ISO 19291:2016

Lubricants — Determination of tribological quantities for oils and greases — Tribological test in the translatory oscillation apparatus

ISO 19291:2016 describes test methods based on a high-frequency, linear-oscillation test machine to determine tribological quantities like friction, wear, load carrying capacity and extreme pressure behaviour of liquid lubricants (oils) and consistent lubricants (greases) in the ball-on-disk contact geometry.

Lubrifiants — Détermination de quantités tribologiques d'huiles et de graisses — Essais tribologiques dans l'appareil translation-oscillation

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 21-Nov-2016
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 28 - Petroleum and related products, fuels and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 28 - Petroleum and related products, fuels and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Completion Date: 26-Sep-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19291
First edition
2016-12-01
Lubricants — Determination of
tribological quantities for oils and
greases — Tribological test in the
translatory oscillation apparatus
Lubrifiants — Détermination de quantités tribologiques d’huiles et de
graisses — Essais tribologiques dans l’appareil translation-oscillation
Reference number
ISO 19291:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016

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ISO 19291:2016(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

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ISO 19291:2016(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Reagents . 3
6 Apparatus . 4
7 Test pieces . 5
7.1 General . 5
7.2 Test ball . 6
7.3 Disk . 6
8 Preparation of apparatus . 6
8.1 Installing the specimen holders and test specimen in the test chamber . 6
8.2 Test conditions . 7
9 Test procedure . 7
9.1 General . 7
9.2 Friction and wear . 8
9.3 Extreme pressure test . 8
9.4 Calibration and inspection . 8
9.5 Determining the tribological quantities . 8
9.5.1 General. 8
9.5.2 Wear scar diameter of ball. 8
9.5.3 Wear volume of ball . . 8
9.5.4 Wear volume of disk . 8
9.5.5 Optional . 8
10 Expression of results . 9
10.1 General . 9
10.2 Friction and wear testing . 9
10.3 Extreme pressure testing . 9
11 Precision . 9
11.1 General . 9
11.2 Repeatability, r .9
11.3 Reproducibility, R .9
12 Test report .10
Annex A (informative) Translations of terms .11
Annex B (informative) Compilation of test results for filing.12
Bibliography .13
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ISO 19291:2016(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 28, Petroleum and related products from
synthetic or biological origin.
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ISO 19291:2016(E)

Introduction
Liquid lubricants (oils) and consistent lubricants (greases) reduce friction and wear and/or prevent
adhesive wear (scuffing, galling). In order to establish the tribological profile of a lubricant adequate
tribometric, test methods are required. The test method described in this document can be regarded
as an evaluation tool for the determination of the lubricant-related contribution to friction, wear, load
carrying capacity and extreme pressure behaviour.
This test method is dedicated to a translatory oscillation apparatus which is fully computer controlled.
This test method harmonizes the following national test methods using the ball-on-disk contact
geometry:
[1]
a) DIN 51834-2 (oil, coefficient of friction and wear);
[2]
b) ASTM D6425 (oil, coefficient of friction and wear);
[4]
ASTM D7421 (oil, pass load/O.K. load);
[6]
ASTM D5706 (grease, pass load/O.K. load);
[8]
ASTM D5707 (grease, coefficient of friction and wear);
[9]
c) SH/T 0721 (grease, coefficient of friction and wear);
[7]
SH/T 0784 (grease, pass load/O.K. load);
[3]
NB SH/T 0847 (oil, coefficient of friction and wear);
[5]
NB/SH/T 0882 (oil, pass load/O.K. load).
The harmonization is also related to the use of only one type of cleaning solvent.
Users of this test method should determine whether the results obtained from this method correlate
with field performance or other applications.
It is the responsibility of the operator to ensure that all local legislative and statutory requirements
are met.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19291:2016(E)
Lubricants — Determination of tribological quantities
for oils and greases — Tribological test in the translatory
oscillation apparatus
1 Scope
This document describes test methods based on a high-frequency, linear-oscillation test machine to
determine tribological quantities like friction, wear, load carrying capacity and extreme pressure
behaviour of liquid lubricants (oils) and consistent lubricants (greases) in the ball-on-disk contact
geometry.
[1] [3]
NOTE This method is technically equivalent to DIN 51834–2/ASTM D6425 (NB/SH/T 0847 ) and
[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
ASTM D7421 (NB/SH/T 0882 ) for oils, as well as ASTM D5706 (SH/T 0784 ) and ASTM D5707
[9]
(SH/T 0721 ) for greases.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 683-17, Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 17: Ball and roller bearing steels
IEC 584-1, Thermocouples — Part 1: Reference tables
IEC 584-2, Thermocouples — Part 2: Tolerances
IEC 751, Industrial platinum resistance thermometer and platinum temperature sensors
ASTM D7755, Standard Practice for Determining the Wear Volume on Standard Test Pieces Used by High-
Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
DIN 51631:1999-04, Mineral spirits — Special boiling point spirits — Requirements
DIN 51834-3, Testing of lubricants — Tribological test in the translatory oscillation apparatus — Part 3:
Determination of tribological behaviour of materials in cooperation with lubricants
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp/
3.1
wear volume
W
V
irreversible loss of volume to the ball or the disk (flat) at the end of test
Note 1 to entry: The determination of the wear volumes of ball and disk are described in DIN 51834–3 or
ASTM D7755 or an equivalent National Standard.
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ISO 19291:2016(E)

3.2
adhesive failure
particularly severe form of damage to the surface in which seizure (3.3) or welding together of surface
areas occur
Note 1 to entry: Synonyms frequently used are “galling” (US) or “scoring” (UK). It has different meanings and
macroscopic morphologies (see Annex A).
Note 2 to entry: The surface damages are usually material transfer, roughening and plastic flow, or all, as well as
localized fusion of metal.
3.3
seizure
localized fusion of metal between the rubbing surfaces of the test pieces
Note 1 to entry: Seizure is usually indicated by a sharp increase in coefficient of friction, over steady-state, of
delta >0,2 for over 20 s, or by unusual noise and vibration.
Note 2 to entry: In severe cases, a stoppage in the motor will occur.
Note 3 to entry: Under unlubricated oscillation, ball bearing steel 100Cr6 has coefficients of friction above 0,4.
3.4
pass load
O.K. load
last load during the extreme pressure test where no adhesive failure (3.2) or adhesive mechanisms were
observed
3.5
load carrying capacity
geometric contact pressure at the end of the test
Note 1 to entry: The load carrying capacity of the tribocouple can be additionally calculated according to the
following formula:
4 ⋅F
n
P =
geom
2
p ⋅WSD
where
F is the normal force (synonym: test load);
n
P is the geometric contact pressure;
geom
WSD is the mean wear scar diameter of ball.
4 Principle
This test method is performed on a translatory oscillation apparatus using a test ball made in bearing
steel mating the top of a flat stationary disk made in bearing oscillating each other, which can be
operated under different sets of test parameters (test frequency, stroke length, temperature, load and
test time). The general contact situation is shown in Figure 1.
NOTE It has been assumed by the compilers of this test method that anyone using the method will be
familiar with the operation manual of the test machine, as well as either be fully trained and familiar with all
usual engineering and laboratory practices, or will be under the direct supervision of such a person.
IMPORTANT — Protection against machine noise during testing is recommended.
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ISO 19291:2016(E)

F

1
2
Key
1 finished test surface
2 ∆x, ν
Figure 1 — Contact situation of the tribosystem
The basic principle of the test system is the exact measurement of the coefficient of friction of a material
couple with or without a lubricating interfacial medium. This is done by:
a) pressing the counter upper test specimen onto the base lower test specimen with a defined normal
force, F ;
n
b) oscillating sliding of the upper specimen on the lower specimen;
c) vibration-compensated measuring of the lateral friction force, F , acting on the lower specimen and
f
resulting from the movement of the upper specimen. The coefficient of friction, f, is generated from
peak-to-peak measurements of each period and calculated according to Formula (1):
fF= / F (1)
fn
5 Reagents
5.1 Cleaning solvent, non-chlorinated and non-film forming cleaning fluids of the type of hydrocarbon-
based solvents according to DIN 51631:1999, type 2.
NOTE 1 Type 2 in DIN 51631:1999 is termed “special-boiling-point spirits” with distillation characteristics of
initial 80 °C and final 110 °C and contains less than 5 % by weight of n-hexane and less than 0,2 % by weight of
1)
aromatics. The CAS number 64742-49-0 comply with this type of cleaning solvent.
NOTE 2 The synonyms are: naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated light; Siedegrenzenbenzin (German);
petroleum ether or mineral spirits.
1) Seven CAS registration numbers cover this multi-constituent subcategory composed of predominantly C7 to
C9 paraffins with varying compositions of normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and/or cycloparaffins. CAS = Chemical
Abstracts Service, http://www.cas.org/.
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ISO 19291:2016(E)

WARNING — The user of special-boiling-point spirits has to consider the following risk and
safety phrases:
—  R45: May cause cancer;
—  R46: May cause heritable genetic damage;
—  R65: Harmful: may cause lung damage, if swallowed;
—  S53: Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use;
— T: Toxic. The specific toxicity profile for CAS number 678472-49-0 can be downloaded from
the OECD website.
6 Apparatus
6.1 Translatory oscillation apparatus.
The tribological test system is shown in Figure 2 and includes a test chamber in which an upper and
a lower specimen are installed in their respective holders. An electromagnetic linear drive with
integrated stroke sensor genera
...