change is the grade on the grey
scale which shows the same contrast as between the exposed test specimen and an unexposed file specimen
of the same material.
NOTE Current information about suppliers of grey scales can be obtained from the secretariat of ISO/TC 38/SC 1.
lf the contrast observed lies between two ratings on the grey scale, it can be characterized by an intermediate
rating. For example, a 3-4 rating signifies that, at the given exposure stage, the contrast between the exposed
test specimen and the unexposed file specimen is greater than that of rating 4 on the grey scale, but less than
that of rating 3.
Report the nature of the colour change in terms of the rating on the grey scale. In addition, the type of colour
change shall also be determined and reported. Use the following terms to describe changes in hue, saturation,
lightness or combinations of these changes:
a) for hue changes: more blue or less blue
more green or less green
more red or less red
more yellow or less yellow
b) for saturation changes: less intense
more intense
c) for changes in lightness: lighter
darker
A typical report of colour change by visual assessment would be as follows: “more yellow, less intense, lighter,
ISO 105-A02/A03 grey scale 2-3”.
4.2 Changes in other appearance properties
In addition to colour change, other appearance properties of plastics may change as a result of exposure.
Determine changes in these appearance properties in accordance with relevant International Standards. lf the
method used to assess the property change is not described in an International Standard, include a description
of the method used when reporting results. Examples of tests used to determine change in typical appearance
properties are shown in Table 1.
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
Table 1 — Methods used to measure change in typical appearance properties
Property assessed ISO standard Quantitative data
a
Gloss retention ISO 2813 yes
Light transmission ISO 13468-1 yes
Haze ISO 14782 yes
a b
Chalking ISO 4628-6 scale
Mass yes
Dimensions yes
b
Cracking or crazing scale
b
Delamination scale
b
Warping scale
b
Growth of microorganisms scale
b
Migration of components to surface scale
a
Methods for paints applicable to plastics.
b
See 6.2.2 for recommended descriptive scale.
5 Determination of changes in mechanical or other properties
5.1 Principles
Surface properties of a plastic can be much more sensitive to changes caused by weathering than bulk
properties. Measurement of surface properties, or material properties greatly affected by surface properties,
may be more informative in evaluating rigid plastics. The mechanical or other properties measured using
destructive tests are determined on several sets of specimens:
a) on specimens selected as representative of the material prior to exposure (initial property determination);
b) on test specimens exposed for a chosen period in accordance with an appropriate International Standard
for the specific exposure used;
c) (if required) on file specimens stored in the dark for the same period for which the corresponding test
specimens have been exposed.
It is very important that all tests be conducted using exactly the same test procedure and the same specimen-
conditioning environment.
Examples of mechanical-property tests which may be used to assess the effect of exposure are shown in
Table 2. Such tests yield quantitative data but are destructive so that, if it is required to follow changes through
the course of the exposure, an adequate number of replicate test pieces are needed for each exposure
increment.
If a property is measured with a non-destructive test, it is recommended that the property be measured on each
test specimen prior to exposure and after each exposure increment. Typical properties measured using
non-destructive tests include mass, dimensions, surface gloss, transmittance and haze.
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ISO 4582:2007(E)
Table 2 — Typical mechanical-property tests used to assess the effect of exposure on plastics
Property assessed ISO standard
Tensile properties, particularly extension at break ISO 527
Flexural properties ISO 178
Impact strength
Charpy impact strength ISO 179
Izod impact strength ISO 180
Non-instrumented puncture test ISO 6603-1
Instrumented puncture test ISO 6603-2
Tensile impact test ISO 8256
Vicat softening temperature ISO 306
Temperature of deflection under load ISO 75
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis ISO 6721-1, ISO 6721-3 and ISO 6721-5
Chemical
...