ISO 23731:2021
(Main)Marine technology — Marine environment impact assessment (MEIA) — Performance specification for in situ image-based surveys in deep seafloor environments
Marine technology — Marine environment impact assessment (MEIA) — Performance specification for in situ image-based surveys in deep seafloor environments
This document specifies minimum requirements and provides recommendations for the gathering of image-based data at seafloor where epifauna and benthopelagic fauna with a minimum dimension of 1 cm are used as a proxy for the status of the biological community.
Titre manque
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23731
First edition
2021-07
Marine technology — Marine
environment impact assessment
(MEIA) — Performance specification
for in situ image-based surveys in
deep seafloor environments
Reference number
ISO 23731:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Performance requirements and recommendations . 3
5.1 Angle and scale of the monitoring . 3
5.2 Illumination . 3
5.3 Bait . 3
5.4 Image capturing schedule/timing . 3
5.5 Data synchronization and management . 4
Annex A (informative) Example of seafloor observatories . 5
Bibliography .10
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology,
Subcommittee SC 13, Marine technology.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
Introduction
From the mid-1990s, attention has been paid to potential environmental impacts to deep-sea
[2]
environments caused by sea debris, bottom trawling, seabed mining, etc .
In situ observations of the deep-seafloor provide useful data sets to assess the amount of natural
[3]
variation in biological systems over a range of different spatial and temporal dimensions . They can
also provide data on recruitment and community succession patterns. Imaged-based surveys are an
integral component of underwater surveys conducted both with moving platforms (e.g. ROVs, HOVs,
[4, 5, 6]
AUVs) , and stationary platforms (e.g. moorings, buoys, standalone seabed platforms, cabled
[7, 8]
observatories) . The images have the potential to provide a broad range of significant scientific
information and educational benefits long after data acquisition and are non-destructive to the
monitored environments. In order to obtain the necessary spatial coverage for robust statistical
analyses of the intrinsic variability within environments and their associated biological ecosystems, it
[9]
is necessary to deploy multiple standalone seabed platforms concurrently .
In the case of seabed mining operations, it will be necessary to accumulate long-term data sets of
different environments within the proposed mining field and downstream where any sediment plumes
can be expected to be transported in order to detect and monitor any environmental impacts due to the
extraction and processing of minerals (see ISBA/25/LTC/6). As such, a standard for long-term in situ
image-based surveys in deep sea environments needs to be developed for use in such scenarios.
This document gives specifications for in situ image-based surveys in deep seafloor environments to
be used for marine environmental impact assessments and other purposes where a long-term image-
based survey in the deep-sea is required.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23731:2021(E)
Marine technology — Marine environment impact
assessment (MEIA) — Performance specification for in situ
image-based surveys in deep seafloor environments
1 Scope
This document specifies minimum requirements and provides recommendations for the gathering of
image-based data at seafloor where epifauna and benthopelagic fauna with a minimum dimension of
1 cm are used as a proxy for the status of the biological community.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISA ISBA/25/LTC/6, Recommendations for the guidance of contractors for the assessment of the possible
environmental impacts arising from exploration for marine minerals in the Area, 2013. Available at https://
www .isa .org .jm
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISBA/25/LTC/6 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
autonomous underwater vehicle
AUV
underwater robotic vehicle that does not have a tether to the surface
Note 1 to entry: AUVs are pre-programmed to operate over a particular course or to respond to sensor data or
perhaps acoustic commands. Applications include surveying, scientific data collection and mine-hunting.
3.2
benthopelagic
pertaining to the zone very close to, and to some extent having contact with, the sea floor of deeper
portions of the open ocean
1) ISA: International seabed authority.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
3.3
codec
compression/decompression algorithm used to take a raw stream of audio and/or video data and to
make it smaller by removing elements that are deemed unnecessary, and later to take the compressed
stream and restore the original version so that it can be replayed on a display and/or sound system
Note 1 to entry: Some codecs attempt to only remove elements that the average person would never miss, while
others notably reduce the image or sound quality, usually in order to make the content as small as possible
for transmission over slow or low bandwidth connections. Codec selection is usually based on what is more
important: quality or size/speed of the transmission.
3.4
container
outer shell of a media file that organizes the stream(s) that it carries
Note 1 to entry: A particular container format can support several different encoding formats (e.g. H.264, WMV,
Sorenson AVC, RealVideo, DivX and ProRes 422), and no container format can handle every possible encoding
format. Thus, for example, there can be two different MOV files, one of which plays just fine on a computer, while
the other fails to play, due to that computer having a codec (3.3) for the encoding format of the first file, but no
matching codec for the encoding format found in the second file.
Note 2 to entry: Most video files have one video data stream and one audio data stream, but can contain multiple
audio streams (possibly in different languages, or to support special surround-sound systems), or even additional
video streams (to support watching the same program from multiple angles). The container format of a file is
usually directly connected to the file extension or MIME type (e.g. Quicktime MOV, RealMedia RM, MPEG, MP4,
Windows AVI, Windows WMV).
3.5
epifauna
organisms that live on the surface of the sediment/substrate
3.6
mooring
physical platform (3.8) containing a buoyant element constrained to a geographic location by an
anchoring device
3.7
observatory
infrastructure that is able to accommodate sensors and instruments either permanently installed or
by demand, to provide certain services like power supply and communication links for all connected
instruments
EXAMPLE Global, regional.
3.8
platform
collection of nodes, sensors and instruments together with necessary controllers physically connected
together, with a known external geometry
EXAMPLE Mooring (3.6), surface mooring, profiler, AUV (3.1), glider.
3.9
resolution
smallest amount of input signal change that an instrument/sensor can detect reliably
3.10
scavenger
organism that eats waste products and dead remains of other animals and plants that it did not kill
itself
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
4 Principle
The suggested protocols are image-based as these methods are non-destructive to the monitored
environment
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23731
First edition
Marine technology — Marine
environment impact assessment
(MEIA) — Performance specification
for in situ image-based surveys in
deep seafloor environments
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 23731:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Performance requirements and recommendations . 3
5.1 Angle and scale of the monitoring . 3
5.2 Illumination . 3
5.3 Bait . 3
5.4 Image capturing schedule/timing . 3
5.5 Data synchronization and management . 4
Annex A (informative) Example of seafloor observatories . 5
Bibliography .10
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology,
Subcommittee SC 13, Marine technology.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
Introduction
From the mid-1990s, attention has been paid to potential environmental impacts to deep-sea
[2]
environments caused by sea debris, bottom trawling, seabed mining, etc .
In situ observations of the deep-seafloor provide useful data sets to assess the amount of natural
[3]
variation in biological systems over a range of different spatial and temporal dimensions . They can
also provide data on recruitment and community succession patterns. Imaged-based surveys are an
integral component of underwater surveys conducted both with moving platforms (e.g. ROVs, HOVs,
[4, 5, 6]
AUVs) , and stationary platforms (e.g. moorings, buoys, standalone seabed platforms, cabled
[7, 8]
observatories) . The images have the potential to provide a broad range of significant scientific
information and educational benefits long after data acquisition and are non-destructive to the
monitored environments. In order to obtain the necessary spatial coverage for robust statistical
analyses of the intrinsic variability within environments and their associated biological ecosystems, it
[9]
is necessary to deploy multiple standalone seabed platforms concurrently .
In the case of seabed mining operations, it will be necessary to accumulate long-term data sets of
different environments within the proposed mining field and downstream where any sediment plumes
can be expected to be transported in order to detect and monitor any environmental impacts due to the
extraction and processing of minerals (see ISBA/25/LTC/6). As such, a standard for long-term in situ
image-based surveys in deep sea environments needs to be developed for use in such scenarios.
This document gives specifications for in situ image-based surveys in deep seafloor environments to
be used for marine environmental impact assessments and other purposes where a long-term image-
based survey in the deep-sea is required.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23731:2021(E)
Marine technology — Marine environment impact
assessment (MEIA) — Performance specification for in situ
image-based surveys in deep seafloor environments
1 Scope
This document specifies minimum requirements and provides recommendations for the gathering of
image-based data at seafloor where epifauna and benthopelagic fauna with a minimum dimension of
1 cm are used as a proxy for the status of the biological community.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISA ISBA/25/LTC/6, Recommendations for the guidance of contractors for the assessment of the possible
environmental impacts arising from exploration for marine minerals in the Area, 2013. Available at https://
www .isa .org .jm
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISBA/25/LTC/6 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
autonomous underwater vehicle
AUV
underwater robotic vehicle that does not have a tether to the surface
Note 1 to entry: AUVs are pre-programmed to operate over a particular course or to respond to sensor data or
perhaps acoustic commands. Applications include surveying, scientific data collection and mine-hunting.
3.2
benthopelagic
pertaining to the zone very close to, and to some extent having contact with, the sea floor of deeper
portions of the open ocean
1) ISA: International seabed authority.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
3.3
codec
compression/decompression algorithm used to take a raw stream of audio and/or video data and to
make it smaller by removing elements that are deemed unnecessary, and later to take the compressed
stream and restore the original version so that it can be replayed on a display and/or sound system
Note 1 to entry: Some codecs attempt to only remove elements that the average person would never miss, while
others notably reduce the image or sound quality, usually in order to make the content as small as possible
for transmission over slow or low bandwidth connections. Codec selection is usually based on what is more
important: quality or size/speed of the transmission.
3.4
container
outer shell of a media file that organizes the stream(s) that it carries
Note 1 to entry: A particular container format can support several different encoding formats (e.g. H.264, WMV,
Sorenson AVC, RealVideo, DivX and ProRes 422), and no container format can handle every possible encoding
format. Thus, for example, there can be two different MOV files, one of which plays just fine on a computer, while
the other fails to play, due to that computer having a codec (3.3) for the encoding format of the first file, but no
matching codec for the encoding format found in the second file.
Note 2 to entry: Most video files have one video data stream and one audio data stream, but can contain multiple
audio streams (possibly in different languages, or to support special surround-sound systems), or even additional
video streams (to support watching the same program from multiple angles). The container format of a file is
usually directly connected to the file extension or MIME type (e.g. Quicktime MOV, RealMedia RM, MPEG, MP4,
Windows AVI, Windows WMV).
3.5
epifauna
organisms that live on the surface of the sediment/substrate
3.6
mooring
physical platform (3.8) containing a buoyant element constrained to a geographic location by an
anchoring device
3.7
observatory
infrastructure that is able to accommodate sensors and instruments either permanently installed or
by demand, to provide certain services like power supply and communication links for all connected
instruments
EXAMPLE Global, regional.
3.8
platform
collection of nodes, sensors and instruments together with necessary controllers physically connected
together, with a known external geometry
EXAMPLE Mooring (3.6), surface mooring, profiler, AUV (3.1), glider.
3.9
resolution
smallest amount of input signal change that an instrument/sensor can detect reliably
3.10
scavenger
organism that eats waste products and dead remains of other animals and plants that it did not kill
itself
2 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 23731:2021(E)
4 Principle
The suggested protocols are image-based as these methods are non-destructive to the monitored
environments. They incorpora
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.