ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023
(Main)Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test methods — Part 63: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test methods — Part 63: Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
This document specficies test methods for determining the conformance of radio frequency identification (RFID) devices (tags and interrogators) for item management with the specifications given in ISO/IEC 18000-63. This document does not apply to the testing of conformity with regulatory or similar requirements. The test methods specify only the verification of the mandatory functions and any optional functions which are implemented. This can, in appropriate circumstances, be supplemented by further, application-specific functionality criteria that are not available in the general case. The interrogator and tag conformance parameters in this document are the following: — type-specific conformance parameters including nominal values and tolerances; — parameters that directly affect system functionality and inter-operability. Parameters that are already included in regulatory test requirements are not included in this document. Unless otherwise specified, the tests in this document are intended to be applied exclusively to RFID tags and interrogators defined in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
Technologies de l'information — Méthodes d'essai de conformité du dispositif d'identification de radiofréquence — Partie 63: Méthodes d'essai pour des communications d'une interface d'air entre 860 MHz et 960 MHz
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 18047-63
First edition
2023-02
Information technology — Radio
frequency identification device
conformance test methods —
Part 63:
Test methods for air interface
communications at 860 MHz to 960
MHz
Technologies de l'information — Méthodes d'essai de conformité du
dispositif d'identification de radiofréquence —
Partie 63: Méthodes d'essai pour des communications d'une interface
d'air entre 860 MHz et 960 MHz
Reference number
ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
© ISO/IEC 2023
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
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© ISO/IEC 2023
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols, abbreviated terms and notations . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols . 2
3.3 Abbreviated terms . 2
3.4 Notation . 2
4 Default conditions applicable to the test methods . 3
4.1 Test environment . 3
4.2 Pre-conditioning . 3
4.2.1 General . 3
4.2.2 Default tolerance . 3
4.2.3 Noise floor at test location . 3
4.2.4 Total measurement uncertainty . 3
5 Conformance . 3
6 Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, Clause 6 . 3
7 Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, 7.1 to 7.4 .95
7.1 Tag functional tests . 95
7.1.1 General .95
7.1.2 Battery-assisted passive tag persistence time test . 95
8 Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, 7.5.97
8.1 General .97
8.2 Functional tests of interrogator . 97
8.2.1 Interrogator RF envelope parameters .97
8.2.2 Interrogator activation minimum dwell time, T .98
A
8.2.3 Interrogator link timing T2 .99
8.2.4 Interrogator link timing T3 .100
8.2.5 Interrogator link timing T4 . 101
8.3 Functional tests of tag.102
8.3.1 Tag demodulation capability .102
8.3.2 Tag link frequency tolerance and variation .103
8.3.3 Tag link timing, T1 .104
8.3.4 Tag link timing T2 .105
8.3.5 Tag activation time maximum, T .107
A
8.3.6 Tag stateful hibernate timer .108
9 Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, Clause 8 . 109
9.1 General .109
9.2 Simple sensor test .109
9.2.1 Purpose .109
9.2.2 Procedure .109
9.2.3 Test report . 110
9.3 Full-function sensor test . 110
9.3.1 Purpose . 110
9.3.2 Procedure . 110
9.3.3 Test report . 111
9.4 Snapshot sensor test . 111
9.4.1 Purpose . 111
9.4.2 Procedure . 111
9.4.3 Test report .112
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
Annex A (normative) Setup of test equipment . 113
Bibliography .117
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance
are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria
needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in
accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see https://patents.iec.ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 18047 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
Introduction
The ISO/IEC 18000 series defines the air interface for radio frequency identification (RFID) devices
used in item management applications. ISO/IEC 18000-61, ISO/IEC 18000-62, ISO/IEC 18000-63 and
ISO/IEC 18000-64 define the air interface for RFID devices that operate at frequencies from 860 MHz to
960 MHz
The ISO/IEC 18047 series provides air interface communication test methods to ensure conformance
with the different parts of the ISO/IEC 18000 series.
Each part of the ISO/IEC 18047 series contains all measurements required to be made on a product to
establish whether it conforms to the corresponding part of the ISO/IEC 18000 series.
NOTE Test methods for interrogator and tag performance are covered by the ISO/IEC 18046 series.
This document specifies the conformance requirements for a passive-backscatter, interrogator-
talks-first (ITF), radio-frequency identification (RFID) system operating in the 860 MHz to 960 MHz
frequency range. The system comprises interrogators, also known as readers, and tags, also known as
labels.
An Interrogator transmits information to a Tag by modulating a radiofrequency (RF) signal in the
860 MHz to 960 MHz frequency range. The Tag receives both information and operating energy from
this RF signal. Tags are passive, meaning that they receive all of their operating energy from the
Interrogator’s RF waveform.
An Interrogator receives information from a Tag by transmitting a continuous-wave (CW) RF signal to
the Tag; the Tag responds by modulating the reflection coefficient of its antenna, thereby backscattering
an information signal to the Interrogator. The system is ITF, meaning that a Tag modulates its antenna
reflection coefficient with an information signal only after being directed to do so by an Interrogator.
Interrogators and Tags are not required to talk simultaneously; rather, communications are half-duplex,
meaning that Interrogators talk and Tags listen – or vice versa.
Clause 6 describes and specifies all necessary conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, Clause 6.
Clause 7 describes all necessary conformance tests that are described in ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, 7.1 to
7.4.
Clause 8 describes all necessary conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, 7.5.
Clause 9 describes all necessary conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, Clause 8.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document may
involve the use of a patent.
ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured ISO and IEC that he/she is willing to negotiate licences under
reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world. In this
respect, the statement of the holder of this patent right is registered with ISO and IEC. Information may
be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents or https://patents.iec.ch.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights other than those in the patent database. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
Information technology — Radio frequency identification
device conformance test methods —
Part 63:
Test methods for air interface communications at 860 MHz
to 960 MHz
1 Scope
This document specficies test methods for determining the conformance of radio frequency
identification (RFID) devices (tags and interrogators) for item management with the specifications
given in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
This document does not apply to the testing of conformity with regulatory or similar requirements.
The test methods specify only the verification of the mandatory functions and any optional functions
which are implemented. This can, in appropriate circumstances, be supplemented by further,
application-specific functionality criteria that are not available in the general case.
The interrogator and tag conformance parameters in this document are the following:
— type-specific conformance parameters including nominal values and tolerances;
— parameters that directly affect system functionality and inter-operability.
Parameters that are already included in regulatory test requirements are not included in this document.
Unless otherwise specified, the tests in this document are intended to be applied exclusively to RFID
tags and interrogators defined in ISO/IEC 18000-63.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management
— Part 63: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Type C
ISO/IEC 19762, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Harmonized vocabulary
3 Terms, definitions, symbols, abbreviated terms and notations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 18000-63 and
ISO/IEC 19762 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following apply.
D distance between the interrogator and test antenna
T time between the Interrogator’s command and the Tag’s backscattered reply
REPLY
3.3 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the abbreviated terms given in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following
apply.
BLF backscatter-link frequency (BLF = 1/Tpri = DR/TRcal)
CW continuous-wave
DUT device under test
ITF interrogator-talks-first
ppm parts per million
RBW resolution bandwidth
RF radiofrequency
RFID radiofrequency identification
RNG random or pseudo-random number generator
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
3.4 Notation
This document uses the following notational conventions as used in ISO/IEC 18000-63:
— States and flags are denoted in bold.
EXAMPLE 1 ready.
— Commands and variables are denoted in italics. Where there can be confusion between commands
and variables, this document provides an explicit statement.
— Command parameters are underlined.
EXAMPLE 2 Pointer.
— For logical negation, labels are preceded by “~”.
EXAMPLE 3 If flag is true, then ~flag is false.
— The symbol, R=>T, refers to commands or signalling from an Interrogator to a Tag (Reader-to-Tag).
— The symbol, T=>R, refers to commands or signalling from a Tag to an Interrogator (Tag-to-Reader).
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
4 Default conditions applicable to the test methods
4.1 Test environment
Unless otherwise specified, testing shall take place in a temperature environment of (23 ± 3) °C and
non-condensing humidity from 40 % to 60 %.
4.2 Pre-conditioning
4.2.1 General
Before testing, the interrogators and tags to be tested shall be conditioned to the test environment for
a period of 24 h.
4.2.2 Default tolerance
Unless otherwise specified, a default tolerance of ±5 % shall be applied to the quantity values given
to specify the characteristics of the test equipment (e.g. linear dimensions) and the test method
procedures (e.g. test equipment adjustments).
4.2.3 Noise floor at test location
Noise floor at test location shall be measured for at least 1 min with the spectrum analyser, using the
same conditions as for the measurement of the DUT.
The maximum of the measured noise amplitude, measured in a 10 kHz bandwidth, shall be −60 dB from
0,5 GHz to 2 GHz and −90 dBm around the center frequency of the tag backscatter signal.
Special attention shall be given to spurious emissions, for example, insufficiently shielded computer
monitors. The electromagnetic test conditions of the measurements shall be checked by performing the
measurements with and without a tag in the field.
4.2.4 Total measurement uncertainty
The total measurement uncertainty for each quantity determined by these test methods shall be stated
in the test report.
NOTE Basic information is given in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.
5 Conformance
To claim conformance to ISO/IEC 18000-63, a device shall pass the conformance tests in this document.
6 Conformance tests for ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, Clause 6
This clause specifies conformance tests for product built according to ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, Clause 6:
— conformance requirements for physical interactions (the signalling layer of the communications)
between Interrogators and Tags;
— conformance requirements for Interrogator and Tag operating procedures and commands.
Testing for this clause shall be done with the test setups as defined in Annex A.
All tests are defined in Table 1; the column M/O indicates either mandatory (M) or optional (O).
NOTE 1 In case an error condition has multiple choices for the error codes, either of the error codes is valid
and the test has to be evaluated as pass for any of these codes.
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
For conformance evaluation, as in Table 1, the following conformance test methods shall apply:
— By design: for Protocol requirements that are verified by design, the method of technical analysis is
at the discretion of the product vendor and, except in special cases, is not specified by this document.
In general, the technical analysis shall have sufficient rigor and technical depth to be accepted by a
test engineer knowledgeable of the Protocol that the requirement has been met.
— By demonstration: for Protocol requirements that are verified by demonstration, the test conditions
are specified by this document.
NOTE 2 A competent demonstrator typically complies with ISO/IEC 17025.
— As implemented: if a Tag or Interrogator implements a subset of the Protocol, conformance shall be
verified over the subset that is implemented. For example, although Interrogators may implement
DSB-ASK, SSB-ASK or PR-ASK modulation, a manufacturer may choose to only implement DSB-ASK
modulation. In this case, conformance testing shall only use DSB-ASK modulation. For parameters
that are continuously variable, conformance shall be verified at the minimum and maximum values
of the implemented range, unless the test conditions specifically state otherwise.
Table 1 — ISO/IEC 18000-63 protocol subclauses and requirements
Item ISO/IEC 18000-63: Requirement M/O Applies Conformance test method
2021 subclause to
1 6.1.1 Tags shall not be required to demodulate In- M T By design
terrogator commands while backscattering.
2 6.1.1 A Tag shall not respond to a mandatory or M T By design
optional command using full-duplex com-
munications.
3 6.3.1.1 Tags shall receive power from and com- M T By demonstration
municate with Interrogators within the
Test conditions:
frequency range from 860 MHz to 960 MHz,
inclusive.
Temperature: (23 ± 3) °C
Frequency: 860 MHz, 910 MHz and
960 MHz
Power: 0 dBm at Tag antenna
Modulation: DSB-ASK
Tari: 25 µs
RTcal: 62,5 µs
PW: 0,5 × Tari
Modulation depth: 90 %
Rise/fall time: ≤ 0,33 × Tari
TRcal: 100 µs
DR: 8
M: 1
TRext: 0
4 6.3.1.1 Interrogators certified for operation in M I By design
dense-Interrogator environments shall
support, but are not required to always use,
the dense-Interrogator mode described in
ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, Annex G.
5 6.3.1.2 Interrogators shall use a fixed modulation M I By design
format and data rate for the duration of an
inventory round, where “inventory round”
is defined in ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021, 4.1.
Key
M: mandatory
O : optional
T : tag
I : interrogator
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
TTaabblle 1 e 1 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Item ISO/IEC 18000-63: Requirement M/O Applies Conformance test method
2021 subclause to
6 6.3.1.2.1 Interrogators certified for operation in sin- M I By design
gle- or multiple-Interrogator environments
shall have appropriate frequency accuracy.
Local regulations can apply to the frequen-
cy accuracy
7 6.3.1.2.1 Interrogators certified for operation in M I By demonstration.
dense-Interrogator environments shall
Test conditions:
have a frequency accuracy of ±10 ppm
(parts per million) over the nominal tem-
Temperature: maximum (–40 °C,
perature range (–25 °C to +40 °C) and ±20
minimum supported temperature)
ppm over the extended temperature range
and minimum (65 °C, maximum
(–40 °C to +65 °C) while transmitting. Local
supported temperature). If supported
regulations can apply to the frequency
temperature range exceeds –25 °C or
accuracy.
40 °C then testing shall also be per-
formed at –25 °C or 40 °C respectively.
Local regulations can specify a tighter
All temperatures are in °C (all ±3 °C).
frequency accuracy.
Frequency: 5 test points situated at
the band edges and linearly spanning
the supported band at valid channel
frequencies. Test can be skipped if
regulatory approval shows that these
requirements have been fulfilled
already.
Measurement equipment setting:
Resolution bandwidth: 1 kHz
Video bandwidth: equal to the RBW.
Sweep time: AUTO
Span: 1 MHz
Trace mode: max. hold sufficient to
capture all emissions.
Detection mode: averaging.
Modulation method: continuous wave
to allow exact measurement based on
the clear peak.
8 6.3.1.2.2 Interrogators shall communicate using M I By design
DSB-ASK, SSB-ASK, or PR-ASK modula-
tion, detailed in ISO/IEC 18000-63:2021,
Annex H.
9 6.3.1.2.2 Tags shall demodulate all three modulation M T By demonstration
types.
Test conditions:
Temperature: (23 ± 3) °C
Frequency: 860 MHz and 960 MHz.
Power: 0 dBm at Tag antenna.
Modulation: DSB-ASK, SSB-ASK and
PR-ASK.
Tari: 6,25 µs, 12,5 µs and 25 µs.
RTcal: 2,5 × Tari.
PW: minimum and maximum.
Modulation depth: 90 % ASK, 200 %
PR-ASK.
Key
M: mandatory
O : optional
T : tag
I : interrogator
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ISO/IEC 18047-63:2023(E)
TTaabblle 1 e 1 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Item ISO/IEC 18000-63: Requirement M/O Applies Conformance test method
2021 subclause to
DSB-ASK rise/fall time: ≤ 0,33 × Tari
SSB-ASK rise/fall time: ≤ 0,33 × Tari
PR-ASK rise/fall time: ≤ 0,62 × PW
TRcal: 2 × RTcal
DR: 8
M: 1
TRext: 0
10 6.3.1.2.3 The R=>T link shall use PIE, shown in ISO/ M I By design
IEC 18000-63:2021, Figure 6.1.
11 6.3.1.2.3 Pulse modulation depth, rise time, fall time M I By demonstration
and PW shall be as specified in ISO/IEC
Test conditions:
18000-63:2021, Table 6.5, and shall be the
same for a data-0 and a data-1.
Temperature: (23 ± 3) °C
Frequency: at channel frequency clos-
est to center of supported band.
Power: maximum Interrogator trans-
mit power, as implemented.
Other transmit parameters: as imple-
mented.
12 6.3.1.2.3 Interrogators shall use a fixed modulation M I By design
depth, rise time, fall time, PW, Tari, data-0
length and data-1 length for the duration of
an inventory round.
13 6.3.1.2.3 The RF envelope shall be as specified in M I By demonstration
ISO/IE
...
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