ISO/TC 28 - Petroleum and related products, fuels and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources

This document specifies an aging method for phosphate ester turbine control fluids. These products fall into category HFDR as specified in ISO 6743-4 and into categories TSD, TGD and TCD as specified in ISO 6743-5. The amount of acid developed during the test is used to assess the level of anti-aging performance. This document is applicable to the anti-aging performance determination for phosphate ester turbine control fluids that are both new and in-service.

This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the distillation characteristics of light and middle distillates derived from petroleum and related products of synthetic or biological origin with initial boiling points above 20 °C and end-points below approximately 400 °C, at atmospheric pressure utilizing an automatic micro distillation apparatus. This test method is applicable to such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels containing a volume fraction of up to 20 % ethanol, aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, (paraffinic) diesel fuels, FAME (B100), diesel blends containing a volume fraction of up to 30 % fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosenes, burner fuels, and marine fuels. The test method is also applicable to hydrocarbons with a narrow boiling range, like organic solvents or oxygenated compounds. The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate products; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable quantities of residual material.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the content of undissolved substances, referred to as total contamination, in neat fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The working range is from 5 mg/kg to 27 mg/kg and it was established in an interlaboratory study by applying ISO 4259-1.[1] This document in general is applicable to FAME having a kinematic viscosity not exceeding 8 mm2/s at 20 °C, or 5 mm2/s at 40 °C, e.g. as specified in EN 14214.[2] This test method can be used for FAME having a kinematic viscosity exceeding 8 mm2/s at 20 °C, or 5 mm2/s at 40 °C, however in such cases the precision of the test method has not been determined. WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the content of undissolved substances, referred to as total contamination, in middle distillates, in diesel fuels containing a volume fraction of up to 30 % fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The working range is from 12 mg/kg to 26 mg/kg and it was established in an interlaboratory study by applying ISO 4259-1[4]. This document in general is applicable to products having a kinematic viscosity not exceeding 8 mm2/s at 20 °C, or 5 mm2/s at 40 °C. This test method can be used for paraffinic diesel fuels as specified in EN 15940, for diesel fuels containing a volume fraction of more than 30 % FAME and for petroleum products having a kinematic viscosity exceeding 8 mm2/s at 20 °C, or 5 mm2/s at 40 °C, however in such cases the precision of the test method has not been determined. WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document specifies three procedures, A, B and C, using the Pensky-Martens closed cup tester, for determining the flash point of combustible liquids, liquids with suspended solids, liquids that tend to form a surface film under the test conditions, biodiesel and other liquids in the temperature range of 40 °C to 370 °C. NOTE 1 Although, technically, kerosene with a flash point above 40 °C can be tested using this document, it is standard practice to test kerosene according to ISO 13736.[ REF Reference_ref_9 \r \h 5 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0039000000 ] Similarly, lubricating oils are normally tested according to ISO 2592.[ REF Reference_ref_6 \r \h 2 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000100000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F0036000000 ] Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, heating oil and turbine fuels), new and in-use lubricating oils, paints and varnishes, and other homogeneous liquids not included in the scope of procedures B or C. Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residuals, used lubricating oils, mixtures of liquids with solids, and liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions or are of such kinematic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of procedure A. Procedure C is applicable to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as specified in specifications such as EN 14214[ REF Reference_ref_15 \r \h 11 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310035000000 ] or ASTM D6751.[ REF Reference_ref_17 \r \h 13 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000110000005200650066006500720065006E00630065005F007200650066005F00310037000000 ] This document is not applicable to water-borne paints and varnishes. NOTE 2 Water-borne paints and varnishes can be tested using ISO 3679.[3] Liquids containing traces of highly volatile materials can be tested using ISO 1523[1] or ISO 3679.

This document provides requirements and guidance for quantifying liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a marine fuel on board LNG bunkering ships. It is applicable to the measurement of LNG from any source, e.g. gas from conventional reservoirs, shale gas, coalbed methane, at the time of: — ship to ship (STS) transfer to LNG-fuelled ships, — STS transfer between LNG bunkering ships, and — transfer to or from shore tanks or other facilities, irrespective of the type of tanks. This document is also applicable to the quantification of biomethane and synthetic methane from fossil fuels or renewable sources.

This document specifies the calculation procedure for converting the volume of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) under the conditions at the time of measurement to the equivalent volume of liquid or vapour at the standard condition (i.e. 15 °C and 101,325 kPa absolute), or to the equivalent mass or energy (calorific content). This document applies to the quantities of refrigerated hydrocarbon liquids that are stored in or transferred to or from tanks and measured under static storage conditions. This document does not cover the calculation of pressurized gases.

This document specifies a method for the determination of arsenic content in crude oil pretreated by a closed microwave digestion method by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The precision statement of this test method was determined in an interlaboratory study and is valid for samples with an arsenic content between 0,35 mg/kg and 3,57 mg/kg. The test method can also be applied to samples with either a higher or lower arsenic content, however, no precision data has been determined at levels outside of this range.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the chlorine and bromine content of liquid petroleum products, synthetic oils and fluids, and additives for petroleum products (including used oils) that are soluble in organic solvents of negligible or accurately known chlorine/bromine content. The method is applicable to products or additives with chlorine content in the range of a mass fraction of 0,000 5 % to 0,100 0 %, and bromine contents in the range of a mass fraction of 0,001 0 % to 0,100 0 %.

This document specifies a method using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of the sulfur content of petroleum products, such as naphthas, unleaded motor gasolines, middle distillates, residual fuel oils, base lubricating oils and components. The method is applicable to products with sulfur content in the range of a mass fraction of 0,03 % to a mass fraction of 5,00 %. This test method can be used for biofuel or biofuel blends.

This document specifies a method for the calibration of spherical tanks with a radius greater than 1 m by means of external measurements using an electro-optical distance-ranging instrument (EODR). It also specifies the subsequent calculation and the compilation of tank capacity tables. This document applies to spherical tanks built above ground, that are non-insulated, single-shell and with a radial variation up to 1 %. The method specified in this document can also apply to spherical tanks built above the deck when the carrying ship is in the dock. This document does not apply to the calibration of spheroidal tanks.

This document specifies the minimum requirements to quantify boil-off gas (BOG) consumed on liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers for their own functions, in particular for power generation and during cargo transfer operations. This document provides requirements for the metering of BOG and the subsequent calorific value calculations, which can be taken into account when the energy transferred during cargo transfer is determined. This document also gives performance requirements and calibration of the elements included in the BOG measurement system. This document, with some modifications, can also be applied to the measurement of BOG consumed by LNG carriers at sea.

This document specifies the manual methods used for obtaining samples of liquid or semi-liquid hydrocarbons, tank residues and deposits from fixed tanks, railcars, road vehicles, ships and barges, drums and cans, or from liquids being pumped in pipelines. It applies to the sampling of liquid products, including crude oils, intermediate products, synthetic hydrocarbons and bio fuels, which are stored at or near atmospheric pressure, or transferred by pipelines as liquids at elevated pressures and temperatures. The sampling procedures specified are not intended for the sampling of special petroleum products which are the subject of other International Standards, such as electrical insulating oils (covered in IEC 60475), liquefied petroleum gases (covered in ISO 4257), liquefied natural gases (covered in ISO 8943) and gaseous natural gases (covered in ISO 10715). This document refers to methods of sampling and sampling equipment in use at the time of writing. It does not exclude the use of new equipment, provided that such equipment enables samples to be obtained according to the requirements and procedures of this document.

This document provides guidance and requirements for the maintenance in service of mineral oils used as lubricating oils and control fluids used to lubricate steam, gas and combined cycle turbines in service. This document is applicable to lubricants classified in ISO 6743-5 and specified in ISO 8068, except the grades TSD, TGD and TCD (phosphate esters) for which ISO 11365 is more relevant, and the grades TGCE, THA, THCH, THCE and THE. This document also gives guidance and requirements with respect to the corrective actions that are taken to maximize service life.

This document provides guidance and requirements for the maintenance and the use of triaryl phosphate esters as fire-resistant fluids for turbine control, other hydraulic systems in power generation and fire-resistant turbine fluids. This document is applicable to fluids under the HFDR category defined in ISO 6743-4 and under the TCD, TSD and TGD categories defined in ISO 6743-5.

This document specifies a test method for determining the coefficient of friction and its evolution in mechanical transmission fluids tribologically interacting with materials used in synchronizers in manual transmission (MT) gears under high-frequency linear oscillation motion using the linear-oscillation (SRV) test machine. A flat areal contact geometry is applied.

This document specifies methods for the continuous and intermittent sampling of liquefied natural gas (LNG) while it is being transferred through an LNG transfer line.

This document specifies a procedure for the evaluation of the filterability of dry lubricating oils. The procedure only applies to mineral-based oils, since fluids manufactured from other materials (e.g. fire-resistant fluids) can be incompatible with the specified test membranes. This document is applicable to oils of viscosity up to ISO viscosity grade (VG) 100, as defined in ISO 3448. These oils are widely used as hydraulic fluids, and within the range described, the variation in filterability due to viscosity is included within the precision range of this document. The procedure is not suitable for some hydraulic oils on which specific properties are conferred by the use of insoluble or partially soluble additives, or by particularly large molecular species. These additives include some viscosity index modifiers and some friction modifying additives. This document can also be applied to oils of ISO viscosity grades (VG) 150, 220 and 320, as defined in ISO 3448, using the specified 3,0 µm rated membranes. These oils are widely used as heavy-duty lubricants in equipment such as paper making machines and rolling mills. Within the range described, the filterability as defined is not dependent on the viscosity of the oil.

This document specifies a procedure for the evaluation of the filterability of lubricating oils in the presence of water. The procedure only applies to mineral-based oils, since fluids manufactured from other materials (e.g. fire-resistant fluids) can be incompatible with the specified test membranes. This document is applicable to oils of viscosity up to ISO viscosity grade (VG) 100, as defined in ISO 3448. Within the range described, the variation in filterability due to viscosity is included within the precision range of this document. The procedure is not suitable for some hydraulic oils on which specific properties are conferred by the use of insoluble or partially soluble additives, or by particularly large molecular species. These additives include some viscosity index modifiers and some friction modifying additives. This document can also be applied to oils of ISO viscosity grades (VG) 150, 220 and 320, as defined in ISO 3448, using the specified 3,0 µm rated membranes. These oils are widely used as heavy-duty lubricants in equipment such as paper making machines and rolling mills. Within the range described, the filterability as defined is not dependent on the viscosity of the oil.

This document specifies a procedure to determine the consistency of a metal-saponified lubricating grease by an oscillatory rheometer. This test method is applicable for fresh, as well as used, lubricating greases where only small quantities of the grease are present and the worked penetration that is usually used cannot be determined due to the small quantity. The determined calibration is only valid for metal-saponified lubricating greases like lithium, lithium-calcium and, also, lithium- and calcium complex. The method described in this document is applicable for lubricating greases with NLGI grades 00, 0, 1, 2 and 3 according to ISO 6743-99.

This document specifies a test method to determine the flow point of lubricating greases using an oscillatory rheometer with a parallel-plate measuring system. It also specifies a test method to evaluate further specific viscoelastic properties of lubricating greases.

This document specifies a procedure, at temperatures up to 100 °C, to determine whether a liquid product, that would be classified as “flammable” by virtue of its flash point, sustains combustion at the temperature(s) specified, for example, in regulations. NOTE Many national and international regulations classify liquids as presenting a flammable hazard based on their flash point, as determined by a recognized method. Some of these regulations allow a derogation if the substance cannot “sustain combustion” at some specified temperature(s). The procedure is applicable to paints (including water-borne paints), varnishes, paint binders, solvents, petroleum or related products and adhesives, that have a flash point. It is not applicable to painted surfaces in respect of assessing their potential fire hazards. This test method is applicable, in addition to test methods for flash point, for assessing the fire hazard of a product.

This document specifies the gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive motor gasoline, small engine petrol and ethanol (E85) automotive fuel. Additionally, the benzene and toluene content, oxygenated compounds and the total oxygen content can be determined. Although specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates, this test method can also be applied to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such as naphthas and reformates.

This document specifies a method for determining the pour point of petroleum products by means of automatic equipment for detecting movement of the test specimen using a linear cooling technique. A separate procedure suitable for the determination of the lower pour point of fuel oils, heavy lubricant base stock, and products containing residual fuel components is also described. The procedure described in this document is not suitable for crude oils. Test results from this method can be determined in either 1 °C or 3 °C testing intervals NOTE The equipment referenced in this method can also generate results at 1 °C testing intervals, which is an acceptable alternative procedure, but for which precision and bias have not been determined.

This document defines the general requirements and specifications for methanol from all forms of production at the point of custody transfer, prior to any onboard required treatment, for use as fuel in marine diesel engines, fuel cells and other marine applications. The specifications in this document can also be applied to methanol used as fuel in land-based applications of the same or similar type as those used for marine purposes.

This document gives guidance and recommendations on the selection, accuracy, installation, commissioning, calibration and verification of automatic tank thermometers (ATTs) in fiscal/custody transfer applications, in which the ATT is used for measuring the temperature of petroleum and liquid petroleum products stored in pressurized storage tanks. This document is not applicable to the measurement of temperature in caverns or in refrigerated storage tanks.

This document gives requirements and guidance on the accuracy, installation, commissioning, calibration and verification of automatic level gauges (ALGs) both intrusive and non-intrusive, for measuring the level of petroleum and petroleum products having a vapour pressure less than 4 MPa, stored in pressurized storage tanks. This document gives guidance on the use of ALGs in custody transfer application. This document is not applicable to the measurement of level in caverns and refrigerated storage tanks with ALG equipment.

This document provides requirements and guidance on the selection, accuracy, installation, commissioning, calibration and verification of automatic tank thermometers (ATTs) in fiscal/custody transfer applications. The ATT is used for measuring the temperature of petroleum and liquid petroleum products having a Reid vapour pressure less than 100 kPa, stored in cargo tanks on board marine vessels (i.e. tankers and barges). This document is not applicable to the measurement of temperature in refrigerated storage tanks, or pressurized cargo tanks on board marine vessels, which is covered in ISO 8310.

This document describes a procedure for the determination of the mass percentage of sulfated ash from unused lubricating oils containing additives and from additive concentrates used in compounding. These additives usually contain one or more of the following metals: barium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium, sodium and tin. The elements sulfur, phosphorus and chlorine can also be present in combined form. This document is also applicable to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to products having sulphated ash contents in the range mass fraction of 0,005 % to 25,00 %. Application of this procedure to sulfated ash levels below a mass fraction of 0,02 % is restricted to oil products containing ashless additives. This document is not intended for the analysis of used engine oils containing lead, nor for the analysis of non-additive lubricating oils, for which ISO 6245 is suitable.

This document establishes a method for determining the ethanol content in gasoline blends by gas chromatography (GC). This method is applicable to gasoline samples with ethanol contents ranging from 1,02 % to 52,3 %, in volume fraction.

This document specifies an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) test method for the determination of sulfur content in automotive fuels. This document is applicable to: — gasoline containing up to 3,7 % oxygen by mass (including those blended with ethanol up to 10 % by volume) having sulfur contents in the range of 6,9 mg/kg to 56,7 mg/kg, — diesel fuels including those containing up to about 30 % fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by volume, paraffinic diesel fuel, and neat FAME, having sulfur contents in the range of 5,0 mg/kg to 60,2 mg/kg. The sulfur content in other products can be determined according to the test method specified in this document; however, no precision data for products other than automotive fuels and for results outside the specified range have been established for this document. For reasons of spectral overlap, this document is not applicable to leaded automotive gasoline, gasoline having a content of greater than 8 mg/kg lead or to product and feedstock containing lead, silicon, phosphorus, calcium, potassium or halides at concentrations greater than one tenth of the concentration of sulfur measured, or more than 10 mg/kg, whichever is the greater.

This document specifies the characteristics of unused triaryl phosphate ester fluids for turbine governor controls and other hydraulic systems in electrical power stations. Fluids used in this application are classified under category TCD of ISO 6743-5.

This document defines procedures and requirements for measuring liquefied natural gas (LNG) from truck-to-ship (TTS) using the combination of Coriolis mass flowmeter (MFM) and gas chromatography (GC). It also gives guidance and requirements for portable packaging of the combination system in mobile form which minimizes facility storage space and streamlines the use of development systems. Output from the system in calorie units is applicable to commercial transactions between suppliers and users of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as marine fuel. This document also consists of general requirements, metrological requirements, system flawless requirements, requirements and test methods, and procedures for measurement methods.

This document in its entirety defines the general requirements and specifications for fuels used in marine diesel engines and boilers, prior to onboard fuel handling (storage, settling, centrifuging, filtration, heating) before use. For the purposes of this document, the term “fuels” comprises of the following: — hydrocarbons from petroleum crude oil, oil sands and shale oil; — synthetic hydrocarbons, renewable hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons from recycled sources, with molecular structures that are indistinguishable from petroleum hydrocarbons; — fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), where permitted as specified in this document; — blends of any of the above, where permitted as specified in this document. The general requirements and specifications for fuels in this document can also be applied to fuels used in stationary diesel engines of the same or similar type as those used for marine purposes. This document specifies seven categories of distillate fuels, one of which is for diesel engines used for emergency purposes. It also specifies four categories of residual fuels for sulfur content at or below 0,50 % by mass, five categories of residual fuels containing FAME and five categories of residual fuels for sulfur content exceeding 0,50 % by mass.

This document specifies quantity measurement using a Coriolis mass flow meter (MFM) for bunker cargo loading from an oil terminal to a bunker tanker during custody transfer. Sampling requirements during the custody transfer are also included in this document.

This document specifies a procedure for the determination of kinematic viscosity, ν, by calculation from dynamic viscosity, η, and density, ρ, of both transparent and opaque liquid petroleum products and crude oils using the Stabinger type viscometer. The result obtained using the procedure described in this document depends on the rheological behaviour of the sample. This document is predominantly applicable to liquids whose shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). If the viscosity changes significantly with the shear rate, comparison with other measuring methods is not possible except at similar shear rates. The precision has been determined only for the materials, density ranges and temperatures described in Clause 13. The test method can be applied to a wider range of viscosity, density, temperature and materials. It is possible that the precision and bias are applicable for materials which are not listed in Clause 13.

This document establishes the specifications relative to family C (gears) for lubricants, industrial oils and related products of class L (see ISO 6743-6). This document deals only with lubricants for enclosed gear systems. Lubricants for open gears and greases for gears (enclosed or open) are covered by the other parts of the ISO 12925 series (i.e. ISO 12925-2 and ISO 12925-3). This document is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO 6743-6. The following categories specified in ISO 6743-6 are covered by this document: CKB, CKC, CKD, CKE, CKSMP, CKTG, CKES, CKPG, CKPR, CSPG, CSPR, CTPG and CTPR. Detailed information about the different types of gear, and lubricants, and their selection for gearbox design and service conditions can be found in ISO/TR 18792.

This document gives guidance for measuring a quantity of primarily viscous hydrocarbon liquid using flowmeters at ambient or elevated operating temperatures. This document describes the effects of high viscosities and potentially high temperatures, which can induce additional errors in measurement. It also gives guidance on how to overcome or mitigate difficulties.

This document defines the detailed classification of marine fuels within class F (fuels). It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO 8216-99. NOTE Class F for fuels was originally defined as part of the method of classification for petroleum products given in ISO 8681.

This document specifies the minimum requirements for lubricants for turbines, as delivered. It is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 6743-5. This document specifies the requirements for a wide variety of lubricants for the lubrication of most types of turbines for power generation, including steam turbines, gas turbines, single shaft combined cycle turbines with common lubrication system and hydraulic turbines. This document does not specify the requirements for lubricants for wind turbines, which are covered in ISO 12925-1. The following lubricants are considered: — mineral oils, of either API groups I, II, II+, III, including group III from GTL (gas to liquid) process, and III+. Some API groups II and III are suitable for high temperature gas turbines; — synthetic lubricants, esters (API group V) and polyalphaolefins (API group IV), intended for high temperature gas turbines; — synthetic lubricants, esters (API group V) and polyalphaolefins (API group IV), environmentally acceptable for use in hydraulic turbines; — fire resistant phosphate-ester type lubricants.

This document specifies the criteria and metrological requirements to qualify a master meter and subsequently maintain its qualification. It establishes requirements and procedures for meter verification, using a master mass flow meter to verify the accuracy and functionality of a duty meter installed on a bunker tanker or at a terminal.

This document specifies a method for the determination, using an oscillating U-tube density meter, of the density of crude petroleum and related products within the range 600 kg/m3 to 1 100 kg/m3, which can be handled as single-phase liquids at the test temperature and pressure. This document is applicable to liquids of any vapour pressure as long as suitable precautions are taken to ensure that they remain in single phase. Loss of light components leads to changes in density during both the sample handling and the density determination. This method is not intended for use with in-line density meters.

This document specifies the operational characteristics for the various categories of fire-resistant fluids defined by ISO 6743-4. It includes requirements and guidelines for use of these fluids and specifies the factors to consider when selecting a fluid from these categories for a proposed application. This document identifies difficulties which can arise from the use of such fluids and indicates how they can be minimized. Procedures are given for replacing one fluid with another from a different category. Health and safety aspects when handling and disposing of fire-resistant fluids are also covered. This document does not apply to fire-resistant fluids used in the hydraulic systems of commercial or military aircraft.

This document specifies a procedure for determining dynamic viscosity, η, and density, ρ, for the calculation of kinematic viscosity, ν, of middle distillate fuels, fatty acid methyl ester fuels (FAME) and mixtures thereof, up to 60 % with middle distillate fuels, and lubricating oils (e.g. base oils, formulated oils), and synthetics, using a constant pressure viscometer. The range of kinematic viscosities covered in this test method is from 0,5 mm2/s to 2 000 mm2/s, with precision at 40 °C from 1,0 mm2/s to 1 286 mm2/s, and precision at 100 °C from 3,0 mm2/s to 157 mm2/s. The result obtained using the procedure described in this document depends on the rheological behaviour of the sample. This document is predominantly applicable to liquids whose shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). However, if the viscosity changes significantly with the shear rate, comparison with other measuring methods is only permissible at similar shear rates.

This document specifies a method for evaluating the change of consistency of a grease when it is submitted to working and prolonged working in presence of 10 % of water.

This document specifies statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. This document is applicable for analytical methods which measure quantitative properties of petroleum or petroleum products resulting from a multi-sample-multi-lab study (MSMLS). These types of studies include but are not limited to interlaboratory studies (ILS) meeting the requirements of ISO 4259-1 or equivalent, and proficiency testing programmes (PTP) meeting the requirements of ISO 4259-3 or equivalent. The methodology specified in this document establishes the limiting value for the difference between two results where each result is obtained by a different operator using different apparatus and two methods X and Y, respectively, on identical material. One of the methods (X or Y) has been appropriately bias-corrected to agree with the other in accordance with this practice. This limit is designated as the between-methods reproducibility. This value is expected to be exceeded with a probability of 5 % under the correct and normal operation of both test methods due to random variation. NOTE Further conditions for application of this methodology are given in 5.1 and 5.2.

This document gives guidance on the accuracy, installation, calibration and verification of automatic level gauges (ALGs), both intrusive and non-intrusive, for measuring the level of petroleum and liquid petroleum products having a Reid vapour pressure less than 100 kPa, transported aboard marine vessels (i.e. tankers and barges). This document gives guidance for buyers and sellers who mutually agree to use marine ALGs for either fiscal and/or custody transfer applications. This document is not applicable to the measurement of level in refrigerated cargo tanks. NOTE For information on the measurement of level in refrigerated cargo tanks, please see ISO 18132-1 and ISO 18132-3.

This document specifies Procedure A, using manual glass viscometers, and Procedure B, using glass capillary viscometers in an automated assembly, for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of both transparent and opaque products. The scope includes liquid petroleum products, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), paraffinic diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), gas to liquid (GTL) and biofuel diesel mixtures up to 50 % FAME. The kinematic viscosity is determined by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, is obtained by multiplying the measured kinematic viscosity by the density, ρ, of the liquid. The range of kinematic viscosities covered in this test method is from 0,2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s over the temperature range –20 °C to +150 °C. NOTE The result obtained from this document is dependent upon the behaviour of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behaviour). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results can be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behaviour, have been included.